Chimpanzee - jinsin birai daga dangin hominid. Ya haɗa da nau'ikan jinsuna biyu: na yau da kullun da ake kira chimpanzees (aka bonobos). Waɗannan birai suna da ikon nuna motsin rai kwatankwacin na ɗan adam, suna iya yaba da kyau da jinƙai - kuma a lokaci guda faɗa, farautar masu rauni don nishaɗi da cin dangi.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Chimpanzee
Dangane da binciken DNA, kakannin kuliyoyi da mutane sun rabu shekaru miliyan 6 da suka gabata - kuma wannan ya sa sun zama dangi na kusa, tunda rabuwa da sauran hominids ya faru a baya. Halin kwayar halittar ya kai kashi 98.7%, akwai kamanceceniya da yawa - alal misali, kungiyoyin jini na chimpanzee sun dace da na mutane. Har ila yau ana iya saka jinin Bonobo ga mutane.
Bidiyo: Chimpanzee
Bayan rabuwa, kakannin kifin chimpanzees sun ci gaba da canzawa - kamar yadda ƙungiyar masana kimiyyar Sinawa a karkashin jagorancin Jianzhi Zhang suka kafa, juyin halittansu ya fi sauri, kuma mutane da yawa sun ƙaurace wa kakaninsu. Bayanin kimiyya da suna a cikin chimpanzees na Latin da aka karɓa a 1799 a cikin aikin masanin halayyar ɗan adam ɗan Jamusanci Johann Blumensbach. Bonobos, kodayake an san su tun zamanin da, an lasafta su a matsayin jinsuna daban daga baya - daga Ernst Schwartz a 1929.
Na dogon lokaci, ba su da cikakken nazari, tun da masana kimiyya kawai suna bincika mutanen da ke cikin bauta. Wannan ya ba da kyakkyawar fahimta game da tsarin kwalliyar, amma bai isa ba game da halayensu da tsarin zamantakewar su, kuma waɗannan batutuwa suna da sha'awar masu bincike da yawa. Jane Goodall, wacce ke nazarin waɗannan birai dama cikin yanayi tun shekaru 1960 tun daga 1960 suka fara samun babban nasara.
Rashin amincewa da dabbobi ke da wuya a shawo kansa, ya dauki watanni kafin su saba da mutane, amma sakamakon ya zarta abin da ake tsammani - tsarin zamantakewar chimpanzees ya kasance ba a saba da shi ba a yanayin zamani.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Chimpanzee na Dabba
Jikin kifin chimpanzee an rufe shi da gashi mai duhu mai duhu. Ba ya nan kawai a yatsun hannu, fuska da ƙashin jeji. Na biyun yana da ban sha'awa, tunda ƙananan chimpanzees suna da fararen gashi a ƙashin jela, kuma asarar su tana magana ne game da balagar mutum.
Kasancewar ko rashin gashin ne birai kansu suke tantancewa ko yaro yana gabansu ko babba. Mutanen da ba su girma ba an gafarta musu abubuwa daban-daban, da yawa ana buƙata daga gare su - don haka, ba sa shiga faɗa tsakanin ƙungiyoyi. A cikin manyan bisimfannin jima'i, launin fata yana canzawa - daga ruwan hoda zuwa baƙi.
An bayyana dimorphism ta jima'i ta banbancin girma da nauyi. Maza suna girma zuwa 150-160 cm, mata har zuwa 120-130, yayin da nauyin ya kasance daga 55-75 da 35-55 kg, bi da bi. Da farko kallo daya, abin birgewa ne cewa chimpanzees suna da muƙamuƙai masu ƙarfi - suna yin gaba gaba, manyan kuzari sun fito fili. Amma hancinsu karami ne mai fadi. Fuskokin fuska suna da kyau, kuma chimpanzees suna amfani da su sosai, gami da motsa jiki, da sauti yayin sadarwa. Suna iya murmushi.
Kan yana da girma sosai, amma yana da ban sha'awa cewa cranium rabin fanko ne - misali, mutum kusan ba shi da sarari kyauta a ciki. Thewayar chimpanzee tana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a kwakwalwar ɗan adam, wanda bai wuce kashi 25-30% ba.
Legsafafun kafa da na baya sun yi daidai da tsayi. Babban yatsan hannu yana adawa da duka - wannan yana nufin cewa chimpanzees suna da ikon sarrafa ƙananan abubuwa. Kamar mutane, chimpanzees suna da tsarin fatar mutum a tafin hannu, ma'ana, akwai yiwuwar rarrabe su da shi.
Lokacin tafiya, ba sa takawa a kan tafin hannu, amma a kan yatsun yatsu. Kasancewa ƙasa da mutane a girmansu, chimpanzees suna da tsokoki masu haɓaka, saboda abin da suka fi ƙarfi. Pygmy chimpanzees, su ma bonobos ne, kusan suna da girma kamar na talakawa, kuma suna yin tasirin gani ne kawai kamar sun fi yawa. Sun fito waje da jan lebe.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Chimpanzees suna da hanyoyi don yin sautuka daban-daban, amma har ma tushen maganganun ɗan adam ba zai iya koya musu ba, tun da mutane suna magana da numfashi, kuma suna yin numfashi.
A ina kidan kidan ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Biri Chimpanzee
Ana iya samunsu a yankuna da yawa na Afirka, ban da arewacin da kudu. Duk da cewa yawan chimpanzees yana da fadi, mazaunin da ke ciki ya ragu sosai saboda dalilai da yawa. Wadannan birai suna zaune ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi, kuma wadanda suka fi yawa, sun fi kyau, saboda suna bukatar abinci da yawa. Kayan kwalliya na yau da kullun, kodayake galibi ana samun su a dazukan gumi, ana samun su a cikin busassun savannas, wanda baza'a iya faɗi akan bonobos ba.
Theauyukan ƙananan raƙuman zamani sun bambanta ƙwarai:
- abin da ke zaune a Afirka ta Tsakiya - duka Kongo, Kamaru da maƙwabta;
- Yankunan Yammacin Yamma, kamar yadda sunan yake, suna mamaye yankuna a yammacin nahiyar, kuma zuwa arewacin ta, daga bakin gabar teku;
- kewayon ƙananan vellerosus wani ɓangare ya dace da mazauninsu, amma ƙarancin ƙasa a cikin ƙasa. Kuna iya saduwa da wakilan wannan ƙananan kamfanonin a cikin Kamaru ko Nijeriya;
- Schweinfurth chimpanzees (schweinfurthii) suna zaune ne a gabashin danginsu - a yankuna da suka faro daga Sudan ta Kudu a arewa zuwa Tanzania da Zambia a kudu. A taswirar, zangonsu ya yi yawa sosai, amma wannan ba yana nufin cewa akwai da yawa daga cikinsu ba - suna zaune ne a ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa, sau da yawa nesa ba kusa ba, kuma a cikin yankuna da yawa a cikin kewayon ba wanda zai iya samun chimpanzee guda ɗaya;
- a ƙarshe, bonobos suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka da ke tsakanin Kongo da Lualab - ƙauyukansu ba su da yawa.
Me kitsen kifin yake ci?
Hotuna: Gidan Chimpanzee na kowa
Ku ci duka tsire-tsire da na dabbobi. Mafi sau da yawa, jerin abubuwan su sun haɗa da:
- mai tushe da ganye;
- 'ya'yan itace;
- qwai tsuntsaye;
- kwari;
- zuma;
- kifi;
- kifin kifi
Hakanan Chimpanzees na iya cin tushen, amma ba sa son su, ban da wasu, kuma suna amfani da su ne kawai idan ba wani zaɓi. Wasu masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa abincin dabbobi wani ɓangare ne na abincin chimpanzee, kuma a rana mai ƙaranci dole ne su yi da abincin tsire kawai. Wasu kuma suna jayayya cewa ba sa neman abincin dabbobi koyaushe, amma sai a lokacin kaka, lokacin da adadin wadataccen abincin tsire ya ragu.
Galibi suna tsunduma cikin tattarawa, zagaya gundumar don neman abinci, suna tuno da kurmi mafi ba da amfani, kuma suna yin hanyar yau da kullun don ƙetare su da farko. Amma wani lokacin suna iya shirya farauta, yawanci don birai ko colobus - ƙungiya ce ke gudanar da shi kuma ana shirya shi a gaba.
A lokacin farautar, an kewaye wanda aka yiwa fyaden, sannan kuma manyan mazaje suka kammala aikin ta hanyar hawa bishiya zuwa gareta da kisan. Baya ga ƙananan birai, alade na daji na iya zama wanda aka azabtar, galibi matashi - yana da haɗari sosai don farautar boar manya. Bonobos basa gudanar da farauta mai tsari, amma wasu lokuta suna iya kama kananan birai.
Zasu iya samun abinci ta wasu hanyoyi, gami da amfani da dabaru iri-iri da kuma hanyoyin da basu dace ba: misali, sukan dauki bambaro su saukeshi a gidan tururuwa, sannan su lasa tururuwa da suka hau kanta, ko kuma su fasa bawo tare da duwatsu don zuwa sassan sassan mollak.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Chimpanzees suna da amfani da yawa ga ganye - suna rufe gida gida dasu, yin laima daga cikinsu dan kare ruwan sama, suna yin kansu kamar masu son zafi, harma suna amfani dasu azaman bayan gida.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Chimpanzee fure
Mafi yawan lokacinsu suna cikin bishiyoyi. Suna sauka ba zato ba tsammani, kuma basa jin dadi sosai a doron kasa, saboda a kasa ne suka fi fuskantar barazanar maharan. Babban dalilin da yasa zasu sauka shine zuwa ramin shayarwa. Suna tafiya a ƙasa da ƙafa huɗu, tafiya madaidaiciya gama gari ne a cikin chimpanzees kawai a cikin ƙaura.
Kai tsaye a kan manyan rassa, suna tsara gida, kuma an gina su daga rassa da ganyaye. Suna kwana ne a cikin gida gida. Sun san yadda ake iyo, amma ba sa son shi da yawa, kuma galibi sun fi so kada su sake jike ulu ɗin su.
Sun fi tsunduma cikin abinci suna neman sa - yana ɗaukar kusan yini. Ana yin komai a hankali, kuma kawai abin da ke dagula zaman lafiya a cikin ƙungiyar shine bayyanar abokan gaba - waɗannan na iya zama masu farauta, mutane, maƙiya maƙiya. Ganin barazanar, birai sun fara ihu da ƙarfi don faɗakar da kowa game da haɗarin kuma su rikita maharin.
Su da kansu suna iya nuna halaye daban-daban: daga sha'awar furanni - waɗannan dabbobin da ba a cika yin irin su ba, kuma suna taimakawa ofan kuliyoyin da aka bari ba tare da uwaye ba, zuwa kashewa da cinye dangi, farautar ƙananan birai don nishaɗi.
Chimpanzees suna da hankali kuma suna iya koya da sauri, kuma idan suna yawan ganin mutane, suna yin ɗabi'unsu da dabarunsu. A sakamakon haka, ana iya koyar da waɗannan birai har ma da mawuyacin ayyuka: misali, masanin kimiyyar Faransanci na ƙarni na 18 Georges-Louis Buffon ya koyar da yara masu kyau da halaye na bawa, kuma ya bauta masa da baƙinsa a teburin. Wani birin da aka horar ya yi iyo a kan jirgin kuma ya san yadda ake gudanar da manyan ayyukan mai jirgin ruwa - don sarrafa filafilin da zafin murhun.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Ana iya koyar da Chimpanzees yaren kurame - suna iya mallakan isharar da dama da sadarwa tare da taimakon su.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby Chimpanzee
Chimpanzees suna rayuwa cikin rukuni-rukuni, a cikin su akwai mutane dozin da yawa - galibi bai wuce 30. Kowane irin ƙungiyar na da shugaba. Yana tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye tsari a cikin ƙungiyar, ana girmama matsayi, kuma ana warware rikice-rikice tsakanin sauran masanan. Shugabannin maza suna da sauƙin ganewa ta waje, suna ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don ƙara girma, suna fatar gashinsu. Sauran suna nuna mutunta su ta kowace hanya.
Bambanci mai ban mamaki daga gorilla: jagoran kungiyar yawanci ba shine mutum mafi ƙarfi ba, amma shine mafi wayo. A sama akwai rawar ma'amala a tsakanin ƙungiyar, kuma galibi jagora yana da waɗanda suke kusa da shi, wasu irin masu tsaro ne waɗanda ke sa duk masu fafatawa a gwanaye su sanya su su yi biyayya.
Don haka, matakin tsari a cikin chimpanzees ya fi na sauran manyan birai girma. Idan masana kimiyya suna muhawara game da biran da suka fi wayo - orangutans, chimpanzees, ko da gorillas, to irin wannan tambayar ba zata fara zama cikin tsarin zamantakewar mutane ba - chimpanzees sune mafi kusa da samar da wani tsari na tsarin al'umma.
Idan shugaban ya tsufa sosai ko ya sami rauni, nan da nan wani zai bayyana a wurinsa. An gina keɓaɓɓun matsayi na mata - daga cikinsu akwai maza da yawa waɗanda ke karɓar babban kulawa da mafi kyawun abinci. Sau da yawa manyan mata ne ke zaɓar shugaban ƙungiyar gabaɗaya, kuma idan bai yarda da su da wani abu ba, sai su canza zuwa wata. A cikin matsayin mata, ana ba da matsayi mafi girma a mafi yawan lokuta ga yara.
A cikin rukuni, birai sun sami sauki ga farauta da kare zuriyarsu, kuma suna koya daga juna. Dangane da bincike, chimpanzees da ke kaɗaici ba su da lafiya kamar waɗanda ke cikin rukuni, suna da saurin motsa jiki da ƙarancin ci. Maza sun fi rikici, mata ana rarrabe su da salamar su, suna da halaye na motsin rai irin na tausayin ɗan adam - alal misali, wani lokacin suna raba abinci tare da dangin da suka ji rauni ko marasa lafiya, suna kula da yaran wasu mutane. Yayin hulɗa da mutum, mata suna da biyayya, sun fi haɗuwa.
Babu takamaiman lokacin haifuwa - zai iya faruwa a kowane lokaci na shekara. Bayan farkon estrus, mata mata tare da maza da yawa daga rukunin. Ciki yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 7.5, bayan haka jaririn ya bayyana. Da farko, ba shi da komai. Rigarsa ba ta da yawa kuma tana da haske, tare da shekaru sannu a hankali yana yin kauri da duhu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Iyayen Chimpanzee suna kula da yaransu sosai, suna kula da su koyaushe, suna ɗauke su a bayansu har sai sun koyi tafiya - ma’ana, kimanin watanni shida.
Suna ciyar da kananan kuliyoyi har zuwa shekaru uku, kuma koda bayan wannan lokacin ya ƙare, suna ci gaba da zama tare da iyayensu mata har tsawon shekaru, suna kiyaye su da tallafa musu ta kowace hanya. Da shekara 8 zuwa 10, chimpanzees sun balaga. A matsakaita, rayuwarsu ta fi ta sauran manyan birai tsayi - suna iya kaiwa shekaru 50 ko ma 60.
Abokan gaba na chimpanzees
Hotuna: Chimpanzee
Wasu daga cikin mafarautan Afirka suna cin abincin kifi. Amma ga mafi yawansu, ba su kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan farautar ba, tunda suna rayuwa ne a cikin bishiyoyi kuma ba safai za a same su a ƙasa ba, a cikin mawuyacin hali. Yayinda matasa daban-daban ke iya kamasu, ga manya, damisa galibi barazana ce. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin suna da ƙarfi da sauri, suna kama da kyau kuma sun kasance ba a ganuwa. Kuma mafi mahimmanci, suna iya hawa bishiyoyi, kuma suna da matukar wahala don haka zasu iya kashe chimpanzees dama akan su.
Lokacin da damisa ta kawo hari, birai na iya tserewa kawai tare da taimakon ayyukan ɗaukacin rukunin: suna fara ihu da ƙarfi, suna kiran danginsu don taimako. Idan wadanda ke kusa, suma suka daga murya, suna kokarin tsoratar da damisar, su jefa rassanta a kanta. Kodayake chimpanzees ba za su iya sake adawa da shi ba, amma ilhami na mai farauta a cikin irin wannan yanayi ya tilasta shi komawa baya daga farauta.
Chimpanzees galibi suna ta karo da juna - rashin jituwa ne mara iyaka wanda shine ɗayan sanadin mutuwar su. Jane Goodall ya bayyana ɗayan irin wannan yanayin dalla-dalla: "yaƙi" tsakanin ɓangarorin biyu na rukunin da ya rabu sau ɗaya yana gudana tun shekara ta 1974 tsawon shekaru huɗu.
A cikin tafarkinsa, duka ɓangarorin sun yi amfani da wayo, suna kama abokan gaba ɗaya bayan ɗaya, bayan haka sun kashe kuma sun ci su. Rikicin ya ƙare tare da hallakar da ƙaramin rukuni gaba ɗaya. Bayan haka, masu nasara sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye yankin abokan gaba, amma sun fuskanci wata ƙungiya kuma an tilasta su su ja da baya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Chimpanzee birrai
Dukkanin chimpanzees da bonobos an jera su a cikin Littafin Ja kuma suna da matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan haɗarin EN. Tabbas, sun samu nasarar hayayyafa cikin kamuwa, amma aikin kiyaye su a cikin daji ya fi wuya - yawan kifin kifin daji yana ta faduwa daga shekara zuwa shekara.
A wasu yankuna, faduwar na da matukar muhimmanci - misali, a Cote d'Ivoire, a cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan, adadin su ya ragu da sau 10. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe ayyukan mutum da annoba waɗanda ke ɓarkewa tsakanin birai. Misali, sanannen zazzabin Ebola ya rage yawansu da kusan 30%.
Sakamakon haka, yawan chimpanzees a cikin daji yana raguwa. Kimanin yawa na yanzu yana daga mutane 160,000 zuwa 320,000. Ba su zauna a dunkule ba, amma sun bazu a cikin yawancin Afirka a cikin kananan manufofi, kuma wani muhimmin bangare daga cikinsu na fuskantar barazanar hallaka gaba daya.
Bonobos sun fi karami: a cewar majiya daban-daban, jimillar adadin su daga 30,000 zuwa 50,000 tare da nuna yiwuwar ragewa - ya ragu da kashi 2-3% a kowace shekara. Yawan chimpanzee ya ragu matuka a cikin shekaru ɗari da suka gabata - a farkon karni na ashirin, kawai ana iya yin kimantawa, amma a kowane hali, sama da mutane miliyan sun rayu a cikin daji. Wataƙila ma miliyan 1.5-2.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Chimpanzees suna amfani da hanyoyin da basu dace ba don sauƙaƙa rayuwa, har ma da yin kayan aikin da kansu. Ayyukansu sun banbanta - daga tona ramuka don tara ruwa zuwa kaifafa rassa, sakamakon haka ana samun mashi na musamman daga gare su. Suna ba da irin wannan binciken zuwa na gaba, ƙabilar tana tara ilimi sannu a hankali kuma tana haɓaka. Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa cikakken bayani game da irin wannan halayyar zai fayyace yadda tsarin halittar mutum yake.
Kariyar Chimpanzee
Photo: Chimpanzee Jar Littafin
Tunda an jera chimpanzees a cikin Red Book, suna ƙarƙashin kariya. Amma a zahiri, a galibin kasashen Afirka da suke zaune, kadan ake kokarin kare su.Tabbas, hanyar a cikin jihohi daban-daban daban, kuma a wani wuri akwai wuraren ajiyar yanayi da samar da tashoshin tallafi, ana tsaurara doka akan masu farauta.
Amma hatta wadannan kasashen ba za su iya kashe kashe kudade masu yawa a kan ayyukan kiyayewa don kare lafiyar dabbobi yadda ya kamata ba, gami da kuliyoyi. Kuma a wani wuri kusan ba a yin komai, kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa ne kawai ke aikin kiyaye dabbobin.
A kowace shekara, yawancin kifin kifi da ke wahala daga mutane suna faɗa cikin tashoshin ceto waɗanda suka shirya: akwai dubban birai. Idan ba don ayyukan don gyaran su ba, da yawan adadin kifin a cikin Afirka tuni ya zama mai mahimmanci.
Dole ne mu yarda da cewa kariya ta kifin kifin ba ta isa ba, kuma ana ci gaba da hallaka su: a kaikaice, saboda halakar da kewayonsu ta hanyar wayewar da ke tafe, kuma kai tsaye, wato, farauta. Har sai an ɗauki ƙarin matakan kariya da tsari sosai, chimpanzees za su ci gaba da mutuwa.
Chimpanzee - daya daga cikin dabbobin da suka fi ban sha'awa don bincike. Mafi yawa, masana kimiyya suna da sha'awar tsarin zamantakewar su da halayyar su, ta hanyoyi da yawa kwatankwacin ɗan adam. Amma don bincike, da farko dai, ya zama dole a kiyaye su a cikin daji - kuma ya zuwa yanzu kokarin da ake yi kan hakan bai isa ba.
Ranar bugawa: 04/27/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 23:13
