Mikiya mai kaifi ya nuna misalin iko da fifiko, 'yanci da girma. Tsuntsayen ganima na Arewacin Amurka ɗayan alamun ƙasa ne na Amurka kuma na dangin shaho ne. Indiyawan suna danganta tsuntsu da allahntaka; tatsuniya da al'adu da yawa suna da alaƙa da su. Ana amfani da hotunansa a hular kwano, garkuwa, kayan abinci da sutura.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Bald Mikiya
A shekara ta 1766, Bajamushe dan asalin kasar Karl Linnaeus ya sanya gaggafa a matsayin tsuntsu mai suna Falco leucocephalus. Shekaru 53 bayan haka, Bajamushe ɗan asalin ƙasar Faransa Jules Savigny ya haɗa tsuntsu a cikin jinsin Haliaeetus (wanda a zahiri ake fassararsa da gaggafa a teku), wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ya kunshi gaggafa fari kawai.
Duka tsuntsayen dangi ne na kusa. Dangane da nazarin kwayoyin, ya bayyana cewa kakansu ya rabu da sauran gaggafa kimanin shekaru miliyan 28 da suka gabata. Daga cikin dadaddun burbushin halittu da ke yanzu akwai wadanda aka samo a cikin kogon Colorado. A cewar masana kimiyya, sun kai kimanin shekaru dubu 680-770.
Bidiyo: Balle Mikiya
Akwai gaggafa biyu na gaggafa mai bambance-bambance, bambancin da ke cikin girmansa kawai. An rarraba manyan ƙananan ragin a cikin Oregon, Wyoming, Minnesota, Michigan, South Dakota, New Jersey, da Pennsylvania. Rukuni na biyu yana zaune ne a kan iyakar kudancin Amurka da Mexico.
Tun shekara ta 1972, aka nuna wannan tsuntsu a jikin Babban Hatimin Amurka. Hakanan, ana buga hoton gaggafa mai sanƙo a kan takardun banki, alamomi da sauran alamun jihar. A kan rigunan makamai na Amurka, tsuntsun yana riƙe da reshen zaitun a cikin tafin ɗaya, a matsayin alamar aminci, da kibiya a ɗayan, a matsayin alamar yaƙi.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Mikiya mai laushi
Mikiya mai kaifin baki suna cikin manyan tsuntsaye a Arewacin Amurka. A lokaci guda, suna da ƙarancin girma a cikin girma ga mai ba su shawara - mikiya mai farin-wutsiyoyi. Tsawon jiki ya kai 80-120 cm, nauyi 3-6 kg, fikafikan 180-220 cm. Mata sun fi maza girma 1/4.
Tsuntsayen da ke zaune a arewacin kewayon sun fi na waɗanda ke kudu ƙarfi yawa:
- a Kudancin Carolina matsakaicin nauyin tsuntsaye ya kai kilogiram 3.28;
- a Alaska - kilogiram 4.6 na maza kuma mata 6.3.
Bakin bakin yana da tsawo, rawaya-zinariya, ƙugiya. Kuraren da ke kan kumatun suna ba mikiya fuska. Paws mai haske rawaya, babu plumage. Dogayen yatsu masu ƙarfi suna da kaushin kaifi. Claawon bayan baya yana da kyau sosai, godiya ga abin da za su iya riƙe ganima da yatsunsu na gaba, kuma tare da tafin bayan, kamar awl, huda mahimman gabobin wanda aka azabtar.
Idanun rawaya ne. Fuka-fukan suna da fadi, wutsiya matsakaiciya ce a cikin ta. Birdsananan tsuntsaye suna da duhu kai da jela. Jiki na iya zama fari-ruwan kasa. A cikin shekara ta shida ta rayuwa, fuka-fukai suna mallakar launi na halayya. Tun daga wannan zamanin, kai da wutsiya suna zama fari masu banbanta da bangon jikin kusan baki.
Sabbin kajin da aka kyankyashe suna da fatar ruwan hoda, launin toka-toka a wasu wurare, kafafuwan jiki. Bayan makonni uku, fatar ta zama mai laushi, ƙafafuwan sun zama rawaya. Farkon farin shine mai launin cakulan. Alamu farare suna bayyana daga shekara uku. Da shekara 3.5, kan ya kusan zama fari.
Duk tsananin yanayin sautin, sautin wadannan tsuntsayen yana da rauni da sheki. Sautunan da suke yi kamar bushe-bushe ne. Ana kiran su da "saurin-harba-shura-shura". A lokacin hunturu, tare da sauran gaggafa, tsuntsaye suna son kuwwa.
A ina gaggafa mai gashin kanta take zaune?
Hoto: Bakin gaggafa dabba
Ana samun wuraren tsuntsayen galibi a Kanada, Amurka da arewacin Mexico. Hakanan, an lura da yawan jama'a a tsibiran Faransa na Saint-Pierre da Miquelon. Ana samun adadi mafi yawa na gaggafa a kusa da teku, koguna da tafkuna. Wasu lokuta daidaikun mutane suna bayyana a Bermuda, Puerto Rico, Ireland.
Har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20, an lura da tsuntsaye masu ganima a cikin Far East Russia. A yayin ziyarar ta Vitus Bering, wani jami'in Rasha ya nuna a cikin rahoton nasa cewa masu binciken da dole ne su yi hunturu a Tsibirin Kwamanda sun ci naman mikiya. A cikin karni na 20, ba a sami alamun nest a wadannan wuraren ba.
Mazaunin tsuntsayen ganima koyaushe yana kusa da manyan ruwa - tekuna, manyan koguna da tafkuna, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Yankin gabar bakin yakai akalla kilomita 11. Don ma'aurata da ke cikin gida, ana buƙatar tafkin akalla hekta 8. Zaɓin yanki kai tsaye ya dogara da yawan abincin da za'a iya samu anan. Idan wurin ya wadata ga ganima, da yawa zai zama babba.
Tsuntsaye suna gida a cikin dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka, wadanda basu fi mita 200 daga ruwa ba. Don gina gida, ana neman babban itace mai faɗin kambi. A lokacin kiwo, ku guji wuraren da mutane suke yawanci, koda kuwa wannan yanki ne mai yawan ganima.
Idan jikin ruwa a yankin da aka mamaye an rufe shi da kankara a lokacin hunturu, gaggafa masu sanko suna yin ƙaura zuwa kudu, zuwa wani wuri mai sauƙin yanayi. Suna yawo kai kaɗai, amma daren zasu iya tattarawa ƙungiya-ƙungiya. Kodayake abokan haɗin suna tashi daban, suna samun juna yayin hunturu kuma sake gida gida biyu.
Menene gaggafa mai sanƙo take ci?
Hotuna: Bald Eagle Amurka
Abincin tsuntsaye na ganima ya kunshi galibi kifi da ƙananan wasa. Idan za ta yiwu, gaggafa na iya karɓar abinci daga wasu dabbobi ko kuma su ci mushe. Dangane da binciken kwatancen, an tabbatar da cewa kashi 58% na duk abincin da ake ci kifi ne, 26% na kiwon kaji, 14% na dabbobi masu shayarwa da 2% ga sauran kungiyoyi. Mikiya sun fi son kifi akan sauran nau'ikan abinci.
Dogaro da jihar, tsuntsaye suna cin abinci:
- kifi;
- kifin salmon;
- Pacific herring;
- Chukuchan mai manyan baki;
- irin kifi;
- kifi;
- mullet;
- baki Pike;
- karamin basass
Idan babu wadataccen kifi a cikin kududdufin, mikiya masu farauta za su farautar wasu tsuntsayen:
- kifin teku;
- agwagwa;
- tsutsa
- geese;
- mara lafiya.
Wasu lokuta sukan kai hari ga manyan mutane kamar su farar fata mai tsutsa, gullun teku, farin kwalliya. Saboda raunin kariya daga rukunin tsuntsayen mulkin mallaka, mikiya na kawo musu hari daga sama, suna kama kajin da manya a cikin jirgin, kuma suna iya sata kuma su cinye ƙwai. Propananan rabo daga abincin yana fitowa daga dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Baya ga gawar, duk abin da mikiya ke yi bai fi girman zomo ba:
- beraye;
- muskrat;
- zomaye;
- raccoons masu taguwa;
- gophers.
Wasu mutane da ke rayuwa a tsibirin na iya farautar hatimin jarirai, zakunan teku, masu ba da ruwa. An rubuta ƙoƙarin farautar dabbobi. Amma duk da haka sun fi son su tsallake mutane su yi farauta a cikin daji. Mikiya ba sa shiga cikin yaƙi wanda babu kamarsa da dabbobi masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
Har yanzu, akwai rubutattun shaidu guda daya yayin da mikiya mai kai tsaye ta afkawa rago mai ciki wanda nauyinsa yakai kilogiram 60.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Bald Mikiya
Mai farautar farauta yafi yawa a cikin ruwa mara ƙanƙani. Daga iska, sai ya hango ganima, ya nitse ƙasa sosai ya kama wanda aka azabtar da motsin tashin hankali. A lokaci guda, yana kula da jike ƙafafuwansa kawai, sauran layukan suna bushe. Gudun jirgin sama na yau da kullun yana tafiyar kilomita 55-70 a cikin awa daya, kuma saurin nutsewa yana kilomita 125-165 a cikin awa ɗaya.
Nauyin ganimar su yawanci ya bambanta tsakanin kilogram 1-3. Kodayake a cikin wallafe-wallafen akwai amintaccen ambaton yadda maharbin ya ɗauki diyar dawa mai nauyin kilogram 6, yana kafa wani irin tarihi a tsakanin nau'ikan. Suna da ƙaya a yatsunsu waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye ganima.
Idan nauyin ya yi nauyi sosai, sai ya ja dirar mikiya a cikin ruwa, bayan haka sai su yi iyo zuwa gabar tekun. Idan ruwan yayi sanyi sosai, tsuntsun na iya mutuwa da cutar sanyin jiki. Mikiya na iya farauta tare: ɗayan ya shagaltar da wanda aka azabtar, yayin da ɗayan kuma ya far masa ta baya. Sun fi so su kama ganima ta hanyar mamaki.
Gagarar ankara an san ta da karbar abinci daga wasu tsuntsaye ko dabbobi. Abincin da aka samo ta wannan hanyar ya zama 5% na jimlar abinci. Dangane da ƙarancin ƙwarewar farauta, samari sun fi fuskantar irin waɗannan ayyukan. A yayin rikici tare da waɗanda ungulu suka saci abincinsu, masu abincin suna iya cin kansu da kansu.
A cikin daji, rayuwar tsuntsaye masu farauta ita ce shekaru 17-20. Tsohuwar mikiya mai tsufa har zuwa 2010 an dauke ta tsuntsu daga Maine. A lokacin rasuwar ta, tana da shekaru 32 da watanni 11. Tsuntsaye a cikin aviaries suna rayuwa da yawa sosai - har zuwa shekaru 36.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Bald Mikiya Red Book
Balaga na jima'i yana faruwa kusan shekaru 4-7. Mikiya mai kaifin-kai tsuntsaye ne da ke da mata daya tilo: suna saduwa da mace daya tilo. An yi imanin cewa abokan tarayya suna da aminci ga juna a duk rayuwarsu. Koyaya, wannan ba gaskiya bane. Idan mutum bai dawo daga hunturu ba, na biyun yana neman sabon ma'aurata. Hakanan yana faruwa yayin da ɗayan ma'auratan suka kasa haifuwa.
Yayinda ake saduwa, tsuntsaye suna bijirewa junansu, suna birgima a sama kuma suna yin dabaru iri-iri. Mafi ban mamaki a cikinsu shine lokacin da abokan hulɗa ke tare da ƙafafunsu kuma, juyawa, faɗi ƙasa. Suna buɗe yatsunsu a ƙasa kawai kuma suna sake tashi sama. Namiji da mace na iya zama tare a kan reshe kuma suna shafawa da juna da bakunansu.
Bayan samuwar biyu, tsuntsayen sun zabi wuri don gida na gaba. A cikin Florida, lokacin nest yana farawa a watan Oktoba, a Alaska daga Janairu, a Ohio daga Fabrairu. An gina gidan tsuntsu a cikin rawanin itace mai rai nesa da jikin ruwa. Wasu lokuta nests sukan kai girman girma.
Bidiyon Balada sun gina mafi girma gida gida a Arewacin Amurka. Ofaya daga cikinsu yana cikin littafin Guinness Book of Records. Tsayinsa ya kai mita 6 kuma nauyinsa ya haura tan biyu.
Wata daya bayan fara aikin gini, mata suna kwance daga ƙwai 1 zuwa 3 tare da tazarar kwana biyu. Idan kama ya lalace, matan na sake yin ƙwai. Bayan kwana 35, kajin suna kyankyashewa. Saboda banbancin ajiya, wasu an haife su da wuri, wasu kuma daga baya. Mace tana cikin gida duk lokacin da zata shayar da jariran. Namiji yana samun abinci.
A mako na 6, kajin da kansu sun san yadda zasu raba naman, kuma zuwa 10 suna yin jirginsu na farko. A cikin rabin su, ya ƙare a cikin gazawa kuma yara sun ƙara ƙarin makonni da yawa a ƙasa. Bayan sun koyi tashi sama, kajin suna tare da iyayensu na wani dan lokaci, sannan sai su tashi.
Abokan gaba na mikiya
Hoto: Bakar Fata na Amurka
Tunda tsuntsayen ganima suna saman jerin kayan abinci, kusan basu da abokan gaba na halitta banda mutane. Za a iya lalata gurbi ta raccoons ko mujiya na gaggafa, suna son cin abinci a kan ƙwai. Idan gidan mikiya ya kasance a ƙasa, Foxar Arctic na iya sauka a ciki.
A lokacin lokutan ƙaura da yawa, baƙi sun farautar tsuntsayen wasanni kuma suka harbe su saboda kyawawan lamuransu. A cikin mazauninsu, an sare bishiyoyi kuma an gina bakin teku. Sakamakon karuwar matsugunai, an sami karancin ruwan sha. Wannan ya haifar da lalata wuraren da tsuntsaye suka zauna shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.
Indiyawan Ojibwe sun yi imani da cewa kashin gaggafa ya taimaka wajen kawar da cututtuka, kuma ana amfani da fika a matsayin abin adon laushi da layya. An ba fuka-fukai ga sojoji saboda cancanta ta musamman kuma sun kasance daga tsara zuwa tsara. An dauki tsuntsaye manzannin Allah.
Manoma ba sa son gaggafa saboda hare-hare kan tsuntsayen gida. Sun kuma yi imanin cewa masu farauta suna kama kifi da yawa daga cikin tabkuna. Don kariya daga gare su, mazaunan sun yayyafa gawawwakin shanu da abubuwa masu guba. Zuwa 1930, tsuntsayen sun zama marasa galihu a Amurka kuma sun fi rayuwa a Alaska.
A karshen yakin duniya na biyu, an fara amfani da guba kan kwari - DDT a harkar noma. Tsuntsaye sun cinye shi ba tare da sani ba tare da abinci, a sakamakon haka an samu cikas a cikin jikinsu. Qwai sun zama masu saurin lalacewa kuma sun karye a karkashin nauyin mace.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Bakin mikiya a jirgin sama
Har zuwa lokacin da Turawa suka zauna a yankin Arewacin Amurka, kusan gaggafa 500,00 marasa bi sun zauna a nan. Artist John Audubon ya buga wata kasida a cikin mujallar sa a tsakiyar karni na 19, inda yake nuna damuwar sa game da harbi tsuntsaye. Yayi gaskiya, gaggafa ta zama wani nau'in da ba safai ake samunsa ba a Amurka.
A cikin shekarun 1950, akwai kusan masu kamala dubu 50. Bayan amfani da sinadarai da ke da matukar illa ga gaggafa a teku, an gudanar da ƙididdigar hukuma a farkon shekarun 1960, yayin da aka rubuta nau'ikan nau'ikan kiwo 478.
A cikin 1972, hukumomi sun gabatar da haramcin wannan guba kuma lambar ta fara murmurewa cikin sauri. A 2006, yawan ma'aurata ya karu fiye da sau 20, idan aka kwatanta da 1963 - har zuwa 9879. A shekarar 1992, adadin gaggafa a duniya mutane dubu 115 ne, daga cikinsu dubu 50 suka rayu a Alaska da 20 a British Columbia.
Matsayin kiyayewa na masu farauta ya canza sau da yawa. A cikin 1967, a kudancin zangon, an amince da tsuntsaye a matsayin jinsin da ke cikin hatsari. A cikin 1978, matsayin ya kai ga duk jihohin nahiyoyi, ban da Michigan, Oregon, Wisconsin, Minnesota da Washington.
A cikin 1995, an kiyaye matsayin kiyayewa zuwa marasa karfi. A cikin 2007, bayan sabunta lambar, an cire shi daga duka rukunan. Dokar 1940 kan Kariyar Mikiya tana aiki har yanzu, saboda mazaunin yana raguwa duk shekara, kuma masu farauta ba sa barin farautar tsuntsaye.
Dungiyar Tsaron Mikiya
Hoto: Bakin mikiya daga littafin Ja
A cikin Littafin Bayanin Bayanai na Duniya, an rarraba jinsunan a cikin mafi ƙarancin damuwa. A cikin Littafin Ja na Tarayyar Rasha, an sanya shi matsayin da ba a bayyana shi ba (rukuni na 4). Yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yawa da Yarjejeniyar kan Cinikin Kasa da Kasa a Dabbobin da Aka Haramta sun ba da shawarar kare jinsin.
Tun daga shekarar 1918, akwai yarjejeniya tsakanin Amurka da Burtaniya don hana harba nau’ikan sama da 600 na tsuntsayen masu kaura. A cikin 1940, an gabatar da gaggafa mai ihu. Akwai wata doka da ta yadu don azabtar da lalacewa, fatauci da mallakar tsuntsaye ko ƙwai. Kanada tana da wata doka daban wacce ta hana duk wani mallakar tsuntsaye ko gabobinsu.
Mallakar tsuntsu a Amurka yana buƙatar rubutaccen izini daga Nunin Mikiya. Koyaya, ba lasisin lasisin ga duk wanda yake so, amma kawai ga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati kamar su zoos, gidajen tarihi, da al'ummomin kimiyya. Yayi aiki na tsawon shekaru 3. Mustungiyar dole ne ta ba tsuntsayen ba kawai tare da mafi kyawun yanayi ba, har ma da ma'aikatan ƙwararrun ma'aikata na musamman.
A karshen karni na 20, lokacin da ake fuskantar barazanar rayuwar, an kirkiro shirye-shirye da yawa don kiwata nau'ikan a garkame tare da sakin kajin a cikin daji. Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittar jiki sun kirkiro nau'i-nau'i da dama. Sun canza kama na farko zuwa incubator, na biyu ya kasance mata ne. A tsawon rayuwar shirin, mutane 123 an tashe su.
Yau mikiya mai kauri yana ko'ina a cikin kayan Amurka kamar su tutocin sojoji, ƙa'idodin shugaban ƙasa, lissafin dala ɗaya, da kuma tsabar kuɗin 25 cent. 'Yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu suna amfani da hoton don bayyana asalin Ba'amurke, kamar su American Airlines ko Pratt Whitney.
Ranar bugawa: 05/07/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 20.09.2019 a 17:34
