Kunkuru mai jan kunne mashahurin amphibian na gida a cikin duniya, don haka ya zama mafi kyawun sayarwa a ƙarshen karni na 20. Wannan nau'in asalin asalin kudancin Amurka ne da arewacin Mexico. Koyaya, sannu a hankali ya fara yaduwa zuwa wasu yankuna, saboda ƙin mutane da kiyaye shi a matsayin dabbar dabba da jefa shi cikin ruwan gida.
Mamayewa da kwace yankuna da ayyukan mutane marasa kyau suka haifar ya haifar da matsaloli tare da fauna na ƙasashe da yawa, tun da kunkuru mai jan kunne ya cunkushe jinsunan ƙasar. Little redfly yana cikin jerin, wanda IUCN ya wallafa, daga cikin nau'ikan 100 masu hadari.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Kunkuru mai jan kunne
Burbushin mutane sun nuna cewa kunkuru sun fara bayyana a duniya kimanin shekaru miliyan 200 da suka gabata, lokacin Babban Triassic. Farkon sanannen kunkuru shi ne Proganochelys quenstedli. Yana da cikakkiyar harsashi, kwanyar-kamar kokon kai da baki. Amma, Proganochelys yana da featuresan fasali na zamani waɗanda kunkuru na zamani basu da shi.
A tsakiyar tsakiyar Jurassic, kunkuru sun kasu kashi biyu manyan rukuni: masu wuyan baka (pleurodire) da na gefen wuya (cryptodires). Ana samun kunkuru na wuyan wuya na zamani ne kawai a cikin iyakokin kudu kuma suna kaɗa kawunansu zuwa gefen ƙarƙashin harsashin. Kunkuru masu wuyan wuƙa sun ɗora kawunan su cikin siffar wasiƙar S. Scutemy na ɗaya daga cikin tan kunkuru na farko da ya fara kage.
Bidiyo: Kunkuru mai kunnuwan kunne
Kunkuru mai kunnuwa mai-kunnen ko mai-launin rawaya (Trachemys scripta) wani ɗan kunkuru ne mai ɗanɗano na gidan Emydidae. Ya samo sunan ne daga ƙaramin jan jan kunne a kunne da kuma ikon zamewa daga kan duwatsu da kuma rajistan ayyukan cikin ruwa da sauri. Wannan jinsin an san shi da sunan Trosta to bayan masanin kimiyyar herpeto Ba'amurke Gerard Trosta. Trachemys scripta troostii yanzu shine sunan kimiyya don wasu ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, kunkurucin Cumberland.
Little redfly yana cikin umarnin Testudines, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 250.
Rubutun Trachemys kansa yana ƙunshe da ƙananan raƙuman kuɗi uku:
- T.s. ladabi (jan kunne);
- T.c. Scripta (rawaya-mai-ciki);
- T.s. Troostii (Cumberland).
Sanarwar farko da aka ambaci jan mata ya faro tun daga 1553. Lokacin da P. Cieza de Leone ya bayyana su a cikin littafin "Tarihin Peru".
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabbar kunkuru mai jan kunne
Tsawon harsashi na wannan nau'in kunkuru na iya kaiwa 40 cm, amma matsakaicin tsayi daga 12.5 zuwa 28 cm. Mata yawanci sun fi maza girma. Kwallansu ya kasu kashi biyu: babba ko doron carapace (carapace) + ƙananan, na ciki (plastron).
Babban carapace ya ƙunshi:
- garkuwar vertebral wanda ke samar da tsakiyar ɗaukakar sashi;
- garkuwoyi masu sanɗa waɗanda ke kusa da garkuwar vertebral;
- garkuwar baki.
Girman abubuwa abubuwa ne na keratin. Caraungiyar carapace tana da kyau kuma an daidaita ta (musamman a cikin maza). Launi daga kwasfa yana canzawa dangane da shekarun kunkuru. Carapace yawanci yana da duhun kore mai duhu tare da haske ko alamun duhu. A cikin samari ko sabbin mutanen da aka ƙyanƙyashe, wannan launi ce ta koren ganye, wanda a hankali yakan zama duhu a cikin balagar mutane. Har sai ya zama kore mai duhu sannan kuma ya canza launi tsakanin launin ruwan kasa da na zaitun.
Filat ɗin koyaushe rawaya ne mai haske tare da duhu, haɗi, alamun da basu bi ka'ida ba a tsakiyar garkuwar. Kan, kafafu da wutsiya kore ne tare da sirara, layin rawaya mara tsari. Gabaɗaya harsashin an rufe shi da ratsiyoyi da alamomi don taimakawa sake kamanni.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Dabbar ita ce poikilotherm, wato, ba zai iya daidaita yanayin zafin kansa da kansa ba kuma ya dogara gaba ɗaya da yanayin zafin yanayi. A saboda wannan dalili, suna buƙatar sunbathe akai-akai don ɗumi da kiyaye zafin jikinsu.
Kunkuru suna da cikakken tsarin kwarangwal tare da wasu ƙafafun kafafun kafafu waɗanda ke taimaka musu iyo. Jan yatsan a kowane gefen kai ya sanya kunkuru mai jan kunne ya fita daban da sauran jinsunan kuma ya zama wani sashi na sunan, tunda ratar tana bayan idanu, inda ya kamata kunnuwansu (na waje) su kasance.
Wadannan ratsi na iya rasa launi a kan lokaci. Wasu mutane na iya samun ƙaramin alamar launi iri ɗaya a kan rawanin kai. Hakanan ba su da kunnen waje na bayyane ko mashiga ta waje. Madadin haka, akwai kunnen tsakiya wanda aka lullubeshi da cartilaginous tympanic disc.
A ina kunkuru mai kunnuwan kunne yake rayuwa?
Hoto: turaramar kunkuru mai jan kunne
Gidajen zama a cikin Kogin Mississippi da Tekun Mexico, da kuma yanayin dumi a kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Yankunansu na asali sun fito daga kudu maso gabashin Colorado zuwa Virginia da Florida. A dabi'a, kunkuru masu jan kunne suna zaune a wurare tare da tushen kwanciyar hankali, ruwa mai dumi: kududdufai, tabkuna, fadama, rafuka da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa.
Suna zaune inda zasu iya samun sauƙin fita daga ruwan, hawa duwatsu ko bishiyar bishiya don yin kwalliya da rana. Sau da yawa suna yin rana a cikin rukuni ko ma a saman juna. Waɗannan kunkuru a cikin daji koyaushe suna kusa da ruwa sai dai idan suna neman sabon wurin zama ko ƙwai.
Saboda shahararsu kamar dabbobi, an saki jajaye masu cin abinci ko tserewa zuwa cikin daji a sassa da yawa na duniya. Yanzu ana samun yawan namun daji a Ostiraliya, Turai, Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu, Caribbean, Isra'ila, Bahrain, Tsibirin Mariana, Guam, da Kudu maso Gabas da Asiya ta Gabas.
Wani nau'in hadari yana da mummunan tasiri akan yanayin halittar da yake ciki, saboda yana da wasu fa'idodi akan mazaunan gida, kamar ƙananan shekarun balaga, yawan haihuwa. Suna watsa cuta kuma suna cinye sauran nau'in kunkuru wanda suke gasa don abinci da filayen kiwo.
Menene kunkuru mai kunnuwan kunne yake ci?
Hoto: Yaron kunkuru mai jan kunne
Kunkuru mai jan kunne yana da abinci mai cin komai. Suna buƙatar yalwar ciyawar ruwa, saboda wannan shine babban abincin manya. Kunkuru ba su da hakora, amma a maimakon haka suna da kaikayi masu kaifi a saman da ƙananan hammata.
Kayan dabbobin sun hada da:
- kwari na cikin ruwa;
- tsutsotsi;
- crickets;
- dodunan kodi;
- karamin kifi,
- kwadi,
- tatsuniyoyi,
- macizan ruwa,
- iri-iri na algae.
Manya galibi sun fi na samari da tsire-tsire. A lokacin samartaka, kunkuru mai jan kunne mai farauta ne, yana ciyar da kwari, tsutsotsi, tadoji, ƙaramin kifi har ma da gawa. Manya sun fi karkata ga cin ganyayyaki, amma ba da nama idan za su iya samu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Jima'i a cikin kunkuru an ƙaddara shi yayin lokacin amfrayogenesis kuma ya dogara da zafin jiki na shiryawa. Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe basu da chromosomes na jima'i wadanda ke tantance jima'i. Qwai da aka shirya a cikin 22 - 27 ° C ya zama maza ne kawai, yayin da qwai da aka sanya a yanayin zafi ya zama mata.
Wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da sauƙin daidaitawa da muhallin su kuma suna iya daidaitawa da komai daga ruwan kwalliya zuwa magudanan mutum da tafkunan birni. Kunkuru mai jan kunne na iya ɓata daga ruwa kuma ya tsira cikin sanyin hunturu. Da zarar an sami wurin zama mai sauki, jinsin zai mallaki sabon yankin da sauri.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Babban kunkuru mai jan kunne
Kunkuru masu kunnuwan kunnuwan suna rayuwa daga shekara 20 zuwa 30, amma suna iya rayuwa sama da shekaru 40. Ingancin mazauninsu yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan rayuwa da jin daɗin rayuwa. Kunkuru yakan dauki mafi yawan lokuta a cikin ruwa, amma tunda dabbobi masu rarrafe ne masu sanyi, sai su bar ruwan don sunbathing don daidaita yanayin zafin jikinsu. Suna ɗaukar zafi sosai yayin da aka miƙa gaɓoɓin a waje.
Reananan jan ja ba sa yin bacci, amma suna birgima cikin wani irin abin da aka dakatar da shi. Lokacin da kunkuru ba su da aiki sosai, wani lokacin sukan tashi sama don abinci ko iska. A cikin daji, kunkuru masu ɓoye a ƙasan jikin ruwa ko tabkuna marasa zurfin ciki. Galibi ba sa yin aiki a cikin Oktoba lokacin da yanayin zafi ya sauka ƙasa da 10 ° C.
A wannan lokacin, kunkuru suna shiga cikin halin kunci, a lokacin da basa cin abinci ko najasa, sun kasance kusan basa motsi, kuma numfashinsu yana raguwa. Ana samun mutane sau da yawa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, amma kuma ana samun su a ƙarƙashin duwatsu, a cikin kututture mara daɗi da bankunan masu gangara. A cikin yanayi mai dumi, zasu iya zama masu aiki a lokacin sanyi kuma su zo saman don yin iyo. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya fara saukowa, da sauri sukan dawo cikin yanayin wauta.
A bayanin kula! Ana kama kunkuru-kunnuwa don abinci daga farkon Maris zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu.
Tare da brumation, jinsin zasu iya rayuwa anaerobically (ba tare da shan iska) ba har tsawon makonni. Yawan kumburi na kunkuru a wannan lokacin ya ragu matuka, kuma bugun zuciya da fitowar zuciya ya ragu da 80% don rage buƙatar kuzari.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Kunkuru na jan kunne
Kuruciya maza sukan kai ga balaga lokacin da bawonsu yakai santimita 10, kuma mata suna girma lokacin da bawonsu yakai cm 15. Dukansu maza da mata a shirye suke su haihu suna da shekaru biyar zuwa shida. Namiji ya fi na mace ƙanƙanci, kodayake wannan yanayin yana da wuyar aiwatarwa a wasu lokuta, tunda daidaiton mutanen na iya kasancewa na shekaru daban-daban.
Urtsaddamarwa da jima'i suna faruwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa daga Maris zuwa Yuli. A lokacin zawarci, namiji yana yin iyo a kusa da mace, yana mai jan hankalinsa zuwa gareta. Mace zata fara ninkaya zuwa ga namiji kuma, idan ta kasance mai karɓa, sai ta nitse zuwa ƙasa don saduwa. Urtsawancin aure yana ɗaukar mintuna 45, amma saduwa tana ɗaukar mintuna 10 ne kawai.
Mace tana yin tsakanin ƙwai biyu zuwa 30, ya danganta da girman jiki da wasu abubuwan. Haka kuma, mutum ɗaya na iya yin kamawa har sau biyar a cikin shekara guda, tare da tazarar lokaci na kwanaki 12-36.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa! Hadi da kwan na faruwa a lokacin oviposition. Wannan tsari yana ba da damar sanya ƙwai ƙwai a kakar wasa mai zuwa, saboda kwayar halittar maniyyi yana nan yana aiki kuma yana samuwa a cikin jikin mace koda kuwa ba tare da wata matsala ba.
A makonnin da suka gabata na ciki, mace ba ta da ɗan lokaci a cikin ruwa kuma tana neman wurin da ya dace don yin ƙwai. Tana haƙa ramin gida ta amfani da ƙafafunta na baya.
Shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 59 zuwa 112. 'Ya'yan sun kasance a cikin ƙwai bayan ƙyanƙyashe har kwana biyu. A kwanakin farko, ,asan har yanzu suna cin abinci daga jakar kwai, wanda har yanzu wadatar ta kasance a cikin ƙwai. Dole ne wurin da ake ɗoke gwaiduwa ya warkar da kansa kafin kunkuru su yi iyo. Lokaci tsakanin ƙyanƙyashewa da nutsarwa cikin ruwa kwana 21 ne.
Abokan gaba na kunkuru mai jan kunne
Hoto: Kunkuru mai jan kunne
Saboda girmansa, ciji da kaurin harsashi, kunkuru mai bala'in kunne mai kunnuwa bai kamata ya ji tsoron masu farauta ba, tabbas, idan babu kifi ko kada a kusa da su. Tana iya jan kan ta da gabobin ta cikin karafas lokacin da ake mata barazana. Bugu da kari, jan tumaki suna lura da masu farauta kuma suna neman mafaka a cikin ruwa a alamar farko ta haɗari.
Koyaya, wannan bai shafi yara ba, waɗanda wasu mafarauta ke farautar su, gami da:
- raccoons;
- sanduna
- dawakai;
- tsuntsaye masu shawagi;
- storks
Raccoon, dabbar skunk da fox suma suna satar kwai daga wannan nau'in kunkuru. Yaran yara suna da kariya ta musamman akan kifi mai farauta. Idan aka hadiye su duka, suna riƙe numfashinsu suna tauna ƙwayar mucous a cikin kifin har sai kifin ya yi amai da shi. Launi mai haske na ƙananan dabbobi masu yin farauta ya gargaɗi manyan kifaye su guji su.
A cikin kewayon gidansu, kunkuru masu kunnuwa masu kunshe da mahimmin yanayi na muhalli duka a matsayin kayan abinci da kuma masu farauta. A waje da mazauninsu, suna cika nau'ikan niches kuma sun zama mahimmin tushen abinci ga masu farauta a cikin birane da yankunan birni.
Saboda daidaitawarsu, jan kunnuwa sune mafi yawan nau'ikan kunkuru a cikin yanayin birane. Yawancin wuraren shakatawa a birane da yawa a Amurka suna da ƙauyuka masu tasowa na kunkuru mai jan kunne don mutane su more.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Kunkuru mai jan kunne
Unionungiyar forasa ta Duniya don Kula da Natabi'a (IUCN) ta jera kunkuru mai jan kunnuwan kunne a matsayin "ɗayan nau'o'in baƙi masu haɗari." Anyi la'akari da kwayar cutar cutarwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu a bayan kewayon ta saboda tana gasa da tan kunkuru na asali don abinci, gida da wuraren iyo.
A bayanin kula! Ana gane kunkuru mai kunnuwa-ja a matsayin matattarar ruwa wacce za'a iya adana kwayoyin Salmonella na dogon lokaci. Cutar da mutane ta haifar ta ɓarkewar kunkuru ya haifar da ƙarancin tallace-tallace.
Tun a shekarun 1970 masana'antun dabbobi ke cin moriyar jan kunnen kunkuru. An samar da adadi mai yawa a gonakin kunkuru a cikin Amurka don cinikin dabbobi na duniya. Kunkuruwan kunnuwa masu jan kunne sun zama sanannun dabbobi saboda ƙarancin girmansu, abincin da ba shi da kyau da kuma ƙarancin farashi mai sauƙi.
Sau da yawa ana karɓar su azaman kyauta kamar dabbobin gida lokacin da suke ƙanana da kyan gani. Koyaya, dabbobi da sauri suna girma zuwa manyan manya kuma suna iya cizon masu su, sakamakon haka aka watsar dasu aka sakasu cikin daji. Sabili da haka, yanzu ana samun su a cikin tsarin halittun ruwa na ruwa a cikin ƙasashe da yawa da suka ci gaba.
An shigo da kunkuru kunun kunnuwan jarirai an sake su ba bisa doka ba zuwa Australia. Yanzu, a cikin sassan ƙasar, ana samun yawan mutanen daji a yawancin birane da yankunan karkara. An yarda da hukuma a Ostiraliya azaman ƙwarin da ke kawar da kayan adon gida na gida.
Tarayyar Turai, da kuma daidaikun kasashe mambobin EU sun hana shigo da su. Kunkuru mai jan kunne za a dakatar da shi daga shigowa da dawowa daga Japan, wannan dokar za ta fara aiki a shekarar 2020.
Ranar bugawa: 03/26/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 18.09.2019 a 22:30
