Marmara bug - Hemiptera na gidan gidan Pentatomoidea. Holyomorpha halys, kwaro mai kamshi mai daɗi, ya haifar da matsaloli da yawa game da mamayar da ta mamaye yankunan kudancin ƙasar.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Marmara kwaro
Wani kwari daga dangin kwari a cikin yankin masu magana da Ingilishi ya sami wani suna mafi tsayi wanda yake nuna shi cikakke: marmara mai ruwan kasa mai wari. Kamar sauran dangi na kusa, ya kasance daga bangaren masu fukafukai (Pterygota), har ma an fi kiran su da suna Paraneoptera, ma’ana, ga sabon fukafukai da canjin da bai cika ba.
Bidiyo: Marmara bug
Achungiyar da aka sanya kwatancen marmara suna da Latin sunan Hemiptera, wanda ke nufin Hemiptera, wanda kuma ake kira arthroptera. Bedananan kwandunan gado (Heteroptera) sun bambanta, akwai kusan nau'ikan dubu 40, a cikin yankin bayan Soviet bayan da akwai fiye da nau'in dubu 2. Bugu da ari, yakamata a kira dangin dangi wanda mahaɗan marmara ke ciki - waɗannan su ne shitniki, bayayyakinsu suna kama da garkuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin Latin, scutellids sune Pentatomoidea. "Penta" - a cikin sunan yana nufin "biyar", da "tomos" - wani sashe. Ana iya danganta wannan ga jikin pentagonal na kwarin, har ma da yawan sassan akan eriya.
Daya daga cikin sunayen marbled, kamar sauran halittu masu kama, shine kwaro mai wari. Wannan saboda ikon fitar da wari mara dadi, saboda sirrin, wanda bututun kwari suka rufa. Hakanan ana kiransa rawaya-launin ruwan kasa, kazalika da ƙwarin ƙamshi na Gabashin Asiya,
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Cutar kwarin marmara
Wannan scutellum yana da girma babba, har zuwa tsawon 17 mm, yana da siffar garkuwar launin ruwan kasa mai kusurwa biyar. Launi mai duhu akan baya da launuka masu launuka akan ciki. Dukkanin an cike shi da farin, jan ƙarfe, ɗigon ruwan shuɗi wanda ya samar da tsarin marmara, wanda ya sami sunan shi.
Don rarrabe wannan kwaro da sauran abokan aiki, kuna buƙatar sanin fasalin fasalin sa:
- tana da wurare masu haske da duhu akan bangarori biyu na sama na eriya;
- a gefen baya na scutellum, fuka-fukan membrane masu lankwasawa ana iya ganinsu a matsayin wuri mai kama da lu'u-lu'u mai duhu;
- tare da gefen ɓangaren ciki akwai bakin duhu huɗu da ɗigo haske biyar;
- kafafun kafa na baya a tibi suna da launi mai launi;
- a saman garkuwar da bayanta akwai kauri a cikin sifar allo.
Fuka-fukan karamin tsayi karami ne, an ninka su akan ciki mai kashi shida. A kan prothorax akwai kantuna na bututun ruwa na sirri wanda ke da tsananin karfi, mara wari, wanda cimicic acid ke da alhakin hakan. An sanya hadaddun hadadden ido da idanuwa masu sauki a kai.
A ina kwarin marmara ke rayuwa?
Hoto: Marmara bug a Abkhazia
A Amurka, a jihar Pennsylvania, kwaro ya bayyana a 1996, amma an yi masa rajista a hukumance a 2001, bayan haka ya zauna a New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia da Oregon. A cikin 2010, yawan zuriya da ke Maryland sun kai mummunan bala'i kuma suna buƙatar kuɗi na musamman don kawar da shi.
Yanzu ana rikodin shi a cikin jihohin Amurka 44 da kudancin Ontario, Quebec a Kanada. Ya isa zuwa ƙasashen Turai kusan 2000 kuma ya bazu zuwa kusan ƙasashe goma sha biyu. Homelandasar hemiptera ita ce kudu maso gabashin Asiya, ana samunta a cikin China, Japan, Korea.
Kwaro ya shiga Rasha a cikin 2013 a Sochi, mai yiwuwa tare da wurare masu kore. Garkuwan garkuwan da sauri ya bazu a gabar Bahar Maliya, Stavropol, Kuban, Crimea, kudancin Ukraine, suka yi ƙaura zuwa Transcaucasia ta Abkhazia. An yi rikodin bayyanarta a Kazakhstan da Primorye.
Marmara bug yana son gumi, yanayin dumi kuma yana yaɗuwa da sauri inda lokacin sanyi ke da rauni, inda zai iya rayuwarsu. A lokacin sanyi, yana ɓoye a cikin ganyayyun da suka faɗi, a cikin ciyawar busasshiyar ciyawa. A wuraren da ba a saba da kwarin marmara ba, inda yake cikin sanyi a lokacin sanyi fiye da ƙasarsa, yana neman ɓoyewa a cikin gine-gine, ɗakunan ajiya, rumbunan ajiya, gine-ginen zama, yana jingina ga duk saman.
Menene kwarin marmara ke ci?
Hotuna: Marble bug a cikin Sochi
Bugbug mai marmara shine kwarin polyphagous kuma yana ciyarwa akan tsire-tsire iri-iri; yana da kusan nau'in 300 a menu ɗin sa. A Japan, yana shafar itacen al'ul, itacen cypress, bishiyoyi na 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da kuma legumes irin su waken soya. A kudancin China, ana iya samun sa a bishiyoyin gandun daji, furanni, bishiyoyi, kwasfan faya-fayan hatsi iri-iri da kuma kayan lambu na ado.
Lalacewar apples, cherries, citrus fruits, peaches, pears, persimmons da sauran fruitsa fruitsan itace masu icya ,an ciki, da mulberries da raspberries. Suna cin ganyen maple, ailant, birch, hornbeam, dogwood, tsotse-tsotse-tsotse, forsythia, daji tashi, fure, larch na Japan, magnolia, barberry, honeysuckle, chokeberry, acacia, Willow, spirea, linden, ginkgo da sauran bishiyoyi da shrubs
Mafi yawan kayan lambu da hatsi irin su horseradish, chard na Switzerland, mustard, barkono, kokwamba, kabewa, shinkafa, wake, masara, tumatir, da dai sauransu. Wuraren cizo kan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari na iya haifar da kamuwa da cuta ta biyu, wanda daga ita ne fruitsa fruitsan itacen ke zama tabo tare da tabo, wanda bai isa ba ya faɗi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin Amurka a cikin 2010, asarar da aka yi da marmara ta fi dala biliyan 20.
A cikin hemiptera, an tsara kayan aikin baka bisa ka'idar tsotsa-bugu. A gaban kai akwai proboscis, wanda aka matse ƙarƙashin kirji a cikin kwanciyar hankali. Lipananan leɓe ɓangare ne na proboscis. Yana da tsagi Ya ƙunshi jajan baki. Proboscis an rufe shi daga sama ta wani lebe, wanda ke kare ƙananan. Lebe ba su da hannu cikin tsarin ciyarwar.
Kwaron yana huda saman tsiron tare da muƙamuƙinsa na sama, waɗanda ke saman waɗancan siraran, ƙananan, ƙananan sun rufe kuma sun samar da tubule biyu. Saliva yana gudana ta sirara, ƙaramar tashar, kuma ana tsotse ruwan itace tare da babbar hanyar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masu samar da ruwan inabi na Turai suna da matukar damuwa game da mamayewar kwaron marmara, saboda ba kawai lalata inabi da gonakin inabi ba, amma kuma yana iya shafan dandano da ingancin ruwan inabi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Georgia marmara kwaro
Wannan hemiptera shine thermophilic, shi:
- yana haɓaka a yanayin zafi ba ƙasa da + 15 ° C ba.;
- yana jin dadi a + 20-25 ° C.;
- a + 33 ° C, 95% na mutane sun mutu;
- sama da + 35 ° C - an hana dukkan matakan kwari;
- + 15 ° C - amfrayo na iya bunkasa, kuma tsutsar da aka haifa ta mutu;
- a + 17 ° C, har zuwa 98% na tsutsa ta mutu.
Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya sauka, kwari manya sukan buya a kebantattun wurare. A cikin yanayin kudancin Rasha, waɗannan ba abubuwa ne na halitta kawai ba: litattafan ganye, bawon itace ko rami, amma har da gine-gine. Kwari suna rarrafe cikin dukkan fasa, bututun hayaki, kofofin samun iska. Zasu iya tara adadi mai yawa a cikin zubda-gini, gine-ginen gida, ɗakuna, falo.
Babban abin tsoro ga mazaunan waɗannan yankuna shi ne cewa waɗannan arthan gaɓa suna mamaye gidajensu da yawa. Bayan sun sami nooks da crannies, suna hibernate. A cikin ɗakunan ɗumi, suna ci gaba da aiki, suna tashi zuwa cikin haske, zagaye da kwararan fitila, suna zaune akan windows. A cikin yanayin dumi, sun fi son ɓoyewa a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi, misali, palovii, ailants.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A Amurka, mutane dubu 26 na marmara kwaroron ɓoye a cikin gida ɗaya don hunturu.
Kwarin na da matukar aiki, na iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Suna da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suke so na abinci.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Marmara bug Krasnodar Territory
Bayan farawar dumi, kwaron da ke marbled ya farka, ya fara cin abinci don samun ƙarfi. Bayan kamar sati biyu, a shirye suke su kara aure. A cikin yankuna masu sanyi, zuriya ɗaya kawai a kowane yanayi mai yiwuwa ne, a cikin wasu yankuna kudu - biyu ko uku. Misali, a cikin ƙasar 'yan bori, alal misali, a cikin yankuna masu sauƙin ƙasar Sin, har zuwa ƙarni shida a cikin shekarar
Mace tana sanya ƙwai 20-40 a ƙananan ɓangaren ganye na tsire, wanda zai zama abincin nymphs. A lokacin rayuwarsa, mutum ɗaya na iya samar da ƙwai 400 (a kan matsakaita 250). Kowace kwayar rawaya mai haske tana da sifa mai zafin jiki (1.6 x 1.3 mm), a saman an rufe ta da murfi tare da ƙyallen da ke riƙe shi da ƙarfi.
A matsakaitawar zafin jiki na kimanin 20 ° C, tsutsa ta fito daga ƙwai a ranar 80, a zazzabi mafi girma fiye da yadda aka ƙayyade da digiri 10, an rage wannan lokacin zuwa kwanaki 30. Akwai shekaru nymphal biyar (matakan girma). Suna cikin girman daga farkon shekarun - 2.4 mm zuwa na biyar - 12 mm. Miƙa mulki daga shekaru ɗaya zuwa wani ya ƙare da narkewar narkewa. Nymphs suna kama da manya, amma basu da fikafikai; abubuwan da suka fara bayyana a mataki na uku. Suna da ɓoyewa tare da ruwa mai ƙamshi, amma bututunsu suna kan baya, kuma adadin sassan a jikin eriya da ƙafafu sunyi ƙarancin, kuma babu idanu masu sauƙi ko.
Kowane zamani ya bambanta a tsawon lokaci:
- Na farko yana ɗaukar kwanaki 10 a 20 C °, kwana 4 a 30 C °, launi yana da ja-orange. A wannan lokacin, nymphs suna kusa da ƙwai.
- Na biyu yana ɗaukar kwanaki 16-17 a 20 ° C da kwana 7 a 30 ° C. A launi, nymphs suna kama da manya.
- Na uku yana ɗaukar kwanaki 11-12 a 20 ° C da kwana 6 a 30 ° C.
- Na huɗu ya ƙare a cikin kwanaki 13-14 a 20 ° C da kwanaki 6 a 30 ° C.
- Na biyar yana ɗaukar kwanaki 20-21 a 20 C ° da 8-9 kwanakin a 30 C °.
Abokan gaba na kwari na marmara
Photo: Marmara kwaro
Wannan kwari mai wari a yanayi bashi da makiya da yawa, ba kowa ne yake son wannan kwari mai wari ba.
Tsuntsaye suna farautar shi:
- kumbura gida;
- lafazi;
- masu katako na zinariya;
- tauraruwa.
Hakanan, kajin gida na gari suna farin cikin cin su. Masu lura da al'amuran Amurka sun ba da rahoton cewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan yawancin tsuntsaye suna farautar kifin, sun fi son su tsinke su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kodayake kaji na cin kwari masu ruwan kasa, manoma sun koka da cewa naman kaji sai ya dandana wani dandano mara dadi.
Daga cikin kwari, kwarin garkuwar suna da abokan gaba. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tururuwa, wasu hemiptera - masu farauta, mantises masu addu'a, gizo-gizo. Akwai wasu kwari na shit - podizus, su masu farauta ne ta ɗabi'a kuma suna iya cutar da marbled. Suna kama da juna a launi, amma masu jujjuyawar suna da ƙafafun haske da kuma wuri mai duhu a ƙarshen maraƙin. Hakanan, wani kwaro shine perillus, shi ma yana farautar kwaroron marmara, yana cin ƙwai da larvae.
A cikin China, maƙiyin marbled shine mai cutar Trissolcus japonicus daga dangin Scelionidae. Suna da ƙanƙanci cikin girma, kusan girman ƙwai na ƙwallan ƙwallan. Macijin yana kwan kwayayen a ciki. Vawayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu fika-fikai suna cin cikin ƙwai. Suna lalata kwalliyar marmara yadda yakamata, suna lalata kwari da kashi 50% a cikin yanayin ƙasar su. A Amurka, abin da ake kira ƙwaro mai ƙafa yana lalata kwaro, kuma wasu nau'ikan ɓarke na itace suna cin ƙwanansu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Marble bug kwari
Adadin waɗannan kwari na girma kuma yana da wahalar sarrafawa. Ba zato ba tsammani faɗawa cikin yanayin da kusan ba su da abokan gaba a cikin ɗabi'a, 'yan scutellids sun fara haɓaka cikin sauri. Kwarin da ke iya daidaita alƙaluman su na rayuwa a yankuna inda asalin asalinsu ya fito. Nan da nan ya saba da sababbin yanayin yanayi, da ɗumamar shekarun nan, yana ba da gudummawa ga yawan rayuwa da ƙaruwar yawan kwari.
Hanya mafi kyau don yin yaƙi na iya zama hunturu mai sanyi. Amma masana kimiyya basu dogara da yanayi ba kuma suna gwada hanyoyi daban-daban na faɗa. Tare da ingantattun shirye-shiryen kwari masu lalata kwari masu amfani, ana amfani da hanyoyin nazarin halittu.
Gwaje-gwajen da ake yi da fungi wadanda ke cutar da kwari sun nuna cewa nau'ikan bover suna cutar har zuwa 80% na kwari. An gano naman gwari na metaricium wanda bashi da inganci. Matsalar amfani da su shine ana buƙatar ɗimbin zafi don yaƙi da ƙwayoyi dangane da ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ƙwarin na zaɓi wuraren bushe don hunturu. Tarkuna tare da pheromones ba koyaushe suke da tasiri ba: na farko, ba sa jawo larvae, na biyu kuma, manya ba koyaushe suke mayar musu da martani ba.
Akwai yankunan haɗari masu haɗari inda waɗannan kwari masu ɓoye zasu iya bayyana kuma su yi kiwo:
- Kasashen Kudancin Amurka: suna iya jin daɗi a cikin Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina;
- A yankunan arewacin Afirka: Angola, Congo, Zambiya;
- New Zealand, yankunan kudancin Australia;
- Duk Turai tsakanin 30 ° -60 ° latitudes;
- A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, tana iya hayayyafa cikin nutsuwa a kudancin yankin Rostov, da sauri ya bazu cikin yankunan Krasnodar da Stavropol;
- Inda damuna ke sanyi, kwaro na iya bayyana lokaci-lokaci, yana yin ƙaura daga kudu.
Domin shekaru da yawa marmara kwari don haka ya yawaita har yana ɗaukar sikelin bala'in muhalli. Matakan da aka ɗauka na nau'ikan tsari ne kuma ba za su iya yin tasiri sosai game da ƙaruwar wannan kwaro ba. Yawan haihuwa, sassauci dangane da abinci da yanayin yanayi, ƙaura mai aiki, daidaitawa ga shirye-shiryen sunadarai - wannan yana lalata duk yunƙurin yaƙi da ƙwarin gado.
Ranar bugawa: 01.03.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 17.09.2019 a 19:50
