Wombat - mai kama da 'ya'yan bebi, dabba ta Australiya, wakilin marsupials. Bayanin Vombatidae, mai shayarwa daga umarnin masu yankan biyu, an ba shi a cikin 1830 daga masanin dabbobi na Burtaniya Gilbert Barnett.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Wombat
Yanzu akwai jinsuna uku na dangin mata. A baya, an lura da bambancin da yawa a cikin Pleistocene (tsakanin 2 Ma da 10 shekaru dubu da suka gabata). Bayan haka an wakilta ta jimlar jinsi shida da nau'ikan tara. Wasu dabbobin da suka mutu sun fi na zamani girma. Misali, Phascalonus gigas yana da tsawon kwanyar 40 cm, tsayinsa ya kusan 1 m, kuma nauyin 200 kg.
Ba a san ko ɓatattun mutanen da aka yi amfani da su don haƙa ramuka ba, idan aka yi la'akari da ragowar, ba su dace da wannan ba, kuma suna iya yin gajeriyar motsi. Dabbobin da aka fara yin burbushinsu sun fara ne tun farkon zamanin Miocene. Oman mata sun samo asali ne daga kakanni ɗaya tare da kangaroos da possum, kuma dangin su na kusa shi ne koala.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Girman kwakwalwar mai shayarwa ya fi na sauran marsupials dangane da nauyin jiki. Tana da ƙarin rikice-rikice, wanda ke nuna ƙimar aikin ilimi.
Tare da binciken kwayar halitta, canjin iyali bai cika bayyana ba. Sun yi nesa da sauran dabbobin da suke da dangantaka da wuri, wannan lokacin ya kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 40, a cewar wasu kafofin, rabuwar ta faru shekaru miliyan 25. An yi imanin cewa kakanninsu tare da koala shine diprotodon. Wannan katuwar dabbar mai yankan mutum biyu (mai nauyin tan 2.7, tsawonta 3 m) ya bace, bayan shekaru dubu 40 sun shude.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Peter Nicholson mai shekaru 16 yayi bincike akan kabarin dabbobi a farkon 1960s. Ya hau rami da daddare kuma ya gano cewa galibi akwai mutum ɗaya a mafaka, wani lokaci biyu. Burrows yawanci hanyar sadarwa ce ta hanyoyin sadarwa, kuma ɗayan yana da tsawon mita 20. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun yi rami, sauyawa, ko faɗaɗa ramuka kuma galibi suna ziyartar gidajen juna.
Dabba mai shayarwa tana da ciyawa. Manyan jaws an daidaita shi don tauna ciyawar ciyawa. Yunkurin motsawar dabbobi gajeru ne, masu ƙarfi, masu iya sara abincin fibrous cikin ƙananan guda.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: waɗannan marsupials ne kawai ke da irin wannan dogon lokacin. Abin mamaki ne cewa hakora suna ci gaba da girma cikin rayuwa. Wannan tsari yana ramawa ne saboda weararfi mai karfi akan bishiyar ciyawar da dabbobi ke ci.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabbar Wombat
Tsuntsaye masu tsire-tsire, tare da nauyi, jiki mai kauri a gajerun kafafu, kai mai daure kai da wutsiyar da ba ta ci gaba ba, suna da inuwar fur daga haske mai launin toka zuwa ruwan kasa mai zurfi. Fatar tana da karfi sosai, musamman lokacin farin ciki a bayanta.
Dukkanin kwarangwal dinsa an gyara shi yadda zaiyi rami sosai. Giryallen kirji yana da nauyi da ƙarfi, humerus yana da faɗi da girma. Legananan goshin kafa suna da ƙarfi tare da ƙafafu masu faɗi. A kafafu masu karkacewa akwai yatsun kafa biyar tare da doguwar ƙafafu masu lankwasa, waɗanda ba sa nan sai kawai a farkon ƙafafun kafa na baya.
Bidiyo: Wombat
Abubuwan da aka zana din, wadanda aka yi su biyu-biyu, iri daya ne da na beraye, banda su akwai kuma wasu hakoran karya da kuma zobba guda hudu a kan kowane muƙamuƙi, wanda ke ba dabbobi damar cizon da ciyawar ciyawa. Dabbobi ba su da gani sosai, amma suna jin ƙamshi da ji da kyau, suna taimakawa kewaya sararin samaniya. Hakanan suna da ikon gano motsi ƙasa. Yanzu akwai nau'ikan waɗannan marsups guda uku. Ofayansu yana daga jinsin gajeren gashi mai suna Vombatus ursinus, suma ana kiransu marasa gashi, tunda babu gashi akan hancin waɗannan dabbobi. Hakanan akwai ƙananan ursinus guda uku.
Matsakaicin tsayin daka na marsupial yakai 105 cm, kuma nauyinsa yakai 28 kg. Waɗannan ƙananan raƙuman da ke rayuwa a kan tsibirin sun fi ƙanƙanta (80-90 cm, 17-20 kg) idan aka kwatanta su da usan uwan, wanda matsakaicin nauyinsa zai iya kaiwa 40 kilogiram, kuma tsawon sa ya kai -130 cm. launuka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mutanen da suke tsirara na iya haɗa yatsunsu cikin naushi, yayin da masu dogon gashi ba za su iya ba.
Cikin mahaifa masu dogon gashi sun hada da nau'i biyu:
- Lasiorhinus latifrons ko kudu - 70-90 cm, 19-32 kg;
- Lasiorhinus krefftii ko arewa - 100 cm, 40 kg.
Waɗannan siffofin, idan aka kwatanta da tsirara:
- gashi mai laushi;
- kirji, kunci na launi mai haske;
- kan ya karami kuma yayi shimfide;
- sau da yawa akwai wuraren haske a sama da idanu;
- Jawo yana da launin toka-toka ko kalar ruwan kasa;
- gajere kaifi;
- kashin hanci, ya fi na gaba.
Marsupials masu dogon gashi na Arewa suna da hanci mai fadi, mata sun fi maza girma saboda yawan kitse.
A ina ne mata ke rayuwa?
Photo: Dabbar Wombat ta Ostiraliya
Masu gajeren gashi suna zaune a cikin jihohin: Sabo. Kudu. Wales, Victoria, Kudu Ostiraliya. Theananan ƙananan ƙananan suna rayuwa a tsibirin Tasmania da Flinders. Sun mamaye yankuna a cikin gandun daji da dazuzzuka, yankuna masu ɓarna da yankuna masu tsayi. Suna haƙa manyan ramuka masu tsayi ko'ina.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An gano cewa yankuna masu mallakar gashi masu gashi na tsawon lokaci zasu iya zama daga 1000 zuwa 3500 m2, kuma ramuka suna da hanyar shiga 7 zuwa 59. A cikin karatun farkon karnin da ya gabata, an faɗi game da mulkin mallaka wanda yakai 80x800 m ko 64,000 m2.
Dogayen halittun suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin Kudancin Ostiraliya, a yamma da Victoria, a kudu maso yammacin New. Kudu. Wales, a cikin tsakiyar da kudancin Queensland. Suna zaɓar wurare tare da ciyawar daji, waɗanda ke cike da bishiyoyi, sararin samaniya tare da yanayi mai ƙarancin bushewa, da nau'ikan kudanci - a yankuna masu bushewa, a cikin dazuzzuka, da kuma shuke-shuke.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mata masu hauka suna haƙa rami tare da tafin hannu ɗaya na kusan minti 5, sa'annan su canza zuwa ɗayan, suyi amfani da incisors ɗinsu don yankewa ta hanyar matsalolin ƙasa, tushen.
Yanayin mummunan yanayi wanda kudanci mai dogon gashi yake rayuwa yana bayyana a cikin kuzarinsa. A cikin bauta, an gano ƙimar rayuwarsu ta rayuwa mai rauni ƙwarai idan aka kwatanta da mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa da marsupials.
Menene macen mata take ci?
Hotuna: Wombat a Ostiraliya
Marsupials suna cin tsire-tsire masu ciyawa, gansakuka, samarin matasa na shrubs. Suna neman abinci da 'ya'yan itace,' ya'yan itatuwa, namomin kaza. Ta hanyar shan ruwan sha, za a iya kwatanta ciyawa da raƙuma. An daidaita shi daidai da yanayin bushewar nahiya kuma cokali huɗu na ruwa a cikin kilogiram 1 na nauyin jiki a kowace rana sun ishe shi, galibi suna karɓar nauyin duka tare da abinci. Idan aka kwatanta, kangaroos yana shan ruwa sau huɗu.
Hanyoyin kudanci masu hanci-hanci sun fi son nutsuwa da ciyawar shekara-shekara da ke girma a cikin daji, sannan kuma suna cinye tsire-tsire na kiwo na wucin gadi, ciyawar ganye da ganyen bishiyun bishiyoyi idan ba abincin da suke so. Yawancin menu sun ƙunshi ciyawar fuka-fukai Stipa nitida, lokacin da dabbar ta ciji ciyawar, sai ta sake girma, tare da ƙirƙirar wuraren da suka fi yawa na sabbin harbi.
Thearfin hanji babba ne, kuma babban hanji yana faɗaɗawa don ɗauke da ƙarar ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cellulose. Abinci yana tsayawa a cikin hanji na tsawan lokaci (kimanin awanni 70) don kara karyewar zaren. Yana daukar sati daya zuwa biyu kafin narkewar abinci gaba daya. Saboda wannan, dabbobin suna jurewa lokacin cin abinci na dogon lokaci - kimanin kwanaki 10, wannan yana taimaka musu su rayu cikin yanayin busassun.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tare da leben sama mai yatsu, dabbobi suna zaɓar abinci sosai. Wannan tsarin yana taimaka wa masu rami su tsinke kananan ganyayyaki a gindi.
Gabobin narkewa suna da tsari na musamman: karamin cakuda da babba, an kasu kashi biyu. Theakin na baya yana da ɗan kaɗan kuma yana da wurin kumburi, yayin da na baya ya fi girma, inda aka sake sabunta ruwa. Ta wannan hanyar, dabbar tana kiyaye danshi ta hanyar tura yawancin urea a cikin hanji ba tare da fitar da shi azaman fitsari ba.
Wadannan dabbobin suna yin fitsari kasa da sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma najasar ta bushe sosai (adadin damshin dake cikinsu ya kai kashi 40%). Dabbobi masu laushi suna da matakan hormone mafi ƙanƙanci idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobi. Abincin da mahaifar ciki ke ci yana samar da wadataccen ƙarfi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana samun nau'in kwari na herbivore excrement daga tsokoki na hanji, an matsa su da ƙarfi daban-daban. Daga waɗannan cubes, an gina marsupial a cikin wani nau'in shinge.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoton: matan Australiya
Wadannan halittu masu rikitarwa suna ciyarwa galibi da dare kuma suna hutawa a ɓoye da rana. Yana da mahimmanci musamman yayin zabar abinci, a cikin dabbobin da ke aiki a cikin duhun rana, jin ƙamshi yana wasa. Kabarinsu yana samar musu da maboyar mafarauta kuma hakan yana kiyaye su daga matsanancin yanayin zafi da yanayin bushewa.
Kananan yara, waɗanda ke da ƙarancin ƙarancin rayuwa, tare da saurin saurin wucewar abinci ta cikin hanji da ingancin abin da suke narkar da abinci, suna ciyar da lokaci kaɗan kamar sauran dabbobi masu wannan girman, kuma suna iya iya cinye mafi yawan lokacinsu a cikin kabarinsu. ... Mazauninsu karami ne don ciyawar wannan girman, yawanci ƙasa da kadada 20.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna tonowa, suna yin ƙasa da ƙafafunsu na gaba, suna jefa ƙasa baya. Marsupials sannan, kamar bulldozers, suna ɗauke ta daga cikin ramin, suna mai da baya. Matsayin yayi girma, kusan 30 m ko fiye. Kowace maboya tana da mashigai da yawa, ragunan gefen, da kuma dakunan hutawa. Ramin raƙuman dabba na kudu suna da wahala musamman, ana yin su ne don ƙarni da yawa.
Dabbobi yawanci suna ciyarwa kuma suna rayuwa su kaɗai, amma siffofin kudu na marsupials masu hanci-gashi na iya taruwa a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. Hakanan, ana samun gungu a cikin kabarin mutumin arewa mai gashi mai gashi. Canungiya na iya amfani da tsarin motsawa ɗaya. Koyaya, koda lokacin da mutane biyu sukayi amfani da burbur ɗaya, suna mamaye sassa daban daban na shi.
Akwai shaidu da ke nuna cewa mace daga cikin jinsunan arewa da kuma na matan da aka fi sani da mata suna iya barin burkin gidansu a wani mataki a rayuwarsu, yayin da maza suka fi kusa da gidan. Wannan baƙon abu bane - a yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa, maza koyaushe suna barin mafaka. Wannan na iya nuna cewa rukunin mutanen da ke zaune a rukunin matsugunai a yankunan da jinsunan arewacin ke rayuwa, sun kunshi maza da mata masu dangantaka.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby wombat
Akwai gasa tsakanin maza don ikon saduwa da mata, amma ba a san cikakken bayani ba. Ana bayyana mamayar ta hanyar ta'adi. A lokacin saduwa, maza suna zaune a cikin kabarinsu, kuma mata suna shiga yankinsu. Lokacin kiwo yana tsayawa tsawon shekara. A waɗancan yankuna inda akwai tsawan lokaci na fari mai tsawo, dabbobi na haifuwa lokaci-lokaci. Yawancin yara suna kyankyashewa a watan Oktoba.
Maraƙi ne kawai aka haifa makonni uku bayan farawar ciki, nan da nan aka ɗauke shi cikin jaka ya zauna a ciki na tsawon watanni shida zuwa tara. Zuwa watanni shida, an riga an rufe shi da ɗan farin ulu, idanunsa a buɗe, kuma nauyin ya kusan rabin kilo. Yana kiwo kusa da mahaifiyarsa kuma yana shayar da madara, yana dogaro da ita har tsawon shekara ɗaya bayan barin jakar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An bude buhunan Wombat, an shirya wannan ta yadda kasa da dabbobin zasu tono ba zata fada ramin ba.
Dabbobi sun kai girman manya da shekaru uku. Maza sun balaga yayin da suke shekara biyu, mata a shekaru uku. Dabbobi suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi na kimanin shekaru 15, kuma suna cikin zaman talala har zuwa shekaru 25.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi tsawon rayuwar halittar Ostireliya a cikin fursuna shine shekaru 34, wani "tsoho" ya zauna a dajin namun daji a Ballarat tsawon shekaru 31. An rubuta mutuwarsa a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 2017, nauyinsa a lokacin rayuwarsa ya kai kilogiram 38. Mota ta buge. Yaron da aka samu a cikin jaka ya fito, an yi ƙoƙarin sakin shi sau biyu a cikin daji, amma ya dawo.
Sake haifuwa daga nau'in dabbobi na kudanci yana faruwa ne yayin da yawan ciyawa ya yawaita a yanayi. Wannan na faruwa a lokacin damuna. Daga watan Agusta zuwa Oktoba, ana samun ruwan sama mai yawa, yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga ci gaban ciyayi. A wannan lokacin, maza sun ƙaru da matakan testosterone, kuma mata suna yin kwaya. Wannan baya faruwa a lokacin rani.
Don sadarwa tare da juna, waɗannan marsupials suna amfani da alamar ƙanshin gland, da kuma muryar magana. Suna yin surutai marasa ƙarfi, kamar dai suna tari, tare da damuwa, sautin ya zama mai kaifi. Uwa tana sadarwa tare da thean san ƙarami.
Abokan gaba na mahaifa
Hotuna: Giant Wombat
Wadannan shuke-shuke marasa kyau suna da makiya da yawa. Dingos shine babban mai farautar su, tare da kyarkyata da shedanun Tasmania a cikin Tasmania. Ga jarirai da ƙananan samfuran, mikiya, mujiya da kuma kwalliyar gabas (marsupial marten) suma suna da barazana. Kerkeken Tasmania, wanda ya riga ya bace, ya kasance yana farautar wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Kari akan haka, kuliyoyi masu jijiyoyin jiki na iya yada cuta ga halittu masu rikitarwa da kai hari ga yara. Haka kuma karnukan daji da na gida suna afkawa manya. A lokacin hunturu, dawakai suna amfani da rami na herbivore don tsari. Wannan shine dalilin yaduwar man kifin mai sarcoptic, wanda ke makale a jikin fatar dabbobi masu dumi.
Gaskiya mai nishadi: Watan mace tana da fata mai ƙarfi a bayanta kuma kusan babu jela. Idan mai farauta har yanzu yana iya kama shi, da wuya ya cireshi daga mahalli. Hakanan, ba zato ba tsammani an tura marsupial da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi suka danna maharin a bango, ta haka ya fasa muƙamuƙi, hanci, ko ma kashe shi, ya hana shi numfashi.
Cutar taƙama zata iya kashe dabbobi, musamman lokacin da matasa ko waɗanda suka ji rauni. Wannan cutar ta fi yaduwa a mafi yawan zangon halittu marasa gashi kuma wasu na ganin shine babban abin da ke haifar da mutuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa. Musamman suna iya kamuwa da cutar scabies lokacin damuwa ko rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Har ila yau, Marsupials dole ne su yi gasa don abinci tare da dabbobin da aka shigo da su kamar zomo, tumaki, awaki da shanu. Shanu kuma na iya lalata burbushin.
Mutum shine babban maƙiyin jarumi. Lalacewar mazauninsu na asali, da farauta, tarko da guba, ya rage yawan mutane a yankuna da yawa, kuma wasu sun lalata shi gaba ɗaya. Tsallaka hanyoyi, dabbobi da yawa suna mutuwa ƙarƙashin ƙafafun motoci.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Wombat Red Book
Yankin rarraba dabbar yanada iyaka sosai kuma yafi girma sosai fiye da da. Yanzu an kare mace daga dukkan sassan Australia banda gabashin Victoria. A cikin wannan halin, ya lalata shinge masu tabbatar da zomo.
A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, jinsin mara gashi na iya samun yawan mutane daga 0.3 zuwa 0.5 a kowace kadada, tare da gida mai girman hekta 5 zuwa 27 wanda zai ninka burrai da yawa kuma ya mamaye sauran mahaifa. Girman gidansu ya dogara da wuri da ingancin filayen ciyarwar. Wannan nau'in ba shi da kariya a cikin Victoria kuma ana sanya shi a matsayin Mai Raɗa jiki a Tsibirin Flinders.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: womban mahaifan ciki suna koyon rami ta hanyar haƙa ramin mahaifiyarsu. Misali, suna iya haƙa ƙaramin gefen gefen kansu.
Vombatus ursinus an tsara shi azaman Concananan Damuwa ta Lissafin IUCN. An gano jinsunan masu gashi mai tsawo a matsayin masu hatsari.
Barazana ga ciyawar ciyawar sune:
- lalata mazaunin;
- ci gaban birane;
- m gandun daji;
- gasar tare da zomaye da dabbobi don abinci;
- guba don zomo;
- farauta;
- haɗarin zirga-zirga.
Yawancin mutane sun lalace a farkon karni na ashirin. Babban dalilin shi ne gasa don makiyaya. Yawancin dabbobin da ke cikin hatsari suna karkashin kariyar Epping Forest National Park a Queensland. Sabbin herbivore ba su da darajar kasuwanci, amma marsupials ana ƙaunata sosai a Ostiraliya.
Kariyar mata
Hotuna: Marsupial wombat
Littafin Ja ya bayyana a matsayin haɗarin Lasiorhinus latifron. Kudancin mai dogon gashi ya kai mutane dubu 100-300, a cewar wasu kiyasi, kawuna dubu 180. Mahalli ba shi da haɗin kai, amma an rarraba.A cikin shekarun bushe, haifuwa tana tsayawa. Inara yawan lambobi na buƙatar sake zagayowar ruwan sama na shekaru uku.
Lasiorhinus krefftii wata tsohuwar tsuntsuwa ce mai dogon gashi wacce aka gano a cikin Littafin Ja kamar yadda yake cikin hatsari. Yawan mahaifa masu gashin arewa sun kai 115. A farkon shekarun 80 na karnin da ya gabata, lambar ta ragu da guda 30 zuwa 40. A cikin 1982, keɓe shanu daga kewayon ya haifar da ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin jama'a. Lokacin fari na iya rage adadin dabbobi sosai, kamar yadda suka yi a tsakiyar shekarun 1990. A shekarar 2000, an kashe dinoes 15-20. Yanzu shingen kilomita 20 ya rufe duka yankin.
Don kiyaye yawan jama'a, ya zama dole a rage ayyukan noma a mazaunin dabbobi. Aikin hakar kasa yana haifar da lalata burbushin dabbobi da mutuwarsu. Mamayewar ciyawar maras kyau ga yanki da aka ba na iya taka mummunan rawa wajen rage yawan jama'a. A Ostiraliya, an kafa cibiyoyi da yawa don kare waɗannan marsupials da kula da samfuran da suka ji rauni da jarirai.
Don adana yanayin ɗabi'ar Australiya, ya zama dole a kula da yanayin yankunan da waɗannan dabbobin suke, guje wa dasa gandun daji na pine da sauran tsire-tsire waɗanda ba sa cikin menu na su. Wombat yana jin daɗi a cikin kariya kuma ya sami nasarar haifuwa a wuraren shakatawa da zoo, inda tsawon rayuwarsu ya kai shekaru talatin.
Ranar bugawa: 16.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 16.09.2019 a 0:35
