Saiga Dabba ce da ba ta da ƙawa wacce take memba a gidan dangi. Wannan ita ce kadai nau'in halittar barewa da ke rayuwa a Turai. Macen wannan dabba ana kiranta saiga, shi kuma namiji ana kiran saiga ko margach. Da farko, yawan jinsin ya kasance babba, a yau wadannan dabbobin masu ban mamaki suna gab da bacewa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Saiga
Saigas sune mambobi masu shayarwa. Dabbobin wakilai ne na tsari na artiodactyls, dangin bovids, sun rabu cikin jinsin halittu da saiga.
Saiga tsohuwar dabba ce. Sanannen abu ne san cewa a lokacin zamanin Pleistocene sun zauna a duk yankin Eurasia na zamani daga Tsibirin Birtaniyya a yamma zuwa Alaska a gabas. Bayan glaciation na duniya, an kiyaye yankin mazaunin su kawai a cikin matakan Turai. Wasu masanan kimiyyar dabbobi suna da'awar cewa waɗannan bovids suna kiwo da mammoths. Tun daga wancan lokacin, dabbobi ba su canza kwata-kwata ba, suna riƙe da asalinsu na asali.
Bidiyo: Saiga
A cikin Rashanci, wannan suna ya fito daga jawabin Turkic. Ya bayyana a cikin jawabin kasa da kasa saboda ayyukan kimiyya na mai binciken Austrian kuma masanin kimiyya Sigismund von Herberstein. A cikin rubuce-rubucensa, ya bayyana salon rayuwa da halayen wannan dabba. Farkon ambaton dabba da ake kira "saiga" an rubuta shi a cikin aikinsa na kimiyya "Bayanan kula kan Muscovy", wanda mai binciken ya rubuta a 1549.
Lokacin kirkirar kamus na bayanin sa, Dahl ya nuna cewa za'a kira mace mace saiga, kuma ana kiran namiji namiji saiga.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Saiga dabba
Saiga karamin duwawu ne. Tsawon jikin baligi yakai santimita 115 - 140. Tsayin dabba a bushe yakai santimita 65-80. Nauyin jikin wata dabba babba kilo 22-40 ne. Duk saigas suna da gajeren wutsiya, tsayinsa bai wuce santimita 13-15 ba. Wadannan dabbobin sun bayyana dimorphism na jima'i.
Maza sun fi mata yawa a cikin nauyi da girma. An yi wa kawunan maza ado da ƙaho wanda ya kai tsawon santimita talatin. Ana jagorantar su a tsaye zuwa sama, suna da siffa mai kyau. Theahonin kusan a bayyane suke, ko launuka masu launin rawaya, kuma suna da laushi tare da maɗaukakiyar tudu.
Dabbobi suna da siffar jiki mai tsayi, kuma ba ta da tsayi sosai, gaɓaɓɓun gaɓoɓi.
Gashin dabba yana da yashi tare da jan launi ko launin ruwan kasa. Ciki ya kara haske, kusan fari ne. A cikin hunturu, gashin dabba ya yi duhu, yana samun kofi, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. A lokacin sanyi, ulu ta saiga ba wai kawai ta canza launi ba, amma kuma ta zama mai kauri sosai, wanda ke ba shi sauƙi jure iska mai ƙarfi da sanyi mai ɗorewa. Molting yana faruwa sau biyu a shekara - a cikin bazara da kaka.
Dabbar ta yi fice a tsakanin sauran nau'o'in dabbar daji da tsarin hanci na musamman. A waje, yana kama da gajeren akwati.
Hancin dabba doguwa ne kuma mai matukar motsi. Wannan tsarin hanci yana bashi damar aiwatar da ayyuka masu mahimmanci da mahimmanci. Yana hidimar dumi iska a lokacin sanyi kuma yana riƙe ƙura da ƙaramin gurɓatawa a lokacin bazara. Bugu da kari, wannan tsari na hanci yana bawa maza damar yin karancin sauti don jan hankalin mata yayin saduwar aure, tare da nuna karfi ga kishiyoyin. Dabbar tana da gajerun kunnuwa masu fadi, kuma masu bayyana, idanu masu duhu wadanda suke nesa da juna.
A ina saiga yake zaune?
Hotuna: Saigas a Kazakhstan
Waɗannan ƙananan yankuna suna zaɓar keɓaɓɓiyar ƙasa mai ƙarancin ciyayi a matsayin mazauninsu. Saigas suna rayuwa ne musamman a cikin tsaunuka ko hamada. Suna ƙoƙari su ratsa koguna, tsaunuka, ko kuma gandun daji masu yawan gaske.
A zamanin da, saigas sun kasance gama gari a cikin Eurasia ta zamani. A yau suna gab da halaka, kuma mazauninsu ya ragu sosai.
Yankin yanki na mazaunin dabbobi:
- Yankin Astrakhan na Tarayyar Rasha;
- Jamhuriyar Kalmykia;
- Altai;
- Kazakhstan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Kirgizistan;
- Mongoliya;
- Turkmenistan.
Saigas sun fi son filaye saboda gaskiyar tsalle yana da wahala a gare su. Da farkon hunturu da yanayin sanyi, sun gwammace matsawa zuwa ƙananan wuraren da dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe, tunda manyan dusar ƙanƙara suna haifar da matsaloli a cikin motsi. Har ila yau Saigas suna ƙoƙari su guji kasancewa a kan dunes sand, tunda a cikin irin wannan yanki ma matsala ce a gare su su motsa, har ma fiye da haka don tserewa bin masu farauta. Dabbobi suna zama kusa da tuddai a lokacin hunturu, lokacin da aka lura da dusar ƙanƙara da iska mai ƙarfi.
Waɗannan wakilan ƙungiyoyi sun haɓaka nau'in motsi na musamman - amble. Ta wannan hanyar, suna iya haɓaka saurin sauri - har zuwa 70 km / h. Saigas na iya zama a filayen biyu da mafi tsayi. A Kazakhstan, dabbobi suna rayuwa a tsawan mita 150 zuwa 650 sama da matakin teku. A Mongolia, rami kusa da jikkunan ruwa yana wakiltar mazauninsu.
A lokacin tsananin fari, lokacin da dabbobi ke fuskantar matsaloli kuma yana da wahala a gare su su sami hanyar samun abinci, za su iya shiga kasar noma su ci masara, hatsin rai, da sauran albarkatun gona da ke girma a gonaki. Da farkon lokacin hunturu, dabbobi suna zaɓar yankin da ya fi sauƙi a gare su su sami tushen abinci kuma suyi ƙoƙari su kasance kusa da jikin ruwa.
Menene saiga yake ci?
Hoto: Saiga Littafin Ja
Wadannan dabbobin suna artiodactyls, sabili da haka, shuke-shuke ne masu ciyawa. Masana ilmin namun daji suna da'awar cewa saigas suna cin nau'o'in tsire-tsire masu yawa, fiye da ɗari bisa ɗari. Abincin da jerin tsirrai waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin abincin dabba ya dogara da yankin zama, da kuma lokacin.
Misali, a kan yankin Uzbekistan, abincin saiga ya hada da kusan nau'in dozin uku na ciyayi, a yankin Kazakhstan, kusan nau'in hamsin. Ba tare da la’akari da yankin da dabbobi suke ba, yawan nau’ikan ciyawar da suka dace a matsayin tushen abinci a lokacin kaka daya bai wuce talatin ba.
Menene iya samarda abincin saiga:
- hatsi;
- tsire-tsire;
- hodgepodge;
- gurare;
- ephemera;
- ephedra;
- wormwood;
- steppe lichens;
- shuɗi;
- gawa;
- wuta;
- quinoa;
- rhubarb;
- lasisi;
- astragalus;
- tulip foliage, da dai sauransu.
A lokacin tsananin guguwa mai dusar ƙanƙara da guguwa, unguan ungulaye suna ɓoyewa a cikin dazuzzuka na daji kuma suna nan har mummunan yanayin ya ragu. A wannan lokacin, galibi suna fama da yunwa, ko kuma suna cin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire, shrubs, tamariks, da sauran nau'ikan.
A gefen Kogin Volga, mutanen da ke zaune a can suna ciyar da abinci mafi yawa daga alkama, kafur, reshe da lichens. A cikin hunturu, abincin ya dogara ne akan wormwood, lichens, ciyawar fuka-fukai.
Dabbobi ana daukar su ba masu son abinci ba, suna iya cin kowane irin ciyayi wadanda suke gama gari a mazaunin su. Bukatar ruwa ana fuskantar ta galibi lokacin hunturu, lokacin da suke cin yawancin tsire-tsire masu bushewa da shuke-shuke. A lokacin dumi, lokacin da ganyaye masu zaki suka fi rinjaye a cikin abinci, ana sake cika bukatar jiki ga ruwa daga danshin da yake ciki.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Saiga dabba
Saigas dabbobi ne na garke; ba sa faruwa a yanayi ɗaya. Sun tattara cikin garken tumaki da yawa, wanda ke da ƙarfi, ƙwararren shugaba. Adadin mutane na irin wannan garken na iya kaiwa tsakanin mutum daya zuwa biyar zuwa shida dozin. Yana da mahimmanci a cikin garken shanu don jagorantar rayuwar makiyaya. Suna matsawa zuwa yankuna daban-daban don neman abinci, ko tserewa daga mummunan yanayi. Mafi sau da yawa suna motsawa zuwa hamada tare da farkon lokacin hunturu da yanayin sanyi, kuma su dawo zuwa tudun-bakan da kwanakin farko na dumi.
Da farkon yanayin sanyi, shugabannin kungiyoyin dabbobi daban-daban galibi suna shiga faɗa, wanda galibi yakan iya mutuwa. Haka kuma rayuwar makiyaya tana shafar ƙa'idodin jama'a. Saurin motsi da zangon sa an saita shi da jagora mai ƙarfi. Ba dukkan mutane na garken zasu iya daidaita shi ba. Saboda haka, dabbobi da yawa basa isa inda suke, suna mutuwa akan hanya.
Dabbobi suna dacewa sosai da yanayin muhalli. Suna iya rayuwa a yankuna tare da ɗan ƙaramin abinci da ruwa, kuma a cikin irin wannan yanayi suna iya kasancewa na dogon lokaci. A yayin motsi, dabbobi suna iya motsi cikin sauri, wani lokacin sukan kai kimanin 80 km / h. Lokacin da hatsarin ya gabato, garken garken duka yakan tashi. Dabbobin da ba su da lafiya kuma sun raunana sun kasance a bayan garken kuma galibi suna mutuwa ne daga farmakin maharan.
Dabbobi kyawawan halaye ne na ninkaya, godiya ga abin da suka sami damar shawo kan ƙananan ruwa da matsakaita-ruwa ba tare da wata matsala ba. A dabi'ance, an baiwa dabbobi kyakkyawar ji, wanda ke basu damar rarrabe manyan abubuwa, rustles masu haɗari a nesa da kilomita da yawa. Baya ga kyakkyawar ji, dabbobi suna da ƙanshin ƙanshi, wanda ke basu damar jin canje-canje a yanayin yanayi, kusantar ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara.
Tsammani na rayuwar dabbobi ba shi da ƙarfi, kuma kai tsaye ya dogara da jinsi. Maza a cikin yanayin rayuwa ba su fi shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar ba, tsawon rayuwar mata ya kai shekaru 10-11.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Saiga cub
Saigas a dabi'ance dabbobi ne masu auren mata da yawa. Lokacin saduwa lokaci ne kuma yana daga Nuwamba zuwa farkon Janairu. Wannan lokacin ya dogara da yankin zama. A yankin Kazakhstan, lokacin saduwa yana daga Maris zuwa Afrilu. Zamanin saduwa da dabbobi yana daga kwana 10 zuwa 25. Kowane ɗayan da ya balaga yana ƙirƙirar haram don kansa, yana doke mata daga biyar zuwa goma, waɗanda maza ke kiyaye su daga cin zarafin mazan waje.
Haramtacciyar harem ta wanzu a kan wani yanki, tare da yanki na murabba'in mita 30-80. A wannan lokacin, maza suna zama masu tashin hankali, galibi suna gwagwarmaya don 'yancin yin aure da ɗa ko wata mace. Irin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe galibi suna ƙare da mummunan rauni da mutuwa.
Yayin jima'i, maza suna ɓoye wani sirri na musamman daga cututtukan ciki da na ciki. Yin jima'i yawanci yakan faru ne da daddare; da rana, maza galibi sukan huta kuma suna samun ƙarfi. A wannan lokacin ne maza ke cin kaɗan, ƙarfi da nauyin jiki sun ɓace. A wannan lokacin, akwai rajistar shari'ar saiga akan mutane.
Mata na isa balaga ta watan takwas na rayuwa, maza kawai bayan shekara guda. Ciki yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni biyar. Mata, waɗanda za su haifi samari, suna taruwa wuri ɗaya, galibi a filin ƙasa mai ƙarancin yanayi, ƙananan ciyayi. Nauyin jikin sabon jariri kilo 3-3.5 ne.
A ranar farko, jarirai suna kwance kusan motsi. Bayan haihuwar jariran, mahaifiya na zuwa neman abinci da ruwa, amma tana zuwa ganin yaranta sau da yawa a rana. Yaran da aka haifa suna girma kuma suna samun ƙarfi da sauri, tuni a rana ta shida ko ta bakwai suna iya bin mahaifiyarsu.
Abokan gaba na saigas
Hotuna: Saigas a cikin steppe
Kamar kowane wakilin ungulu, saigas galibi suna faɗawa cikin mahautan da ke zaune a yankunan da saigas suke.
Abokan gaba na marasa kulawa:
- jackals;
- kerkeci;
- dawakai;
- batattun karnuka.
Sau da yawa mafarauta sukan yi kwanto ga abin farautarsu lokacin da suka taru a garken sha don sha. Masana ilmin namun daji sun ce lokacin da aka kai musu hari a lokacin da ba a zata ba, gungun kerkeci na iya lalata kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na garken garken dabbobi. Babban haɗari ga yawan dabbobi yana wakiltar mutane da ayyukansu. A adadi mai yawa, mafarauta waɗanda suka farautar sawo mai tamani, nama mai daɗi da mai gina jiki, da ƙahonin dabba da kofato.
Theahonin waɗannan dabbobin suna da daraja mai yawa kuma ana amfani da su sosai wajen ƙera madadin magani a ƙasar Sin. Ana yin foda daga cikinsu, wanda aka haɗa shi a cikin ƙwayoyin cuta, masu kashe kumburi, da magungunan tsabtace jiki. Hakanan, masu warkarwa na ƙasar China suna amfani da wannan foda azaman magani don cututtukan hanta, ƙaura, da cututtukan ciki.
A kasuwar kasar Sin, ana biyan makuddan kudade don irin wannan kahon, bukatar kahon saiga yana da kyau a kowane lokaci, don haka mafarauta ke neman sake cika aljihunsu ta hanyar kashe wadannan dabbobin masu ban mamaki.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Saigas a cikin yanayi
Zuwa yau, dabbar tana cikin jerin ƙasashe, a cikin Littafin Red Book na Rasha tare da matsayin jinsin da ke gab da halaka. Masu binciken sun lura da yiwuwar karuwar yawan wadannan dabbobin a karshen karnin da ya gabata.
A wannan lokacin, madadin magani ya fara haɓaka a cikin China kuma kasuwa ta fara ba da kuɗi mai yawa don ƙahonin dabba, wanda daga baya aka sami foda mai warkewa. Bugu da kari, fatun dabbobi da namansu, wadanda ke da kyawawan halaye na dandano, sun kasance masu darajar gaske. Adadin mafarauta ya fara girma cikin sauri, kuma an karkashe dabbobi babu tausayi.
A lokacin da adadin dabbobi ya ragu sosai, hukumomi sun fara tunanin kirkirar wuraren shakatawa na musamman na kasa wanda za'a iya dawo da adadin wadannan dabbobin. Koyaya, irin wannan yunƙurin na farko bai yi nasara ba. Masana ilmin namun daji sun danganta hakan ne da cewa ba a halicci yanayi mafi kyau na rayuwa da haifuwa ba, sannan kuma kwararrun basu gabatar da shirye-shirye tun farko don dawo da yawan saiga ba.
Saiga kiyayewa
Hoto: Saiga Littafin Ja
Don kare dabbobi daga halaka, adanawa da ƙaruwa a yawansu, an saka su a cikin Littafin Red Book na duniya a matsayin jinsin da ke gab da ƙarewa. Bugu da kari, an saka su a cikin Lissafin dabbobi da aka sanya su a matsayin wakilan flora da fauna, farautar da ya kamata a takaita ko a hana ta.
Ma'aikatar Farauta ta Tarayyar Rasha tana tsara wasu jerin dokoki na doka da nufin gabatar da aikin laifi da gudanarwa na lalata nau'in dabbobi, da kuma samar da shirye-shirye na musamman da nufin kula da dawo da adadin wadannan dabbobin.
Masana ilimin dabbobi da masu bincike sun yi kira da a samar da wuraren adana yanayi da wuraren shakatawa na kasa wanda a cikin hakan ya zama dole a samar da yanayi kusa-kusa da yanayin saiga. Sai kawai a cikin irin wannan yanayin, tare da wadataccen abinci, za a iya samun sakamako na farko. Saiga wani tsohon wakili ne na flora da fauna, wanda ke riƙe da asalin sa tun farkon rayuwa a Duniya. A yau, yana kan kusan ɓacewa gabaɗaya, kuma aikin ɗan adam shi ne ya gyara kuskurensa kuma ya hana halakarsa gaba ɗaya.
Ranar bugawa: 18.04.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.09.2019 a 21:47
