Kamchatka kaguwa An kuma kira shi Royal saboda girman girmanta. Mazaunin teku yana da ban sha'awa a matsayin jinsin halittu, shi ma abin sha'awa ne daga mahangar tattalin arziki, tunda abun ne don kamawar kasuwanci. Mazaunin yana da fadi. Kaguwa ta Kamchatka daya ce daga cikin wakilan gidan zoo da suka samu nasarar tsugunar da su.
Asali da bayanin jinsin
Photo: Kamchatka kaguwa
Kaguwa na Kamchatka (Paralithodes camtschaticus) yana da suna ne saboda kamanninsa na waje da kaguji, amma, bisa ga tsarin ilimin dabbobin, ya samo asali ne daga tsarin ci gaban juyin halitta daga kaguwa da ke mallakar dangin Craboids, babban jigon Paralithodes.
Babban bambanci daga kaguji shine na biyar na ƙafafun tafiya, gajarta da ɓoye a ƙarƙashin kwasfa, kazalika da rashin daidaitaccen ciki mai ɗauke da garkuwar mace a cikin mata. Wani ɗan gajeren gabobin hannu a cikin kaguje na gado yana rike ƙashin. A yayin juyin halitta, kaguwa na Kamchatka ya daina rayuwa a cikin kwasfa don haka buƙatar riƙe shi ya ɓace. Ana amfani da ƙafafu na biyar don tsarkake gill.
Kaguwa yana motsawa tare da taimakon gabobin gabobi huɗu, yana motsa su bi da bi. Yana motsawa cikin tsananin sauri, alkiblar motsi da wannan nau'in tana zuwa gefe.
A kan ciki, lanƙwasa da gajarta, akwai ƙananan faranti da micropods, waɗanda asymmetry ɗinsu suna tabbatar da asalin maɓuɓɓugar daga nau'o'in da cikin yake juyawa cikin sihiri.
Bidiyo: Kamchatka kaguwa
Ana ba da hankulan taɓawa da ƙanshi ta eriya ta gaba tare da manyan silinda da ke kan su. Wannan takamaiman fasalin yana da tasirin gaske a cikin halayen ciyarwa, taimakawa cikin nemowa da zaɓar abinci.
Yayinda mutum ya girma, kwarangwal yana canzawa, ko narkakkar sa. Yawan narkar da shi a farkon rayuwa, musamman a yayin ci gaban larvae, yana da girma kuma yakan zama ba kasafai ake samu ba, har zuwa 1-2 a kowace shekara a cikin wani baligi, kuma a karshen rayuwa hakan na faruwa ne sau daya a cikin shekaru biyu. Sau nawa kaguwa ya kamata a zubar ana kayyade shi ta gland na musamman da ke kan ƙirar ido. Kafin zub da tsohon firam, sassann laushi na arthropod an riga an rufe su da harsashi mai rauni. Kaguwa na Kamchatka yana rayuwa kimanin shekaru 20.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Kambarin Kaguwa da rai
Jikin kaguwa ya ƙunshi sassa biyu - cephalothorax, wanda ke ƙarƙashin harsashin kariya, da ciki, wanda aka lanƙwasa ƙarƙashin cephalothorax. Idanun suna kiyayewa ta wani karaji na karafa ko baki. Carpax yana da allura masu kama da ƙayayuwa, 6 daga cikinsu suna sama da zuciya kuma 11 sama da ciki.
Baya ga aikin kariya, harsashin kuma yana yin aikin tallafi da exoskeleton, saboda zaren tsoka waɗanda ke aiwatar da motsi suna haɗe da shi daga ciki. Gabobin numfashi - gills - suna kan gefen gaba na ƙwanƙollen firam. Tsarin juyayi yana wakiltar sarkar haɗin jijiyoyin haɗin kai da ke haɗe a ƙasan cephalothorax da ciki. Zuciya tana baya kuma ciki yana kan kai.
Daga cikin kafafuwa biyar, kaguwa yana amfani da hudu ne kawai don motsi. Raguwar ta biyar da aka rage an ɓoye ta a ƙarƙashin karafatsin kuma ana amfani da ita don tsarkake gill.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Amfani da fika a cikin kaguwa na sarki ya bambanta a yanayin aikin da aka yi. Hannun kaguwa na hagu yana yanke abinci mai laushi, kuma na dama ya murƙushe mai wuya - ƙyauren teku da ke zaune a ƙasan, bawo na mollusks iri-iri. Theusoshin hannu sun bambanta a cikin girma, mafi girma shine daidai, wanda ke yin aiki mafi wahala.
A cikin maza, fadin jiki ya bambanta daga 16 zuwa 25 cm kuma nauyi ya kai 7 kilogiram. Nisa tsakanin ƙarshen dogayen ƙafafu a cikin mafi girman mutane yana ɗaukar kusan 1.5 m. Mata sun fi ƙanana - jiki har zuwa 16 cm, nauyi a kan matsakaita 4 kilogiram. Mace kuma ta bambanta a gaban zagaye da rashin daidaiton ciki.
Launin harsashi na kaguwa na Kamchatka a saman ja ne mai ruwan kasa, a saman saman akwai wurare da tabo iri-iri na launuka masu shunayya, a ƙasan kaguwa ya yi haske - daga fari zuwa rawaya.
A ina kaguwa ta Kamchatka take?
Hoto: Babban kaguwa na Kamchatka
Ya yadu a arewacin yankin Tekun Fasifik, inda kasusuwa na wannan nau'in sun fi yawa a yankin Kamchatka a Tekun Okhotsk, da kuma a cikin Bering Sea. Kaguwa kuma tana rayuwa ne a gabar Amurka a cikin Bristol Bay, Norton Bay da kuma kusa da Tsubirin Aleutian. A cikin Tekun Japan, an lura da mazauni a gefen kudu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Masana ilmin kimiyar Soviet sun bunkasa kuma suka aiwatar da ƙaurawar jinsunan zuwa Tekun Barents.
Sabbin yanayin muhalli sun banbanta da yanayin al'ada na yau da kullun (ƙarancin gishirin, yanayin zafin jiki, tsarin canjin yanayin shekara shekara). Tsarin koyar da ka’idoji yana gudana tun daga 1932, wanda babban buri ya sa - a samu ribar tattalin arziki daga kamun kifi a cikin ruwan su, tare da guje wa babbar gasa daga Japan da sauran kasashe.
Oƙarin farko na jigilar kaguwar an yi ta jirgin ƙasa kuma ba a yi nasara ba - duk mutane sun mutu, lokacin tafiyar ya yi tsawo, ya ɗauki fiye da kwanaki 10. Bayan haka, a cikin shekaru 60, ana aiwatar da jigilar kayayyaki ta jirgin sama, wanda ya ɗauki ɗan gajeren lokaci. Sabili da haka, an kawo jigilar kayayyaki na farko na arthropods kuma an daidaita su. Daga baya, a cikin 70s, jigilar kayayyaki ya gudana a kekunan hawa na musamman kuma shine mafi nasara.
A halin yanzu, sakamakon mamayewar da aka yi a Arewacin Atlantika, an kafa rukunin jama'a masu zaman kansu tare da adadi mai yawa na sabuntawa da sarrafa kansu. Kasuwancin manyan maza yana faruwa. An haramta kama yara da mata.
Menene kaguwa na Kamchatka ke ci?
Hotuna: Kamchatka sarki kaguwa
Abincin wannan jinsin ya banbanta sosai kuma kwatankwacin kaguwa dan damfara ne mai cin komai.
Duk mazaunan tekun suna kayan abinci ne:
- daban-daban molluscs;
- katako;
- tsutsotsi;
- kwalliyar teku;
- kayan kwalliya;
- ascidians;
- karamin kifi;
- taurari na teku.
Animalsananan dabbobi suna cin abinci:
- algae;
- kwayoyin hydroid;
- tsutsotsi
A lokacin rayuwarsu, wakilan wannan nau'in suna yin motsi mai yawa don dalilan abinci. Motsawa daga tsarin halittu zuwa wani, mafi rinjayen jinsin dake cikin wani tsarin suna zama abinci.
Clausoshin ƙafa masu ƙarfi suna aiki a matsayin kyakkyawa kayan aiki, kuma kaguwa cikin sauƙi tana samun abincin da ake buƙata. Bugu da ƙari, kashe wanda aka azabtar, kaguwa ba ya ci shi gaba ɗaya, kuma yawancin yawancinsa ya ɓace. Hakanan ana amfani da kadoji azaman abinci don ragowar kifin da sauran kwayoyin halittun ruwa, suna aiki azaman tsarkake wuraren sararin ruwa. Bayan shigar da kaguwa a cikin ruwan tekun arewacin, har yanzu babu wani ra'ayi maras tabbas game da tasirin bakin haure kan tsarin halittun cikin gida gaba daya.
Wasu masana kimiyya sun soki gwajin, suna tsoron kasancewar da yawan jinsin mazauna mazaunan tekun arewa, wanda kaguwa ta Kamchatka ke gasa a cikin bukatun abinci da wanda yake ci. Bayan cin wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin halittar, kaguwa na iya haifar musu da rashi har ma da karewa. Sauran masana suna magana mai kyau game da sakamakon gabatarwa, tare da girmamawa ga ribar tattalin arziki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. A lokuta daban-daban na sake zagayowar rayuwarsu, arthropods sun fi son abinci daban. Misali, mutumin da zai kusan yin ba'a a nan gaba zai fi dacewa ya zabi kwayoyin da ke dauke da sinadarin calcium mai yawa, kamar su echinoderms, don abinci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Kamchatka kaguwa
Tsarin karfi na arthropod, yana aiki azaman kariya da tallafi, a lokaci guda yana hana haɓaka tsakanin lokutan canjin sa. Dabbar tana girma ne kawai a cikin kankanin lokaci (galibi bai wuce kwanaki 3 ba), lokacin da aka jefar da tsohuwar maƙerin wuya, kuma sabon yana da taushi kuma sassauƙa ba ta tsoma baki tare da ƙaruwarsa cikin sauri. Bayan haɓakar girma, murfin chitinous yana cike da salts na gishiri kuma ci gaban gaba yana tsayawa har sai zafin da yake zuwa.
Mitar carapace ya canza a tsawon rayuwa:
- har zuwa sau 12 bayan samuwar tsutsa a cikin shekarar;
- har sau 7, kasa sau da yawa a shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa;
- Sau 2 a cikin shekara yayin tsawon rayuwa daga shekara ta uku zuwa ta tara ta rayuwar mutum;
- 1 lokaci daga tara zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu na rayuwa;
- 1 kowane shekara biyu, daga shekara goma sha uku zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa.
Yayin zubda jini, dabbar tana kokarin neman mafaka a cikin bakin ciki ko wuraren dutsen, tunda ta zama ba ta da kariya ba tare da kakkarfan tsari ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa. Molting yana shafar ba kawai murfin waje na kaguwa ba, har ma da sabunta gabobin ciki - bawokin esophagus, ciki da hanji suna sabuntawa. Jijiyoyin da jijiyoyin da suka haɗa ƙwayoyin tsoka zuwa ga exoskeleton suma suna cikin sabuntawa. Hakanan an sabunta sabulun zuciya.
Wakilin wannan jinsin dan adam ne wanda yake aiki a kodayaushe, yana yawan yin kaura. Hanyar motsi baya canzawa, yana maimaita kowace shekara. Dalilin yin ƙaura shine canjin yanayi na yanayin ruwa da wadatar abinci, da kuma ƙwarewar haihuwa.
Don haka, da farkon lokacin hunturu, kaguwa ya nitse tare da gindin zuwa cikin zurfin ruwa tsakanin 200-270 m. Tare da dumi, ya koma cikin ruwa mai dumi mai cike da abinci. Crabs suna ƙaura gaba ɗaya, suna taro cikin ƙungiyoyi tare da lambobi daban-daban. Maza waɗanda suka kai shekara goma da mata masu shekara bakwai ko takwas suna shirye don kiwo.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Kaguwan Kamchatka kaguwa
Bayan farkon bazara, maza sukan fara tafiya zuwa ruwa mara zurfi. Mata suna tafiya a cikin hanya ɗaya, amma a cikin rukuni daban. Mace tana ɗauke da ƙwayayen da suka nuna a ƙafafun da ke ciki. Kusa da zurfin ruwa, larvae suna fitowa daga ƙwai kuma halin yanzu yana ɗauke da su. A wannan lokacin, tuni an sami sabbin ƙwai a al'aurar mace, waɗanda ke gab da ɗaukar ciki.
Da farkon zubi, mutane na jinsi biyu suka kusanci juna kuma suka samar da yanayin halayya - namiji ya rike mace da farcen biyu, yana tunatarwa a lokaci guda yana musafaha. Riƙewa ya ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen zoben, wani lokacin namiji yakan taimaka wa zaɓaɓɓen don yantar da kanta daga tsohuwar firam. Bayan an gama narkewar (a matsakaita, daga kwana uku zuwa bakwai), namiji yana fitar da tef tare da kwayoyin jima'i - spermatophores, wanda aka gyara akan kafafuwan mata. Namiji, bayan ya kammala aikin, an cire shi kuma yana yin zubi.
Bayan wani lokaci (daga awanni da yawa zuwa kwanaki da yawa), mace ta haihu da ƙwai (daga dubu 50 zuwa 500), wanda, haɗuwa da haƙarƙarin namiji, ya hadu. Wani abu mai sanko na musamman yana tattara ƙwai tare da haɗa su zuwa ga villi a ƙafafun ciki na mata, inda suke bi ta hanyar zagayawa har zuwa bazara mai zuwa, na tsawon watanni 11. Mace takan haihuwar sau ɗaya kawai a shekara, a lokacin bazara, yayin da maza ke iya aiwatar da tsarin saduwa da mata da yawa.
Vawayoyin da suka fara ƙwai daga ƙwai suna kimanin watanni biyu a cikin layin ruwa kuma ana ɗauke da na yanzu; a wannan matakin ci gaba, har zuwa kashi 96% na ƙwayoyin suna mutuwa. Bayan tsutsotsi masu rai sun nutse zuwa ƙasa, a cikin dajin algae, inda suke rayuwa tsawon shekaru uku. Sau da yawa sukan narke, suna wuce matakai da yawa na ci gaba. Sannan yara sun matsa zuwa yankuna na ƙasa mai yashi. Yin ƙaura yana farawa ne bayan ya kai shekara 5, wani lokacin ma yana da shekaru 7.
Abokan gaba na Kamchatka crabs
Photo: Kaguwa King
Babu wasu abokan gaba na halitta a cikin manya manyan wakilan jinsin, tunda kaguwa tana da kyakkyawar kariya - harsashi mai dogaro da karko, wanda, bugu da kari, an rufe shi da kaifin allura masu kaifi. Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa ne kaɗai ke iya fin karfin kaguwa.
Mutanen da ba su da girma suna da yawan abokan gaba, a cikinsu:
- kifaye masu farauta;
- Kalmar Pacific;
- halibut;
- otter na teku;
- gobies;
- dorinar ruwa;
- kaguje masu girman girma, na nau'ikan halittu daban-daban (an lura da cin naman mutane da yawa).
Yayin zubda ciki, kaguwa ya zama mai matukar rauni kuma an tilasta shi neman mafaka. Mutum ba ya cikin abokan gaba na jinsin halittu, duk da haka, idan aka yi la'akari da kamawar kasuwanci, ɓarnatar da farauta, mutum yana da kowace dama ta zama abokin gaba. Sabili da haka, a matakin jiha, an kayyade kayyadaddun don kama kayan masarauta, don amfani da adadi na jama'a yadda ya kamata, ba tare da lalata lambobin su da ikon murmurewa ba.
Ayyukan ɗan adam a fakaice suna shafar rayuwar marine, musamman ƙaguwa ta Kamchatka. Sharar sinadaran masana'antu, filastik, kayayyakin mai suna gurɓatar da faɗin teku da tekuna, wanda hakan yana shafar dukkan fure da fauna. A sakamakon haka, dukkanin jinsunan sun lalace ko kuma suna dab da bacewa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Babban kaguwa
Hijirar kaguwa na sarki yana faruwa ne a rukunin mutane, yayin da mata da maza ke motsawa daban, suna haɗuwa sau ɗaya kawai a shekara, a cikin bazara, don saduwa. Hakanan matasa suna motsawa daban, suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin samari dabbobi. Yawan kaguwa a cikin yankin Kamchatka a halin yanzu ya ragu sosai, saboda dalilai iri ɗaya na manyan kamun kifi na kasuwanci da ba shi da iko.
A cikin Tekun Barents, inda gabatarwar keɓaɓɓiyar nau'in ta faru, halin da ake ciki ya saba. Saboda rashin makiya da yawa da ke tsara yawan jama'a, sai hanzarin dangi ya bazu ko'ina cikin gabar Tekun Barents. Dangane da ƙididdigar kimantawa, yawan mutane a cikin 2006 ya fi mutane miliyan 100 kuma yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa.
Mai saurin yaduwar polyphagous da sauri ya wargaza asalin halittu na yawancin crustaceans, molluscs da sauransu, wanda hakan ya haifar da damuwa game da ci gaba da wanzuwar tsarin halittu mai karko a cikin Tekun Barents a tsakanin masana kimiyyar.
Tun shekara ta 2004, Rasha ta fara yin kama-kama. An ƙayyade girbin da aka yarda kowace shekara dangane da halin da ake ciki yanzu a cikin ƙimar yawan jama'a.
Kamchatka kaguwa arthropod mai ban sha'awa tare da zagaye na ci gaba na musamman. Wakilan wannan nau'in sun sami nasarar aiwatar da gabatarwa da haɓakawa a cikin Tekun Barents na arewacin. Masana kimiyya sunyi hasashen daban yadda wannan mamayewar zai shafi mutuncin tsarin halittun ruwa a gaba.
Ranar bugawa: 03/16/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 11.11.2019 a 12:05
