Sumatran damisa, ba kamar sauran 'yan'uwa ba, sunansa yana ba da izini kawai wurin zama na dindindin na gidansa - tsibirin Sumatra. Ba shi kuma da inda za a same shi. Subsananan raƙuman ƙananan sune mafi ƙarancin duka, amma ana ɗaukarsa mafi rikici. Wataƙila, kakanninsa fiye da sauran mutane suna ɗaukar ƙarancin kwarewar sadarwa da mutum.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Sumatran Tiger
Hujja akan samuwar jinsin ya fito ne daga yawan karatun burbushin dabbobi. Ta hanyar nazarin halittu, masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa Gabashin Asiya ta zama babbar cibiyar asali. An samo tsofaffin burbushin halittu a cikin Jethys kuma an dawo dasu shekaru miliyan 1.67-1.80 shekaru da suka gabata.
Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa damisar dusar kankara wacce ta rabu da kakannin damisa kimanin shekaru miliyan 1.67 da suka gabata. Theananan kamfanonin Panthera tigris sumatrae shine farkon wanda ya ware daga sauran jinsunan. Wannan ya faru ne kusan shekaru dubu 67.3 da suka wuce. A wannan lokacin, dutsen Toba ya yi aman wuta a tsibirin Sumatra.
Bidiyo: Sumatran Tiger
Masana burbushin halittu sun tabbata cewa wannan ya haifar da raguwar zafin jiki a duk fadin duniya da kuma bacewar wasu nau'in dabbobi da tsirrai. Masana kimiyyar zamani sunyi imanin cewa wasu adon damisa sun iya rayuwa sakamakon wannan hadari kuma, bayan sun kirkiro mutane daban-daban, sun zauna a kebabbun wurare da juna.
A ma'aunin juyin halitta gabaɗaya, magabatan kakannin damisa sun wanzu kwanan nan, amma raƙuman zamani sun riga sun sami zaɓin yanayi. Kwayar ADH7 da aka samo a cikin damarar Sumatran ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan. Masana kimiyya sun danganta girman dabba da wannan abu. A baya, kungiyar ta hada damisa ta Balinese da Javanese, amma yanzu sun riga sun kare.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Sumatran damisa dabba
Baya ga ƙaramin ɗanginsu ga 'yan uwansu, ana rarrabe damis ɗin Sumatran ta halaye na musamman da bayyanar ta. Jikin lemu ne ko launin ruwan kasa mai ja. Saboda kasancewarsu kusa, ratsi-ratsi masu yawa sukan hadu tare, kuma yawan su ya fi na wadanda suka zo.
An kafa kafafu masu ƙarfi da ratsi, sabanin damin Amur. Limafusoshin baya suna da tsayi sosai, saboda abin da dabbobin za su iya yin tsalle daga wurin zama a tazarar da ta kai mita 10. A ƙafafun gaba akwai yatsun kafa 4, tsakanin waɗanda akwai membranes, a ƙafafun bayan kafa akwai yatsun kafa 5. Retaƙan ƙusoshin ƙusarwa masu ban mamaki sun kai santimita 10 tsayi.
Godiya ga dogayen kunnuwa na gefen kumatu da wuya, amintattun mazan ana samun kariya daga rassan lokacin da suke tafiya da sauri a cikin daji. Wata wutsiya mai ƙarfi da doguwa tana aiki azaman ma'auni yayin gudu, yana taimakawa juyawa da sauri lokacin canza canjin motsi, kuma yana nuna yanayi yayin sadarwa tare da wasu mutane.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai farin tabo a cikin surar idanu kusa da kunnuwa, wanda ya zama dabara ga masu farautar da za su afka wa damisa daga baya.
Hakora masu kaifi 30 sun kai cm 9 tsayi kuma suna taimakawa ciji nan take ta cikin fatar wanda aka yiwa rauni. Cizon irin wannan damisa yana haifar da matsin lamba na kilogiram 450. Idanun suna da girma tare da zagaye dalibi. Iris din rawaya ne, mai launin shuɗi a cikin albinos. Kuliyoyin daji suna da hangen nesa. Sharp tubercles a kan harshe yana taimakawa saurin fatar dabbar da aka kashe kuma raba naman daga kashi.
- Matsakaicin tsayinsa a bushe - 60 cm .;
- Tsawon maza yana da 2.2-2.7 m;
- Tsawon mata yana da 1.8-2.2 m;
- Nauyin maza shine 110-130 kg .;
- Nauyin mata ya kai kilogiram 70-90 .;
- Wutsiyar tsawon 0.9-1.2 m.
A ina ne damarar Sumatran take rayuwa?
Photo: Sumatran damisa a yanayi
Damarar Sumatran gama gari ce a duk tsibirin Sumatra na Indonesiya.
Wurin zama daban ne:
- Dajin Tropical;
- Tsattsauran dazuzzukan bakin teku masu bakin teku;
- Dazukan tsaunuka;
- Boat bogs;
- Savannah;
- Mangroves.
Areaaramin yanki na mazauni da yawan cunkoson jama'a yawanci dalilai ne marasa kyau don ƙaruwar adadin ƙananan ƙananan. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, mazaunin yankin Damat na Sumatran ya canza wuri zuwa cikin gari. Wannan yana haifar da yawan kashe kuzari yayin farauta da kuma tilasta zama cikin sabon yanayi.
Masu farauta suna ba da fifiko mafi girma ga yankuna masu yawan ciyayi, gangaren dutse inda zaka sami mafaka, da kuma yankuna masu wadatar ruwa da wadataccen abinci. Matsayi mai mahimmanci ana wasa da isa mai nisa daga wuraren da mutane ke zaune.
Kuliyoyin daji suna guje wa mutane, don haka kusan ba zai yiwu a sadu da su a gonakin noma ba. Matsakaicin tsayin da za'a same shi ya kai kilomita 2.6 sama da matakin teku. Gandun dajin, wanda yake kan gangaren dutse, ya shahara musamman ga masu farauta.
Kowace dabba tana da nata yankin. Mata suna iya zama tare a wuri ɗaya da juna. Adadin yankin da damisa ta mamaye ya dogara da tsayin filin ƙasa da yawan ganima a waɗannan yankuna. Makircin mata mata ya faɗi fiye da murabba'in kilomita 30-65, maza - har zuwa murabba'in kilomita 120.
Menene damin Sumatran yake ci?
Hotuna: Sumatran Tiger
Wadannan dabbobin ba sa son zama cikin kwanton bauna na dogon lokaci, suna kallon wadanda abin ya shafa. Bayan sun hango ganima, sai su yi warin, a nitse sai su kai hari ba zato ba tsammani. Suna iya kawo wanda aka azabtar gajiya, tare da shawo kan daskararrun daji da sauran matsaloli kuma suna bin sa kusan a cikin tsibirin gaba ɗaya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai sanannen lamari lokacin da damisa ta kori bauna, suna la'akari da ita a matsayin ganima mai matukar wuya da riba, har tsawon kwanaki.
Idan farautar ta ci nasara kuma abincin ya fi girma, abincin zai iya wucewa na kwanaki da yawa. Hakanan, damisa na iya rabawa tare da wasu dangi, musamman ma idan mata ne. Suna cinye kusan kilogram 5-6 na nama kowace rana, idan yunwa tayi ƙarfi, to kilo 9-10.
Damisa na Sumatran suna ba da fifiko ga mutane daga dangin barewa masu nauyin kilo 100 ko fiye. Amma ba za su rasa damar da za su kamo biri mai gudu da tsuntsu mai tashi ba.
Abincin Abincin Sumatran ya hada da:
- Dabbobin daji;
- Orangutans;
- Zomaye;
- Faruka-fuka;
- Badgers;
- Zambara;
- Kifi;
- Kanchili;
- Kadarori;
- Bears;
- Muntjac.
A cikin fursuna, abincin dabbobi masu shayarwa ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nama da kifi iri iri, kaji. Addedara abubuwan bitamin da rukunin ma'adinai cikin abinci, tunda daidaitaccen abinci ga wannan nau'in wani ɓangare ne na ƙoshin lafiyarsa da tsawon rai.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoton: Tigrit na Sumatran
Tunda damisar Sumatran dabba ce tilo, suna rayuwa keɓantattu kuma suna mamaye yankuna da yawa. Mazaunan dazukan tsaunuka sun mamaye yankuna masu fadin kilomita murabba'in 300. Fasahohi a kan yankuna ba safai ba kuma an iyakance su ga hayaniya da kiyayya irin ta adawa, ba sa amfani da hakora da farata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sadarwa tsakanin damisa na Sumatran tana faruwa ne ta hanyar shan iska da ƙarfi ta hanci. Wannan yana haifar da sautuna na musamman da dabbobi zasu iya fahimta kuma zasu fahimta. Hakanan suna sadarwa ta hanyar wasa, inda zasu iya nuna abokantaka ko shiga faɗa, shafawa juna juna ta gefe da muzzles.
Wadannan mahautan suna matukar son ruwa. A cikin yanayi mai zafi, zasu iya zama na awanni a cikin ruwa, suna rage zafin jikinsu, suna son yin iyo kuma suna jujjuyawa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi. Sau da yawa sukan tura wanda aka azabtar zuwa cikin kandami kuma suyi ma'amala da shi, kasancewar su masu iya iyo.
A lokacin bazara, damisa sun fi son fara farauta da yamma, a lokacin sanyi, akasin haka, da rana. Idan sun kawo hari ga abin farauta daga kwanton bauna, to sai su yi tsalle a kansa ta baya ko daga gefe, suna cizon wuyansa suna fasa kashin baya, ko kuma sun shake wanda aka azabtar. Suna jan shi zuwa wani kebantaccen wuri su ci shi. Idan dabbar ta jujjuya ta zama babba, masu farautar na iya cin abinci kwanaki da yawa daga baya.
Kuliyoyin daji suna yiwa iyakokin rukuninsu alama da fitsari, da najasa, suna yaye bawon daga bishiyoyi. Matasa suna neman yanki don kansu da kansu ko kwato shi daga mazan da suka manyanta. Ba za su yi haƙuri da baƙi a cikin dukiyoyinsu ba, amma suna cikin natsuwa suna hulɗa da mutanen da suka ƙetare rukunin yanar gizon su suka ci gaba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Sumatran Tiger Cub
Wannan nau'in na iya hayayyafa a cikin shekara. Mace 'estrus na mata yana ɗorewa kwana 3-6. A wannan lokacin, maza ta kowace hanya suna jan hankulan tigress, suna fitar da ƙara mai ƙarfi, wanda za'a iya ji daga nesa har zuwa kilomita 3, kuma ya sa su da ƙanshin ganimar da aka kama.
Akwai faɗa tsakanin maza don zaɓaɓɓu, a lokacin da ake haɓaka gashinsu sosai, ana jin manyan sautuka. Mazaje suna tsaye a kan ƙafafunsu na baya kuma suna doke junan su da goshinsu, suna yi musu rauni mai ƙarfi. Yaƙe-yaƙe na ƙarshe har sai ɗayan ɓangarorin sun yarda da shan kaye.
Idan mace ta bar namiji ya kusance ta, sai su fara zama tare, farauta da wasa har sai ta sami ciki. Ba kamar sauran ƙananan raƙuman ruwa ba, Tiger na Sumatran uba ne mai kyau kuma ba ya barin mace har zuwa lokacin haihuwa, yana taimaka wajan samun zuriya. Lokacin da sa arean suka sami damar yin farauta da kansu, mahaifin zai bar su ya koma ga mace tare da farkon ƙaddarar gaba.
Shirye-shirye don haifuwa a cikin mata yana faruwa a shekaru 3-4, a cikin maza - a 4-5. Ciki yana ɗaukar kimanin kwanaki 103 (daga 90 zuwa 100), a sakamakon haka ana haihuwar kittens 2-3, matsakaici - 6. Kubiyu suna auna kimanin kilogram kuma suna buɗe idanunsu kwanaki 10 bayan haihuwa.
A watannin farko, uwa tana basu abinci da madara, bayan haka sai ta fara kawo abinci daga farauta kuma ta basu abinci mai kauri. Idan ya kai wata shida, zuriyar zata fara farauta tare da mahaifiya. Sun balaga don farautar mutum da shekara ɗaya da rabi. A wannan lokacin, yara suna barin gidan iyaye.
Abokan gaba na dabbobin Sumatran
Hoto: Dabbar Sumatran Dabba
Saboda girmansu mai ban sha'awa, idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobi, waɗannan mahara ba su da makiya kaɗan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da dabbobin da suka fi girma kawai kuma, ba shakka, mutane waɗanda suke halakar da wuraren rayuwa na kuliyoyin daji. Ana iya farautar yaran da kada da kada.
Farautar farauta ita ce babbar barazanar da ke damun Sumatran. Sashin jikin dabbobi ya shahara sosai a kasuwannin cinikayya ba bisa doka ba. A cikin maganin cikin gida, an yi amannar cewa suna da abubuwan warkarwa - ƙwallon ido da ake tsammani suna magance farfadiya, masu sanya gashin baki suna taimakawa wajen kawar da ciwon hakori.
Ana amfani da hakora da farata a matsayin abubuwan tunawa, kuma ana amfani da fatun damisa a zaman abin shimfidar bene ko bango. Mafi yawan fasa-kwaurin yana zuwa Malaysia, China, Singapore, Japan, Korea da sauran kasashen Asiya. Mafarauta suna kama damisa ta amfani da igiyoyin ƙarfe. Don dabbar da aka kashe akan haramtacciyar kasuwa na iya bayar da dala dubu 20.
A cikin shekaru biyu daga 1998 zuwa 2000, an kashe damisa ta Sumatran 66, wanda ya kai kashi 20% na yawan jama'arsu. Yawancin mazauna karkara sun lalata damisa saboda hare-hare a gonaki. Wani lokaci damisa na kaiwa mutane hari. Tun daga 2002, damisa ta Sumatran ta kashe mutane 8.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Namun Sumatran Tiger
Peananan raƙuman raƙuman sun kasance a matakin ƙarewa tsawon lokaci. An rarraba shi azaman Taxa mai Haɗari Mai haɗari kuma an lasafta shi a cikin Jerin Ja na Halittun barazanar. Saboda saurin samun aikin noma, mazaunin yana raguwa cikin sauri.
Tun daga 1978, yawan masu farautar suna ta raguwa cikin sauri. Idan kuwa akwai kusan 1000 daga cikinsu, to a 1986 akwai mutane 800 tuni. A cikin 1993, darajar ta fadi zuwa 600, kuma a cikin 2008, dabbobi masu shayarwa sun ma fi ƙarami. Idon tsirara yana nuna cewa ƙananan ƙananan suna mutuwa.
A cewar wasu majiyoyi daban-daban, yawancin wannan rukunin yau aƙalla mutane 300-500 ne. Bayanai na shekara ta 2006 sun nuna cewa mazaunin waɗannan mafarautan sun mamaye yanki mai murabba'in kilomita dubu 58. Koyaya, kowace shekara ana samun asarar asarar mazaunin damisa.
Wannan ya fi shafar lalacewar dazuzzuka, wanda ke faruwa sakamakon sare bishiyar da masana'antar sarrafa itace, da kuma faɗaɗa noman dabino. Gabaɗaya, wannan yana haifar da rarrabuwa na yankin. Don rayuwa, damisa na Sumatran suna buƙatar yankuna da yawa.
Ara yawan mutanen Sumatra da gina birane suma abubuwa ne marasa kyau da ke shafar ƙarancin nau'in. Dangane da bayanan bincike, ba da daɗewa ba dukkanin subsan kasuwar za su takaita ne kawai zuwa kashi biyar na gandun dajin.
Kariyar Tiger na Sumatran
Photo: Sumatran Tiger Red Book
Jinsi yana da matukar wuya kuma an lasafta shi a cikin Littafin Ja da kuma Yarjejeniyar Taron Duniya ta I CITES. Don hana ɓacewar kyanwa ta musamman, kamar yadda ya faru da damisa ta Javanese, ya zama dole a ɗauki matakan kan kari kuma a ƙara yawan jama'a. Shirye-shiryen kiyayewa na yanzu ana nufin ninka adadin damisa na Sumatran a cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa.
A cikin 90s, an ƙirƙirar aikin Sumatran Tiger, wanda har yanzu ke aiki a yau. Don kare jinsin, Shugaban na Indonesia a shekarar 2009 ya kirkiro da wani shiri na rage sare dazuzzuka, sannan kuma ya ware kudade domin kiyayewa da dambobin Sumatran. Yanzu haka Ma’aikatar kula da gandun daji ta Indonesiya tana aiki tare da gidan namun daji na Australiya don sake dawo da jinsunan a cikin daji.
Binciken kiyayewa da ci gaba na nufin samar da wasu hanyoyin magance matsalolin tattalin arzikin Sumatra, sakamakon haka za a rage bukatar itaciya da dabinon. A yayin binciken, an gano cewa masu saye a shirye suke da su biya wasu kudi domin sinadarin margarine idan ya kiyaye mazaunin dambobin Sumatran.
A cikin 2007, mazauna yankin sun kama wata tigress mai ciki. Masu kiyaye muhalli sun yanke shawarar tura ta zuwa Bogor Safari Park da ke tsibirin Java. A cikin 2011, an keɓe wani yanki na yankin tsibirin Bethet don wani keɓaɓɓen tanadi da aka shirya don kiyaye nau'in.
Ana ajiye damisa na Sumatran a cikin gidan zoo, inda ake kiwon yara, ciyar da su da kuma kula da su. Wasu mutane ana sake su cikin tanadi don haɓaka lambobin su a zahiri. Daga ciyar da masu cin abincin, suna shirya wasan kwaikwayo na ainihi, inda suke tsayawa a kan ƙafafunsu na baya, wanda a cikin daji ba za su yi ba.
Farauta ga waɗannan mafarautan haramtacciyar ƙasa ce kuma doka ta hukunta su. Game da kisan damisa na Sumatran a Indonesia, an bayar da tarar dala dubu 7 ko ɗaurin shekaru 5. Mafarauta shine babban dalilin da yasa akwai sau uku na waɗannan masu cutar a cikin fursuna fiye da na daji.
Tare da sauran rabe-raben, masana kimiyyar kimiyyar halittu sun bambanta damin Sumatran a matsayin mafi kima a tsakanin sauran, tunda ana daukar jininta mafi tsafta. Sakamakon dadewar da mutane ke yi a kebance da juna, dabbobi sun kiyaye lambar kwayar halittar kakanninsu.
Ranar bugawa: 04/16/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.09.2019 a 21:32
