Shuɗin whale (amai) shine mafi yawan mazaunan duniyarmu. Tana da nauyin da ya kai tan 170, kuma tsawonta na iya zuwa mita 30. Onlyan wakilai kaɗan na wannan nau'in ne suka girma zuwa wannan girman, amma sauran kuma ana iya kiranta ƙattai da kyakkyawan dalili. Saboda kashe-kashe na aiki, yawan launin shuɗi ya ragu ƙwarai, kuma yanzu ana fuskantar barazanar ƙarewa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Blue whale
Whales, kamar sauran dabbobi, ba kifi bane, amma dabbobi masu shayarwa ne, kuma sun samo asali ne daga artiodactyls. Kamarsu ta waje da kifi sakamakon canjin halitta ne, wanda kwayoyin dake rayuwa a cikin irin wannan yanayin, da farko sun sha bamban da juna, suna samun karin fasali iri daya akan lokaci.
Na sauran dabbobin zamani, mafi kusa da kifayen ruwa ba kifi bane, amma hippos. Fiye da shekaru miliyan 50 sun shude tun lokacin da kakansu ya rayu a duniya - ya rayu a doron ƙasa. Daga nan daya daga cikin jinsin sa ya yi hijira zuwa teku kuma ya haifar da cetaceans.
Bidiyo: Shuɗin whale
Bayanin kimiyya game da shu'umancin shine na farko R. Sibbald ya bayar a 1694, sabili da haka na dogon lokaci ana kiran sa Sibbald's minke. Karɓaɓɓen sunan Latin kuma Balaenoptera musculus ya bayar da K. Linnaeus a cikin 1758. An fassara ɓangarensa na farko azaman "kifin mai kifin kifi", kuma na biyu - "muscular" ko "linzamin kwamfuta".
Na dogon lokaci, kusan ba a yi nazarin shuɗin whale ba, kuma masana kimiyya ba su da masaniya ko da kuwa yadda yake: zane-zanen da ke cikin littattafan nazarin halittu na ƙarni kafin na ƙarshe ba daidai ba ne. Sai a ƙarshen karni, aka fara nazarin jinsin a tsari, a lokaci guda ana amfani da sunan zamani, wato, "blue whale".
Wannan nau'in ya hada da kananan kamfanoni guda uku:
- dwarf blue whale;
- arewa;
- kudu.
Sun bambanta kadan daga juna. Dwarf blues suna rayuwa a cikin Tekun Indiya mai dumi, kuma wakilan sauran ƙananan ƙananan suna son ruwan sanyi kuma suna ƙaura zuwa Arctic ko Antarctic a lokacin rani. Ana ɗaukar launin shuɗi na Arewa a matsayin nau'ikan ƙasa, amma shuɗin shuɗi ya fi yawa kuma ya fi girma.
Gabobin ciki sunyi amai don dacewa da girman jikinsa - don haka, zuciyarsa tana da nauyin tan 3. Kuma a cikin bakin wannan kifin whale, ɗaki mai matsakaici zai dace.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Whale shuɗin dabba
Fatar ta yi launin toka-toka tare da aibobi. Inuwar baya da gefuna ya ɗan yi haske, kuma kai, akasin haka, ya fi duhu. Ciki yana da launin rawaya sosai, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa a baya ake kiransa baƙar fata-mai tsananin launin rawaya. An ba wa dabbar suna ta zamani saboda bayanta na iya bayyana kamar shuɗi idan aka kalle shi ta ruwan teku.
Fata mafi yawan santsi ne, amma akwai tabo a cikin ciki da makogwaro. Yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban suna rayuwa akan fata da kuma whalebone na dabba. Idanu kanana ne dangane da jiki - santimita 10 ne kawai a diamita, wanda ke gefen gefunan kai, wanda yake kama da koki.
Muƙamuƙin ya harba kuma yana zuwa gaba kimanin santimita 20 tare da rufe bakin. Whales suna da dumi-dumi, kuma ana kiran kitsen mai mai ban sha'awa don taimakawa kula da yanayin zafin jiki.
Babu gill, blues suna numfasawa tare da taimakon huhu mai ƙarfi: ana iya aiwatar da musayar iska kusan gaba ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya - da kashi 90% (don kwatantawa: mutum yana buƙatar ɗaukar numfashi shida da huɗa don cimma wannan alamar).
Godiya ga yawan huhunsu, Whale na iya zama cikin zurfin na tsawon mintuna 40 kafin su buƙaci sabon iska. Lokacin da kifi ya tashi sama kuma ya fitar da iska, maɓuɓɓugar iska mai dumi tana bayyana, kuma ana jin sautin da aka fitar yayin wannan daga nesa - kilomita 3-4 daga nesa.
A cikin duka, akwai faranti na whalebone da ɗari da nauyinsu ya kai centimita 100 zuwa 30 a bakin dabba. Tare da taimakon faranti, amai yana tace ruwan, kuma gejin da suke ƙarewa yana tace plankton daga gareshi, wanda kifayen kifi ke ciyarwa.
A ina ne blue whale yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Babban shuɗin whale
A baya can, ana iya samun shuɗin shuɗi a wurare daban-daban na duniya, amma sai adadinsu ya ragu sosai, kuma yankin ya tsage. Akwai yankuna da yawa waɗanda yanzu za'a iya samun wannan dabba mafi yawan lokuta.
A lokacin bazara, bel ne na ruwan arctic da ruwan antarctic. A lokacin hunturu, suna tafiya kusa da ekweita. Amma ba sa son ruwan dumi mai yawa, kuma kusan ba sa yin iyo zuwa mahaɗar kanta, koda a lokacin ƙaura. Amma shuwagabannin shuɗi suna rayuwa a cikin ruwan dumi na Tekun Indiya duk shekara - ba su iyo cikin ruwan sanyi kwata-kwata.
Hanyoyin ƙaura na shuɗi har yanzu ba a fahimci su ba, kuma mutum na iya yin alama kawai inda aka rubuta kasancewar su. Shige da fice na hunturu da kanta na dogon lokaci ya kasance ba a bayyana ba, saboda samar da abinci a tekun Arctic da Antarctic ya kasance iri ɗaya a cikin hunturu. Mafi kyawun bayani a yau shine ana buƙatar ɗiyan da ƙarancin mai mai ƙarancinsu bai isa su zauna cikin ruwan sanyi a lokacin sanyi ba.
Groupsungiyoyin samari da yawa sun kasance a Kudancin Hemisphere, a Arewacin ƙasar ba su da yawa, amma wani lokacin suna yin iyo zuwa bakin tekun Fotigal da Spain, har ma sun haɗu da su daga gabar Girka, kodayake galibi ba su yin iyo a cikin Bahar Rum. Ba safai za a same su a bakin tekun Rasha ba.
Akwai yawan kifayen ruwa (wanda kuma ake kira da garken dabbobi) - da kyar suke cakuduwa da wakilan wasu al'ummomin koda kuwa jerensu ya zo daya. A cikin tekunan arewacin, masu bincike sun gano yawan mutane 9 ko 10, babu irin wannan bayanan game da tekun kudu.
Menene shuɗin whale yake ci?
Hotuna: Wule blue blue
Abubuwan menu sun ƙunshi:
- katako;
- kifi;
- squid.
Matsayi mara kyau, ga asalin abincin shine plankton, wanda ya ƙunshi krill. Dogaro da yankin, waɗannan na iya zama nau'ikan crustaceans daban-daban. Game da kifi kuwa, a cewar mafi yawan masanan ceto (wannan shine sunan kwararrun masanan da suka shiga binciken cetaceans), ya bayyana a jerin kifayen kifayen ne kawai kwatsam, zuwa can yayin hadiye ciyawar, musamman whale baya cin sa.
Wasu masanan ceto, sun yi imanin cewa idan shuɗin whale bai sami isassun tarin plankton don biyan buƙata ba, to da gangan a hankali ya yi iyo zuwa makarantun ƙananan kifi ya haɗiye su. Hakanan yana faruwa tare da squid.
A kowane hali, plankton ne ya mamaye abincin na amai: dabbar ta sami tarin ta, tayi iyo a ciki cikin sauri da sauri kuma tana sha dubun tan na ruwa a buɗe baki ɗaya. Lokacin cin abinci, an kashe kuzari da yawa, sabili da haka kifin whale yana buƙatar neman ɗumbin abinci - ba ya amsawa ga ƙananan.
Don cikakken ciyarwa, shuɗin whale yana buƙatar ɗaukar tan 1-1.5 na abinci. Gabaɗaya, ana buƙatar tan 3-4 a kowace rana - don wannan, dabbar tana tace ruwa mai yawa. Don abinci, yana nitsewa zuwa zurfin mita 80-150 - ana yin irin waɗannan nutso a kai a kai.
Yayi amai har ma fiye da dinosaur mafi girma, wanda kusan nauyin sa shine kusan masana kimiyya suka kafa. Wani samfurin da nauyin sa ya kai tan 173 an yi rikodin, kuma wannan tan 65 ne sama da adadin da aka kiyasta na manyan dinosaur.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Blue whale a cikin teku
Sau da yawa sukan yi iyo ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya, wani lokacin kuma biyu ko uku. A wurare masu arziki a cikin plankton, yawancin irin waɗannan rukunin zasu iya tattarawa. Amma koda idan kifayen teku suka ɓata cikin rukuni, har yanzu suna nuna hali mai nisa, kuma bayan ɗan lokaci sai su rikice.
Ba za ku same su kusa da gabar teku ba - suna son sarari da zurfin ƙasa. Suna amfani da mafi yawan lokacinsu suna iyo cikin nutsuwa daga tarin plankton zuwa wani - wannan ana iya kwatanta shi da yadda ciyawar ciyawar ƙasar ke kiwo.
A kan matsakaita, shuɗin whale mai ninkaya yana gudun kusan 10 km / h, amma zai iya yin iyo da sauri - idan ya ji tsoron wani abu, ya kai 25-30 km / h, amma na ɗan gajeren lokaci, tunda a lokacin irin wannan tseren yana kashe kuzari da yawa ...
Tsarin nutsewa don abinci mai ban sha'awa - yana buƙatar shiri. Da farko, kifin whale yana sakin huhunsa, sa’an nan ya ja dogon numfashi, ya yi zurfin zurfin kusan sau goma kuma ya sake bayyana a farfajiyar, kuma bayan hakan ne sai ya yi zurfin zurfin ruwa.
Yawanci amai yakan shiga zurfin mita dari ko biyu cikin ruwa, amma idan ya firgita, zai iya nitsewa sosai - har zuwa rabin kilomita. Wannan na faruwa idan kishirya masu neman kisa sun farautar shi. Bayan minti 8-20, kifin kifi ya fito kuma ya fara numfasawa da sauri, yana sakin maɓuɓɓugai zuwa cikin iska.
Bayan “kama numfashinsa” a cikin minutesan mintoci kaɗan, zai iya sake nitsewa. Idan ana bin kifin whale, to a cikin ruwa zai iya tsayawa sosai, har zuwa minti 40-50, amma a hankali ya rasa ƙarfi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Bluean kifin mai baƙar fata
Ana amfani da sigina na ƙarfi mai ƙarfi tare da ƙarfin kusan 10-20 Hz don sadarwa tare da sauran kifayen. Tare da taimakonsu, blues na iya sanar da kansu ga dangin su suna iyo a nesa mai nisa.
Waɗannan dabbobin suna auren mace ɗaya, kuma ma'auratan da suka kaɗa suna yin iyo tare tsawon shekaru. Sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu, kifi whale ya bayyana a cikin irin waɗannan nau'i-nau'i - kafin wannan, mace tana ɗaukar shi kusan shekara guda. Ana ciyar da jariri da madara mai mai ƙanƙanin fiye da watanni shida, kuma akan cin madara a kowace rana ana ƙara kilogram ɗari.
A sakamakon haka, yana girma cikin sauri zuwa girma mai ban sha'awa, yana kaiwa tan 20, ko ma fiye da nauyi. Yaren shuɗi sun riga sun kasance daga shekaru 4-5, amma koda bayan farkon wannan lokacin, tsarin ci gaba yana ci gaba - yana zuwa shekaru 15.
Ra'ayoyin masu bincike game da tsawon lokacin shuɗi ya bambanta. Mafi ƙarancin kimantawa shi ne shekaru 40, amma a cewar wasu kafofin suna rayuwa sau biyu, kuma masu shekaru ɗari sun ma zarce shekara ɗari. Wanne kimantawa ya fi kusa da gaskiya ba a riga an tabbatar da shi ba.
Blues sune rayayyun halittu masu rai. Sun fi injin jirgin sama nesa ba kusa ba! Mai kirki zai iya jin waƙoƙinsu nesa da ɗaruruwan har ma da dubban kilomita.
Abokan gaba na shuɗin teku
Hotuna: Blue whale
Saboda girman su, kifayen kifayen da ke kisa ne kawai ke farautar su. Fiye da duka suna son yaren kifayen kifi. Amma kuma suna kai hari ne kawai ga samari ko marasa lafiya - yunƙurin farautar mai lafiya, tare da duk lalacinsa, ba zai haifar da komai mai kyau ba - bambancin yawan taro ya yi yawa.
Kodayake, don kayar da kifayen, kifayen da ke kashewa dole su yi aiki a cikin rukuni, wani lokacin wasu mutane da yawa. A lokacin farautar, kifayen kifayen da ke kisa suna ƙoƙari su kwashe abincinsu cikin ginshiƙin ruwa, ba su damar tashi su cika wadatar iska. Yayin da ya ƙare, kifin kifi ya yi rauni kuma ya yi tsayayya da ƙarfi sosai, yayin da kifayen kifayen ke iya rayuwa tsawon lokaci a cikin ruwa. Suna kai hari kan kifin whale daga wurare daban-daban, suna fisge abubuwa daga jikinsa don haka suna rauni, sannan kuma suna kashewa.
Amma lalacewar daga kifayen kifayen ba za a iya kwatanta su da abin da mutane suka yi wa shuɗin masifa ba, saboda haka mutum ne wanda ba tare da ƙari ba za a kira shi babban makiyinsu, har zuwa haramcin kamun kifi. Saboda kifin da yake aiki da shi ne ya sanya alamun illa a cikin haɗarin. Daga irin wannan kifin whale, zaka iya samun tan 25-30 na man shafawa, whalebone mai daraja, wanda daga ciki ake yin samfuran da yawa, daga burushi da murfuna zuwa gawarwakin da kujeru, kuma naman su yana da ɗanɗano.
Rushewar shuɗin whale ya fara ne bayan bayyanar igiyar harbeon a rabin rabin karni kafin ƙarshe, bayan haka ya zama zai yiwu a farautar shi da kyau. Tsarin sa ya karu bayan mutane sun kusa kawar da kifin whale, kuma shudi ya zama sabon tushen blubber da whalebone. Kasuwancin kasuwanci na amai an dakatar dashi ne kawai a cikin 1966.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Whale shuɗin dabba
Kafin farawar mutane, mutane sun kasance dubbai-dubbai - bisa ga ƙididdiga daban-daban, daga mutane 200,000 zuwa 600,000. Amma saboda tsananin farauta, adadin launin shuɗi ya ragu sosai. Yawancin su a duniyar yanzu tambaya ce mai wahala, kuma ƙididdigar masu bincike ya bambanta sosai dangane da hanyar lissafin da aka yi amfani da ita.
Mafi ƙarancin kimantawa ya ɗauka cewa akwai daga bulu whale 1,300 zuwa 2,000 a doron ƙasa, wanda kusan dabbobi 300 zuwa 600 ke rayuwa a tekun arewacin. Researchersarin masu binciken kwarin gwiwa sun bayar da adadi na 3,000 - 4,000 na tekun arewa da 6,000 - 10,000 ga na kudu.
Ala kulli hal, yawan jama'arsu ya ragu matuka, sakamakon haka ne aka sanya shu'umancin matsayin matsayin wani nau'in haɗari (EN) da ke cikin hatsari kuma suna ƙarƙashin kariya. An hana yin kamun kifi sosai a masana'antu, kuma an danneta farauta - hukunce hukuncen da suka shafi fitattun mafarauta sun yi tasiri, kuma yanzu shari'ar kamawa da shudayen shudayen shudi ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Duk da wannan, har yanzu suna cikin barazana, kuma yawan su yana murmurewa sannu a hankali saboda wahalar haifuwa da wasu abubuwan:
- gurɓatar ruwan teku;
- karuwar yawan dogayen hanyoyin sadarwa masu santsi;
- karo da jiragen ruwa.
Duk waɗannan matsaloli ne masu mahimmanci, alal misali, a cikin yawan kifayen da masana kimiyya suka yi nazari, 9% sun nuna tabo daga haɗuwa da jiragen ruwa, kuma 12% suna da alamomi daga raga. Koyaya, a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, an ɗan rikodin ƙara yawan shuɗin whales shuɗu, wanda ke ba da bege don kiyaye wannan nau'in.
Amma yawan yana karuwa sosai a hankali. Baya ga matsalolin da aka lissafa, dalilin kuma shi ne cewa niche ya mallaki ƙananan hauna, wke whales. Mutane ba su kula da su ba, saboda abin da suka yawaita kuma yanzu suna cin babban krill kafin sannu-sannu da rikicewar rikitarwa su isa gare su.
Kwakwalwar shuɗin whale karami ce ƙwarai idan aka kwatanta da sauran gabobin - nauyinta kilo 7 kawai. A lokaci guda, kifayen, kamar dolphins, dabbobi ne masu hankali, ana rarrabe su da manyan damar ji. Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa suna iya aikawa da karban hotuna ta hanyar sauti, kuma kwakwalwarsu tana sarrafa bayanai sau 20 fiye da na mutum.
Kariyar kifin whale
Hotuna: Shuɗin whale daga littafin Red
Babban ma'auni don kariyar shuɗun whales tun lokacin da aka saka su cikin Littafin Ja shine hana kamawa. Saboda kasancewar suna rayuwa a cikin tekun, ba zai yuwu a dauki matakan kariya masu inganci ba, musamman tunda ruwan da suke cinyewa a mafi yawancin lokuta ba na kowace jiha bane.
Amma wannan ba lallai ba ne. Gaskiyar ita ce, a cikin wannan yanayin, girman girman da aka buga don fa'idar shuɗuman teku - yana da matukar wahalar kama su. Wannan taron yana buƙatar amfani da babban jirgi, wanda ya sa kusan ba zai yiwu ba a shirya farautar farauta ba tare da lura ba.
Ba kamar ƙaramin kifi ba, wanda aka kama shi a yayin da aka hana shi, kamawar launin shuɗi bayan sanya su cikin Littafin Ja a kusan dainawa. Ba a taɓa yin irin wannan lamarin ba har tsawon shekaru da yawa.
Tabbas, akwai wasu abubuwan da ke hana dawo da yawan kifayen, amma yaki da su yana da matukar wahala - ba shi yiwuwa a dakatar da ci gaba da gurbacewar ruwan, da kuma rage yawan jiragen ruwa da ke tafiya a kai da kuma bayyana raga mai santsi.
Kodayake har yanzu ana iya nasarar gwagwarmaya ta ƙarshe: a cikin jihohi da yawa, an kafa tsauraran ƙa'idodi game da girma da adadin hanyoyin sadarwa. A wasu yankuna, ana kuma ba da shawarar a rage saurin jirgi a yankunan da ke zama ruwan dare gama gari.
Shuɗin whale - halitta mai ban mamaki, kuma ba wai kawai saboda girmanta da tsawon ranta ba. Masu binciken suna kuma ƙoƙari don nazarin tsarin sigina na sauti - ta hanyoyi da yawa na musamman da kuma ba da damar sadarwa a nesa mai nisa. Babu ta yadda za a bar wani jinsi mai ban sha'awa don nazari ya ɓace.
Ranar bugawa: 05/10/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 20.09.2019 a 17:41
