Hawainiya mai panther Wani nau'in launuka ne masu launuka masu rarrafe wadanda ke rayuwa a dazukan Jamhuriyar Madagascar. Wadannan "hawainiyar" da ba a saba da su ba suna da yawa a cikin kasuwancin dabbobi, kuma shahararsu ta fi yawa ne sanadiyyar fitowar su da aka yi, mai kama da fata. Halittun suna canza launi kamar yadda sauran hawainiya suke, amma ta hanya mai ban sha'awa. Inuwar launuka da sautunan mutanen da ke keɓance a ƙasa sun sha bamban da juna, ya danganta da jinsinsu.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Panther Chameleon
A karon farko wani baƙon ɗan Faransa mai suna Georges Cuvier ya bayyana wani hawainiya mai panther a cikin 1829. Suna na gaba ɗaya (Furcifer), wanda aka samo daga asalin asalin furci na Latin, ma'ana "cokali mai yatsu", kuma yana siffanta yanayin ƙafafun dabbar. Takamaiman sunan pardalis na nufin kalar dabbar, domin a cikin Latin ana yin kama da "damisa" ko "tabo mai yatsu". Kalmar Turanci chameleon ta fito ne daga Latin chamaeleō, wanda aka aro daga tsohuwar Girkanci χαμαιλέων (khamailéōn) - hadewar kalmomi biyu, χαμαί (khamaí) "a duniya" + λέων (léōn) "zaki."
Bidiyo: Panther Chameleon
Mafi dadewa da aka bayyana hawainiya shine Anqingosaurus brevicephalus daga Middle Paleocene (kimanin 58.7-61.7 Ma), asalinsa daga China. Sauran burbushin hawainiya sun hada da Chamaeleo caroliquarti daga Lower Miocene (misalin 13-23 Ma) a Czech Republic da Jamus, da Chamaeleo ntermedius daga Upper Miocene (misalin 5-13 Ma) daga Kenya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Chameleons wataƙila sun fi tsufa, magabaci ɗaya tare da iguanids da agamids sama da shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata. Tunda an sami burbushin halittu a Afirka, Turai da Asiya, tabbas hawainiya sun fi yawa a da fiye da yadda suke a yau.
Kodayake yanzu Madagascar tana da kusan rabin kowane nau'in hawainiya, amma wannan ba ya nuna cewa hawainiya daga can ta samo asali. A zahiri, kwanan nan an nuna cewa mai yiwuwa sun samo asali ne daga asalin Afirka. Wataƙila akwai ƙaura daban-daban guda biyu daga babban yankin zuwa Madagascar. Masana kimiyya sunyi tunanin cewa nau'ikan hawainiya daban-daban kai tsaye suna nuna karuwar yawan wuraren budewa (savannas, filayen ciyawa da filayen heathlands) wadanda suka kasance tare da lokacin Oligocene. Iyali monophilia yana tallafawa ta bincike.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Panther hawainiya dabba
Hawainiya maza na damun kafa na iya girma zuwa 20 cm, amma mafi yawan dabbobin kusan yakai cm 17. Mata kusan rabinsu karami ne. A cikin yanayin dimorphism, maza sun fi mata launi mai haske. Jiki yana da launi a launuka daban-daban na shuɗi da kore, kuma wani lokacin baƙi, tare da launuka masu haske na rawaya, ruwan hoda, lemu da ja. Hawan hawainiya maza galibi suna da ratsi a tsaye na ja da shuɗi a jikinsu. Hawainiyar rawaya ma ba sabon abu bane.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Launi ya bambanta dangane da wurin. Shirye-shiryen launuka daban-daban na hawainiya hawainiya ana kiransu "locales," ma'ana ana kiran nau'ikan nau'in gwargwadon yanayin yankin su.
Mata sukan kasance masu launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa masu launin ruwan hoda, peach ko orange mai haske, ko ina suke, amma akwai ɗan bambanci kaɗan a alamu da launuka tsakanin launuka daban-daban na jinsuna daban-daban. Maza suna da nauyi tsakanin gram 140 zuwa 185 kuma mata tsakanin gram 60 da 100.
- Etafafu: An haɗa yatsun kafa 5 cikin rukuni biyu na yatsun kafa biyu da uku waɗanda ke ba ƙafafun damar gani. Ofungiyar yatsu biyu suna kan waje kuma rukuni na uku suna ciki.
- Idanu: Tantancewa cikin sifa kuma yana iya juyawa cikin walwala. Kowace ido na iya mayar da hankali daban a kan abubuwa biyu daban-daban.
- Hanci: smallananan hancina biyu sama da bakin, kamar yawancin sauran nau'in hawainiya. Suna da farin gamsai a hancinsu.
- Wutsi: Tsaka-tsayi matsakaici kuma mai sassauƙa. Hawainiya tana iya juya shi daidai gwargwadon buƙatunta.
Ya dace da yanayin dimphism na jima'i, hawainiya maza masu panther suna da ƙananan kumburi waɗanda ke fitowa daga kawunansu.
A ina ne hawainiya mai panther take zama?
Photo: dabbobi masu rarrafe Panther Chameleon
Duk da cewa hawainiyar hawainiya 'yar asalin kasar Madagascar ce (kusa da Afirka), amma kuma an gabatar da jinsin ga babban tsibirin na Mauritius da makwabciyar tsibirin Reunion, inda ya zauna a cikin daji a matsayin nau'in hadari. A cikin Madagascar, ana samun wannan nau'in musamman a yankunan lalatattu a gabashi da arewa maso gabashin tsibirin, wanda ya fara daga 80 zuwa 950 m sama da matakin teku, kodayake ba kasafai ake samunsa sama da 700 m ba.
Hawainiyar Panther suna zaune kusa da ƙasar daji fiye da sauran nau'ikan. Suna zaune ne a cikin ganyen kananan bishiyoyi, a yankunan da aka rufe dazuzzuka. Yankin su karamin zangon wurare ne, galibi a yankunan da ke da ciyayi mai yalwa. Koren rufin yana taimaka musu su rayu, saboda su dabbobi ne na arboreal kuma suna rayuwa ne kawai cikin bishiyoyi, ba a ƙasa ba.
Wadannan kadangaru sun banbanta launi, kuma kowane bambancin yayi daidai da wani yanki da jinsin ya mamaye shi. Hawainiyar Panther ana samun sunayen ta gwargwadon yankin da suka fito, sai kuma kalmar "hawainiya".
Wadannan nau'ikan ana tsara su a halin yanzu:
- Ambanja;
- Ambilobe;
- Ambato;
- Ambodirafia;
- Andapa;
- Bayyana;
- Ampiskiana;
- Ankaramy;
- Joffreville;
- Masoala;
- Maroantsetra;
- Nosy Ankarea;
- Nosy Boraha;
- Nosy Radama;
- Nosy Mits;
- Nosy Faly;
- Haɗuwa;
- Nosy Be;
- Tamatave;
- Sambava.
Wurin da suke zaune shi ne gandun dajin bakin teku a yankunan arewacin Madagascar. A wajen tsibirin, suna rayuwa kamar dabbobi a duk duniya a duniya kamar dabbobin gida da kuma nau'ikan halittu masu haɗari a cikin Reunion da Mauritius.
Me hawainiya mai panther yake ci?
Photo: Panther hawainiya a yanayi
Hawainiya mai panther yafi ciyar da tsutsotsi iri-iri waɗanda ke cikin daji, da ƙwari: kwari, ciyawa, kyankyasai, da sauransu Yanayin zafin yanayin yana shafar yawan abincin da ake ci. Madagascar Panther Chameleon tana daidaita matakin bitamin D3 a jikinta, saboda abincinsu na kwari bashi da tushe. Don yin wannan, suna fuskantar hasken rana, tunda kayan aikinsa na ultraviolet yana ƙara haɓakar cikin wannan bitamin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Godiya ga keɓaɓɓun kaddarorin idanu, waɗanda zasu iya juyawa da mai da hankali daban, yayin lura da abubuwa biyu a lokaci guda, suna karɓar cikakken zagaye. Lokacin da hawainiya mai panther ta gano abin farauta, tana mai da idanunta ta hanya guda, tana ba da hangen nesa da hangen nesa. Wannan yana basu damar ganin kananan kwari sosai daga nesa (5-10 m) nesa.
Hawainiya mai panther yana da dogon harshe wanda yake ba shi damar saurin kame ganima (wani lokacin tsawonsa yakan wuce tsawon jiki). Ya faɗi ganima cikin kimanin dakika 0.0030. Harshin hawainiya tsari ne mai rikitarwa na kashi, jijiya, da tsoka. Kashin, wanda yake a gindin harshen, yana taimakawa saurin zubar dashi, yana bawa kwayar halitta karfin gwiwa na farko da ake bukata don kama abin farauta.
A ƙarshen bakin harshe na roba akwai tsoka mai kama da ƙwallon ƙwallo wacce aka lulluɓe da ƙamshi mai kauri, wani nau'in kofin tsotsa. Da zaran tip ɗin ya manne wa abin farautar, nan da nan sai a mayar da shi cikin bakin, inda maƙogwaron ƙarfi na hawainiya ya murƙushe shi kuma ya shanye.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Panther Chameleon
Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe mazaunan bishiyoyi ne. Suna motsawa tare da rassa zuwa manyan bishiyoyi suna farautar abincinsu. Hawainiyar Panther dabbobi ne masu iyaka kuma suna yin yawancin rayuwarsu su kaɗai a cikin yankinsu.
Canjin launinsu yana da ma'anoni daban-daban:
- Rawaya yana nuna fushi ko zalunci;
- Haske shuɗi / shuɗi yana nuna cewa hawainiya tana son burge wani mutum;
- Kore yana nufin kwanciyar hankali da annashuwa;
- Haske launuka suna nuna niyyar saduwa.
Ba daidai ba ne ra'ayi cewa kowane hawainiya zai iya canza launi zuwa daidai da yanayin muhallinsa. Duk hawainiya suna da tsarin launi na halitta wanda aka haifesu dashi, kuma bayyanarsu take. Duk ya dogara da yanayin zafi, yanayi da haske. Idan, misali, purple ba ya kasance tsakanin kewayon launukan da wannan nau'in keɓaɓɓen zai iya canzawa zuwa, to ba zai taɓa zama mai ɗorawa ba.
Hawainiya a wurin zama:
- A cikin yankunan Nosy Be, Ankif da Ambanja, yawanci shuɗi ne mai haske;
- Ambilube, Antsiranana da Sambava - ja, kore ko lemu;
- Yankunan Maroantsetra da Tamatave galibi ja ne;
- Kari akan haka, akwai wasu matakai da alamu na canjin yanayi da yawa a cikin matsakaitan yankuna tsakanin da tsakanin wasu yankuna.
Tsarin ƙafafu yana bawa hawainiya damar rike matsattsun rassan. Kowane yatsan hannu sanye take da kaifi mai kaifi don samun ƙarfi yayin motsawa a saman abubuwa kamar kututtukan itace da haushi yayin da kuke motsawa. Hawainiyar Panther na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 5-7. Kodayake a cikin fursuna, wasu samfuran suna da alama suna rayuwa har tsawon shekaru. Maza yawanci yakan wuce mace.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Hawainiyar dabbobin daji
Hawainiyar Panther ta kai girman balaga aƙalla watanni bakwai da haihuwa. Yawancin lokaci dabbobi suna rayuwa ne su kadai kuma a lokutan da suke saduwa da juna ne kawai suke zama tare da abokan. Mace na iya kwance kama biyar zuwa takwas a rayuwarta gaba daya, bayan ta mutu saboda tsananin damuwar da ta samu a jiki. Wadannan dabbobin suna auren mata da yawa. Lokacin kiwo yana daga watan Janairu zuwa Mayu. Idan hawainiya maza na son yin aure, suna karkatar da kawunansu sama da ƙasa da gefe da gefe.
M! A cikin fursuna, mace da namiji ba sa rayuwa tare cikin lumana. Mace na iya ma mutu da yunwa a gaban namiji. Koyaya, ana iya kiyaye mata biyu lafiya tare, kuma jarirai daga mata daban zasu iya zama tare idan sun kasance shekaru ɗaya.
Lokacin da hawainiya maza biyu suka sami kansu fuska da fuska cikin gardama game da mace, sai su zama masu zafin rai, suna canza launinsu kuma suna hura jikinsu don su yi girma. Wannan nau'in zanga-zangar yanki ne. Rikicin yakan ƙare a wannan matakin, kuma mai hasara ya koma baya, ya zama inuwa mai duhu ko launin toka. Koyaya, idan gamuwa ba ta ƙare a Yanayin Barazana ba, yana haifar da ƙarin haɓakawa da haɗuwa ta jiki.
Lokacin da mace ta yi kwai, sai ta zama ruwan kasa mai duhu ko ma da baki mai ratsin lemu. Ainihin launin launi da tsarin yanayin matan da suka hadu ya bambanta dangane da lokacin hawainiya. Kowane kama ya ƙunshi kwai 10 da 40. Ya danganta da ingancin abincin da aka ci da kuma abinci mai zuwa da mace za ta ci yayin ɗaukar ciki. Lokaci daga saduwa zuwa kwai ƙwai shine makonni 3 zuwa 6. Kamawa da pups tayi kwana 240 bayan shiryawa.
Makiyan makiya na hawainiya
Hotuna: Panther Chameleon
Hawainiya tana kusan matakin mafi ƙanƙanci a cikin jerin kayan abinci kuma sun haɓaka hanyoyin da yawa don rayuwa. Idanunsu suna tafiya daban da juna, don haka a lokaci guda suna duban wurare daban-daban. Hakanan zasu iya gudu da sauri lokacin da ake bin su.
Masu haɗari masu haɗari don hawainiya mai haɗari sun haɗa da:
- Macizai. Biye da dabba a cikin bishiyoyi. Nau'o'in kamar Boomslang da Wine macizai sune manyan masu laifi a hare-haren. Musamman, boomslangs suna barazanar hawainiya, saboda suna yawan cinye lokacinsu a cikin bishiyoyi. Suna kuma satar kwai hawainiya.
- Tsuntsaye. Suna ƙoƙari su fisge raƙuman hawainiya daga kan bene. Koyaya, ba su da nasara sosai a wannan, tunda sakewar dabbar yana hana su gani ta cikin ganyayyaki. Kowane tsuntsu na iya kama hawainiyar hawainiya, amma babban barazanar ita ce tsuntsayen da ke ihu, da ƙoshin lafiya da kaho. An kuma gano Hawk Cuckoo a matsayin mai yin barazana ga hawainiya. Kamar macizai, tsuntsaye ma na iya sace ƙwai.
- Mutane. Babban barazanar da hawainiya ke yi shine mutane. Chameleons ta fada cikin tarkon masu farauta da mutanen da ke cikin cinikin dabbobin na daban. Maganin kashe qwari a qasar noma yana sanya musu guba, kuma sare dazuzzuka na rage mazauni. Mutum yana da laifin gobarar daji da ke lalata halittu a Madagascar.
- Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa. Birai wani lokacin suna cin hawainiya. Kodayake hawainiyar biranen biri da birai ba kasafai suke rayuwa a mazauni daya ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Panther hawainiya mai rarrafe
Hawainiyar Panther ba ta da tasiri mai yawa a kan yanayin halittu. Suna cin ganyayyaki da sauran kwari masu yawa kuma hakan yana iya shafar yawan kwari na cikin gida da tallafawa al'ummomin da ke cin karensu ba babbaka. Localsananan mazauna yankin ba sa amfani da su ta hanyar rarraba su.
Ba a yawan amfani da kadangaru a cikin abinci na gida, amma, suna fadawa cikin samfuran da ke kama da cinikin dabbobi na duniya. Amurka, Turai da Asiya sune manyan masu amfani da wadannan kayan.
Nau'in damin ɗin ya zama ɗayan da ake nema bayan hawainiya a cikin kasuwancin dabbobin ƙasa saboda kyawawan launukansa da nasarar kiwo cikin bauta. Daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 2001, hawainiyar da ake fitarwa zuwa kasar da kuma hawainiyar da aka fitar ta kai kusan kashi takwas cikin ɗari na jimlar fitattun nauin hawainiya zuwa Amurka.
Bayan wannan, an gabatar da kayyadadden adadin kasuwanci kuma matakin fitarwa ya zama mai karko. A halin yanzu, akwai ƙaramin haɗari ga yawan wannan nau'in a cikin yanayin yanayi. Ban da barazanar daga ci gaba da asarar gidaje da gyare-gyare
A bayanin kula! A cewar wani rahoto na United Press International na shekara ta 2009, nahiyar Afirka da tsibirinta sun yi asarar kadada miliyan 9 na gandun daji da gonaki a kowace shekara saboda gobarar daji tsakanin 2000 da 2005.
Hawainiya mai panther yana buƙatar kanta don kiyaye mazaunin - wannan shine aikin kiyayewa na farko wanda ya wajaba don tabbatar da rayuwa mai tsawo. Yawancin jinsuna sun riga sun kasance a cikin yankuna masu kariya: wuraren ajiyar yanayi da wuraren shakatawa. Amma har yanzu suna karkashin kaskanci. Dukkanin matakan tsaro suna buƙatar sarrafawa don taƙaita kutse na ayyukan ɗan adam wanda ka iya yin barazanar hawainiya.
Ranar bugawa: 12.04.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 16:35
