Tabbas, da yawa sun ji labarin irin wannan jijiyar wuya, wanda aka kira shi da haka saboda daddawa mai ban tsoro da aka saka kambin saman jelarsa. Ba kowa ya san cewa guba da ke cikin wannan dangin maciji ba shi da sauƙi ba, akwai mutuwa da yawa daga cizon rattlesnakes. Amma, menene halaye, salon rayuwarsa da halayen wannan mutumin mai guba? Wataƙila, bayan da muka koya game da wannan dalla-dalla, wannan dabba mai rarrafe ba za ta ƙara zama da ban tsoro da ban tsoro ba?
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Rattlesnake
Rattlesnakes halittu ne masu haɗari na dangin viper. An sanya su a matsayin ƙungiya ce ta ƙananan macizai saboda gaskiyar cewa a yankin da ke tsakanin hanci da idanu, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da ramuka waɗanda ke da kuzari sosai ga yanayin zafin jiki da infrared radiation. Waɗannan na'urori suna taimakawa wajen jin kasancewar ganima daidai da yanayin zafin jikinta, wanda ya bambanta da yanayin zafin iska na kewaye. Ko da a cikin duhun da ba za a iya hana shi ba, mashin din zai hango canjin canjin kadan kuma ya gano mai yiwuwa.
Bidiyo: Rattlesnake
Don haka, daya daga cikin manyan alamun raunin jijiyoyi ko na rattlesnakes, ko vipers vipers sune ramuka masu karɓa da aka bayyana a sama. Sannan tambaya ta taso: "Me yasa ake kiran maciji da ɗan iska?" Haƙiƙar ita ce cewa wasu jinsunan wannan mai rarrafe suna da raƙumi a ƙarshen wutsiyar, yana ƙunshe da sikeli masu motsi, waɗanda, idan wutsiyar ta girgiza, suna fitar da sauti mai kama da ƙwanƙwasa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ba duk igiyar ruwa ke da wutsiyar wutsiya ba, amma waɗanda basu da ita har yanzu suna cikin rattlesnakes (ramin rami).
Akwai dabbobi masu rarrafe guda biyu waɗanda za a iya ɗaukarsu rattlesnakes ba tare da wata shakka ba: rattlesnakes na gaskiya (Crotalus) da dwarf rattlesnakes (Sistrurus).
Babban dangin su sun hada da:
- shchitomordnikov;
- macizan mashi;
- haikalin kufi;
- shuwagabannin daji.
Gabaɗaya, dangin dangin kurangar inabi sun haɗa da jinsi 21 da nau'in macizai 224. Halin halittar rattlesnakes na gaske ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 36.
Bari mu bayyana wasu daga cikinsu:
- mashiniyar Texas tana da girma ƙwarai, tsawonta ya kai mita biyu da rabi, kuma yawanta ya kai kilogram bakwai. Yana zaune a Amurka, Mexico da kudancin Kanada;
- wani katon igiyar ruwa mai karfin gaske, wanda girmansa ya kai tsawon mita biyu, an yi masa rajista a yammacin yankin Mexico;
- an rinka fentin dusar ƙanƙan da kyau tare da kwalliyar da ke bambanta, kuma yana da girma mai faɗi - har zuwa mita 2.4. Macijin yana zaune a Florida (Amurka) kuma yana da ƙwazo, yana samar da zuriya har 28;
- an banbanta jijiyar fatar da ke kusa da idanuwa, wadanda suke kama da kaho, suna hana yashi shiga idanun macijin. Wannan rarrafe mai rarrafe bai bambanta a babban girma ba, tsayin jikinsa ya fara daga 50 zuwa 80 cm;
- itaciyar igiyar ruwa mai launin ratsi tana zaune a kudancin Amurka, yana da haɗari sosai, dafin da yake tattare da shi yana barazanar mutuwa da mutuwa;
- dusar ƙanƙara mai tsayi tare da tsayin da ba zai kai mita ba (kusan 80 cm), yana zaune a kudancin Amurka da cikin ƙasar Meziko. Gubarsa tana da ƙarfi sosai, amma halinta ba mai tashin hankali ba ne, saboda haka babu masu yawan cizon.
Wasu jinsin halittu ne kawai ke cikin jinsin dwarf rattlesnakes:
- dabbar dwarf rattlesnake tana zaune a kudu maso gabashin nahiyar ta Arewacin Amurka, tsawonta yakai 60 cm;
- sarkar rattlesnake (massasauga) ya zaɓi Mexico, Amurka da kudancin Kanada. Tsawon jikin macijin bai fi cm 80 ba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: rattlesnake
Macizai na cikin Gidan Rami-kai suna da girma dabam daban, ya danganta da wani nau'in, tsawon jikinsu na iya zama daga rabin mita zuwa fiye da mita uku.
Launuka kuma suna da bambanci da sautuna daban-daban, rattlesnakes na iya zama:
- m;
- haske kore;
- Emerald;
- fari;
- azurfa;
- baƙi;
- launin ja;
- rawaya;
- launin ruwan kasa mai duhu
Monotony a cikin launi ya kasance, amma ba shi da yawa sosai; samfuran tare da kayan ado iri-iri sun fi yawa: mai kamannin lu'u-lu'u, da taguwar, tabo. Wasu jinsunan galibi suna da sifofi na asali daban-daban.
Tabbas, akwai abubuwa na yau da kullun a cikin raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da ɗaya ko wata nau'in da wurin zama na masu rarrafe. Wannan kai mai kamanni ne, wasu dogayen dogayen hazo masu guba, ramuka masu gano wuri da kuma ɓarke ko ɓarke wanda aka yi wutsiya da shi (kar a manta cewa a wasu jinsunan babu shi). An gabatar da gutsuttsurar a cikin sifar ɓarkewar sikeli na matattun fata, tare da kowace narkakkiyar lamba, amma ba za a iya fahimtar shekarun maciji daga gare su ba, saboda mafi girman sikeli na ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi a hankali yana tashi daga wutsiyar.
Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna amfani da wani ɗan ƙaramin abu don dalilai na gargaɗi, yana tsoratar da manyan dabbobi da mutane tare da shi, ta yadda yake cewa gara a ƙetareshi, kamar yadda rattlesnakes ke nuna wani nau'in ɗan adam.
A ina ne gandun daji yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: ttanƙara mai guba
Idan aka yi la'akari da binciken masana kimiyyar tsire-tsire, kashi daya bisa biyu na dukkanin rattlesnakes sun zabi nahiyar Amurka (kusan nau'ikan 106). Jinsuna 69 sun zauna a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Shitomordniki ne kawai ke zaune a sassan duniya biyu. A cikin ƙasarmu, akwai shitomordnikov iri biyu - talakawa da gabas, an yi musu rajista a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, suna zaune a yankin Azerbaijan da Asiya ta Tsakiya. Ana iya samun na gabas a cikin faɗin China, Koriya da Japan, inda yawancin mazauna yankin ke amfani da shi don abinci.
Hakanan Afghanistan, Korea, Mongolia, Iran, China sun zaɓi bakin-maciji, ana iya samun macijin-hanci a Sri Lanka da Indiya. Baƙi ya mamaye Indochina, Java da Sumatra. Ba shi da wuyar tsammani cewa dutsen Himalayan yana zaune a cikin tsaunuka, yana hawa zuwa tsayin kilomita biyar.
Kowane irin keffis suna tsaye a ƙasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya, mafi girma daga cikinsu shine cibiyar mita da rabi da ke zaune a Japan. Keffis na kan dutse suna rayuwa a yankin Indochina da kuma a cikin tsaunukan Himalayan, kuma na bamboo - a Pakistan, India da Nepal.
Don haka, gandun daji masu dausayi, tsaunukan tsaunuka masu tsayi, da kuma hamada busassun baƙi ba ne ga ramin-rami. Hakanan akwai jinsunan ruwa na wadannan macizai. Kaman kyan zuma suna rayuwa a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi, a ƙasa, da kan tuddai. Da rana, lokacin da zafi ya yi galaba, ba sa barin matsugunansu, da ke ƙarƙashin manyan duwatsu, a cikin duwatsu masu duwatsu, ramuka na sanduna iri-iri. Don neman mafi kyawu da keɓe wuri don hutawa, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna amfani da duk maɓallan rami iri ɗaya waɗanda ba sa barin su.
Menene abincin rattlesnake ke ci?
Hotuna: Rattlesnake daga littafin Red
Kayan abincin tarkon ya banbanta, ya kunshi:
- beraye;
- kurege;
- beraye;
- mai gashin tsuntsu;
- kadangaru;
- kwadi;
- kowane irin kwari;
- wasu kananan macizai.
Animalsananan dabbobi suna cin ƙwayoyin kwari kuma tare da ƙarshen wutsiyar wutsiyarsu ga ƙadangare da kwadi ga kansu. Rattlesnakes ba sa haƙuri, suna iya jiran mai yiwuwa wanda za a iya cutar na dogon lokaci, suna ɓoye cikin kwanto. Da zaran tazo tazarar da ta dace, wacce ta dace da jifa, sai wuyan macijin ya sunkuya ya afkawa talaka dan uwansa da saurin walƙiya. Tsawon jifa ya kai sulusi na tsawon jikin mai rarrafe.
Kamar kowane dangi na kusa, macizai masu rami ba sa amfani da wasu dabarun shaƙawa ga wanda aka azabtar, amma kashe ta da cizon dafinsu. Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, a cikin duhun da ba za a iya shiga ba, ramin tarkon su na taimaka musu don gano ganima, wanda a take suke jin ko da ɗan canji a yanayin zafin, godiya ga abin da rattlesnakes ke iya ganin silsilar infrared na wanda aka azabtar. Bayan an gama bugun guba cikin nasara, sai macijin ya fara cin abincinsa, koyaushe yana haɗiyyar da jikin marar rai daga kai.
A zama guda, rattlesnake na iya cin abinci mai yawa, wanda shine rabin adadin mafarautan kanta. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda rattlesnakes suna cin kusan sau ɗaya a mako, don haka suna farauta, kasancewar suna da kyakkyawan yunwa. Yana ɗaukar lokaci mai yawa don narkewa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa hutu tsakanin abinci yake da tsayi. Dabbobi masu rarrafe kuma suna buƙatar ruwa, suna samun ɗan danshi daga abincin da suke samu, amma basu isa da shi ba. Macizai suna sha ta wata hanya ta musamman: suna nutsar da ƙananan muƙamuƙinsa a cikin ruwa, don haka yana shayar da jiki da ruwan da ake buƙata ta cikin abubuwan bakin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sau da yawa raƙuman raƙuman da ke cikin bauta suna yajin yunwa, ba su ma damu da haƙori da ke gudana ba. Akwai lokuta lokacin da dabbobi masu rarrafe ba su ci fiye da shekara guda ba.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Ramin-kan rattlesnake
Yawancin nau'ikan rattlesnakes suna da kyau sosai don yankuna daban-daban sune wuraren zama na dindindin. Wasu nau'ikan suna gudanar da rayuwar duniya, wasu kuma - arboreal, wasu kuma - ruwa, da yawa sun mamaye tsaunukan tsauni. Har yanzu, ana iya kiransu thermophilic, matsakaiciyar zafin jiki mafi kyau a gare su shine daga digiri 26 zuwa 32 tare da alamar ƙari. Hakanan suna iya tsira da ɗan gajeren lokacin sanyi har zuwa digiri 15.
Da farkon yanayin sanyi, macizai suna shiga cikin nutsuwa, duk tsarin rayuwarsu yana tafiyar hawainiya sosai. Yawancin nau'ikan rattlesnakes suna yin manyan gungu (har zuwa 1000) don taimaka musu su tsira daga rashin bacci. Lokacin da dukansu suka fito daga dakatarwar tashin hankali a lokaci guda, to mutum na iya lura da mamayewar maciji, wannan abin tsoro ne. Wasu nau'ikan hibernate kadai.
Suna son macizai, musamman waɗanda ke matsayi, don yin birki a cikin hasken rana ta farko. A cikin zafin da ba za a iya jurewa ba, sun gwammace su ɓuya a cikin ɓoye wurare masu inuwa: ƙarƙashin duwatsu, a cikin ramuka, ƙarƙashin itacen da ya mutu. Sun fara yin aiki a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai zafi da hantsi, suna fitowa daga mafakarsu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yawancin nau'ikan rattlesnakes suna rayuwa a cikin rami ɗaya don tsararraki, suna ba da shi ta hanyar gado tsawon shekaru. Galibi galiban mazaunan macizai suna rayuwa cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan gado.
Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe ba su mallaki dabi'a ba; ba za su yi karo da mutum ko wata babbar dabba ba tare da dalili ba. Tare da ɓoye suna ba da gargaɗi cewa suna da makamai kuma suna da haɗari, amma hari ba zai bi ba idan ba a tsokane su ba. Lokacin da babu inda za a je, mai fararwa yakan kai harin guba, wanda ka iya kaiwa ga abokan gaba mutuwa. A Amurka kadai, mutane 10 zuwa 15 ke mutuwa sakamakon cizon rattlesnake a kowace shekara. A wuraren da macizai suka zama ruwan dare, mutane da yawa suna ɗauke da maganin tare da su, in ba haka ba za a sami wasu da yawa da abin ya shafa. Don haka, fyaden kai hari yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin mawuyacin yanayi, don manufar kare kai, da jin kunya da kwanciyar hankali.
Ya kamata a lura cewa hangen nesa ba shine maƙasudin ƙarfinsa ba, yana ganin abubuwa mara kyau idan ba sa cikin motsi kuma yana yin tasiri ne kawai ga abubuwa masu motsi. Babban gabobin sa masu matukar tasiri sune firikwensin rami wanda ke amsa koda ga canjin yanayi a yanayin zafi kusa da dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Rattlesnake
Mafi yawan lokuta, rattlesnakes suna da rai, amma akwai wasu nau'in da suke da oviparous. Mace macijin da suka manyanta a shirye suke don wasannin wasannin shekara-shekara, kuma mace tana shiga cikinsu sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru uku. Lokacin bikin aure na iya kasancewa a lokacin bazara da farkon faduwa, ya danganta da jinsi da mazaunin maciji.
Lokacin da mace ta kasance a shirye don neman auren mata, sai ta saki takamammen kamshi wanda zai jawo hankalin abokan zama. Namiji ya fara bin sha'awarsa, wani lokacin sukan rarrafe kuma suna shafe jikinsu da juna tsawon kwanaki. Ya faru cewa fiye da maza guda ɗaya suna da'awar zuciyar mace, saboda haka duels ke faruwa tsakanin su, inda zaɓaɓɓen shine mai nasara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mace na iya adana maniyyin namiji har zuwa lokacin bikin aure na gaba, ma'ana, za ta iya samun zuriya ba tare da halartar namiji ba.
Macizai masu haɗari ba sa ƙwai; suna haɓaka a cikin utero. Yawancin lokaci ana haihuwar jarirai 6 zuwa 14. Ttunƙarar raƙuman ruwa a cikin mahaifa na iya samun daga ƙwai 2 zuwa 86 (galibi ƙwai 9 zuwa 12), waɗanda ba tare da gajiyawa ba suna kiyaye su daga duk wani kutse.
A cikin kimanin kwanaki goma da haihuwa, jarirai suna da zafin nama na farko, wanda sakamakon haka ne ƙwanƙwasawa ke fara fitowa. Wutsiyoyi na ƙananan dabbobi galibi launuka ne masu haske, suna tsayawa sosai a bayan duk jikinsu. Macizai, masu motsa waɗannan nasihu masu haske, suna jan layukan kadangaru da kwadi don kansu don abun ciye-ciye. A kan matsakaici, rayuwar rattlesnakes a cikin yanayin yanayi yana daga 10 zuwa 12 shekaru, akwai samfuran da suke rayuwa har zuwa ashirin. A cikin bauta, rattlesnakes na iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru talatin.
Abokan gaba na rattlesnakes
Photo: Rattlesnake maciji
Kodayake mutanen da ke cikin rami suna da guba, suna da abin tsoro a wutsiyarsu, yawancin masu ɓoye-ɓoye da kansu suna farautar su don cin abincin dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Rattlesnakes na iya zama waɗanda aka cutar:
- fararen fata
- dawakai;
- raccoons;
- shaho mai launin ja;
- manyan macizai;
- Californian gudana cuckoos;
- ferrets;
- martens;
- weasels;
- hankaka;
- dawisu.
Mafi yawancin lokuta, dabbobi marasa ƙwarewa suna shan wahala kuma suna mutuwa daga hare-haren abokan gaba. Dafin maciji ko dai ba ya aiki kwata-kwata a kan abokan hamayyar rattlesnakes, ko kuma yana da rauni mai rauni, don haka kai wa dabbobi hari da tsuntsaye ba sa jin tsoronsa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A talabijin, an nuna shari’a lokacin da wani masunci ya kamo wani babban kifi, a cikin ciki akwai ƙwanƙolin nama da ya fi rabin mita tsawo.
Abin bakin ciki ne koyaushe a gane cewa mutane suna da mummunar tasiri akan yawancin membobin fauna. Rattlesnakes ba banda wannan jerin kuma ana yawan kashe su ta hanyar sa hannun mutum. Mutane suna lalata dabbobi masu rarrafe, kai tsaye, suna farautar su domin samun kyakkyawar fatar maciji, kuma a kaikaice, ta hanyar ayyukansu daban-daban da ke tsomaita rayuwar yau da kullun.
Baya ga duk magabtan da aka ambata, mutanen maciji suna da tasirin tasirin yanayi sosai, wanda, a wasu lokuta, ba su da kyau da kaushin hali. Musamman ma samari galibi basa tsira lokacin sanyi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: ttanƙara mai haɗari
Abun takaici, yawan rattlesnakes yana raguwa ahankali. Kuma babban dalilin wannan yanayin shine yanayin mutum. Mutane sun mamaye yankuna inda waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suke rayuwa koyaushe kuma suka kore su, suna ƙware da faɗaɗa mafi girma. Gandun dazuka, magudanan ruwa na fadama, yawon bude gona mai fadi don amfanin gona, fadada birane, gina sabbin hanyoyi, lalata muhalli, da kuma karancin albarkatun abinci yana haifar da raguwar rake-rake. A wasu yankuna, inda suka saba zama a yanzu, yanzu kusan basa rayuwa. Duk wannan yana nuna cewa yanayin can na dabbobi masu rarrafe ba shi da kyau.
Mutum na cutar da zafin nama ba kawai ta ayyukan dabbancin sa ba, har ma kai tsaye lokacin da yake farautar macizai da gangan. Ana aiwatar da farautar ne don bin fata kyakkyawar fatar maciji, wanda daga ita ake yin takalma masu tsada, ana ɗinka jaka da jaka. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa (musamman Asiya), ana cin naman raƙumi, ana shirya jita-jita iri-iri daga ciki.
Abin mamaki, aladun gida na yau da kullun ba su da kariya daga cizon guba na rattlesnakes, a bayyane saboda gaskiyar cewa suna da kauri sosai.Suna farin cikin cin abincin rattlesnakes idan sun sami damar kama su. A kan wannan dalili, manoma galibi suna sakin garken aladen duka a cikin gonaki, saboda abin da dabbobi masu rarrafe ke mutuwa. Raguwar yawan mutanen rattlesnakes ana lura da shi koyaushe, sakamakon haka wasu daga jinsinsu ba su da yawa kuma ana ɗaukarsu cikin haɗari, wanda ba zai iya ba sai damuwa.
Tsare tsummoki
Hotuna: Rattlesnake daga littafin Red
Kamar yadda aka ambata, wasu nau'in rattlesnake suna gab da halaka. Ofaya daga cikin mawuyacin natsuwa a duniya shine mai haɗuwa da ƙira ɗaya wanda ke rayuwa a tsibirin tsibiri na Aruba. Ya kasance cikin Lissafin IUCN a matsayin jinsin mahimmanci. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa ba su fi 250 daga cikinsu ba, adadin na ci gaba da raguwa. Babban dalili shine rashin yankuna, wanda kusan mutane ke mamaye shi gaba ɗaya. Ayyukan kiyayewa don ceton wannan nau'in sune kamar haka: hukumomi sun hana fitar da dabbobi masu rarrafe daga tsibirin, an kafa Arikok National Park, wanda yanki ne kusan kilomita murabba'i 35. Kuma a halin yanzu, ana ci gaba da gudanar da bincike na kimiyya da nufin kiyaye wannan nau'in narkar da hancin; hukumomin suna gudanar da aikin bayani kan wannan asusun tsakanin masu yawon bude ido da kuma 'yan asalin kasar.
Har ila yau, ana ɗaukar haɗarin tsibirin Santa Katalina na Mexico a cikin haɗari. Tana da cutar jiki, an bayyana keɓaɓɓiyar halittar dabbobi masu rarrafe a cikin gaskiyar cewa yanayi bai ba ta ɓarke ba. Kuliyoyin da ke rayuwa a tsibirin suna haifar da babbar illa ga yawan waɗannan rattlesnakes. Bugu da kari, barewar hamster, wacce ake dauka a matsayin babban abincin wadannan macizai, ta zama ba safai ba. Don adana waɗannan halittu masu rarrafe na musamman, shirin rage ɓatancin daji yana gudana akan tsibirin.
Steinger Rattlesnake, wanda aka laƙaba wa masanin ilimin herpetologist Leonard Steinger, ana ɗaukarsa jinsin da ba safai ba. Tana zaune ne a cikin tsaunuka da ke yamma da jihar Mexico. Varietiesananan nau'ikan sun haɗa da ƙananan raƙuman igiya masu gicciye wanda ke zaune a tsakiyar yankin Mexico. Ya rage kawai don hana ci gaba da lalacewar mahimmin aiki na waɗannan rattlesnakes, da fatan cewa matakan kariya za su ba da amfani. Idan ba zai yuwu ba a samu karuwar dabbobinsu ba, to a kalla zai zauna lafiya.
A taƙaice, Ina so a lura da cewa raƙuman ruwa a cikin dukkanin bambancinsu ba abin tsoro ba ne, mai kaushi da rashin tausayi, kamar yadda da yawa ke jayayya game da su. Ya nuna cewa halin su na tawali'u ne, kuma halin su yana da nutsuwa. Babban abu ba shine yin azama ba yayin ganawa da wannan macijin mai ban mamaki, don kar a tilasta mata ta fara kare kanta. Ragowar abinci ba tare da wani dalili ba, na farko ba zai kai hari ba, za ta yi gargaɗi ga ɗan adam ta hanyar ɓoyewa ta musamman.
Kwanan wata na bugawa: Mayu 31, 2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 13:38
