Springbok - wata dabbar daji da ke zaune a Afirka, ita ce mai tseren gaske da kuma babbar tsalle. A yaren Latin, an samo sunan Antidorcas marsupialis ga wannan mashahurin ta ɗan masanin ƙasar Eber Eberhard von Zimmermann. Da farko, ya danganta kofato mai dusar ƙanƙanuwa ga halittar ƙahonin ɓarna. Daga baya, a cikin 1847, Carl Sundewald ya raba dabba mai shayarwa zuwa jinsin halittar da ke da suna iri ɗaya.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Springbok
Waɗannan bovids sun sami suna ne saboda yanayin halayyar su: suna tsalle sosai, kuma akuya mai tsalle tana kama da bazara a cikin Jamusanci da Dutch. Sunan Latin na jinsin ya jaddada cewa ba na bareba bane, ma'ana, anti ko "non-barezara".
Takamaiman sunan shine marsupialis, wanda aka fassara daga Latin, yana nufin aljihu. A cikin wannan abin al'ajabin, ana samun fatar fata daga wutsiya a tsakiyar bayanta, wanda a cikin kwanciyar hankali an rufe kuma ba a iya gani. Yayin tsalle-tsalle a tsaye, yana buɗewa, yana fallasar da furcin farin-dusar ƙanƙara.
Dabbar da ke cikin dangi na ainihin dabbobin daji na da nau'ikan ra'ayoyi uku:
- Afirka ta Kudu;
- kalahari;
- Angola.
Mafi dangin dangi na bazara shine barewa, gerenuki, ko rakumin dawa, barewar dawa da saigas, waɗanda duk mallakar wannan dangin ne. Nau'ukan zamani na wadannan dabbobin daji sun samo asali ne daga Antidorcas recki a cikin Pleistocene. A baya can, mazaunin wadannan dabbobin sun bazu zuwa yankunan arewacin nahiyar Afirka. Ana samun dadaddun burbushin halittu a cikin Pliocene. Akwai wasu nau'ikan halittu guda biyu na wannan nau'in na artiodactyls, wanda ya bace tun shekaru dubu bakwai da suka gabata. Abubuwan da aka samo a Afirka ta Kudu sun samo asali ne tun lokacin shekaru dubu 100 BC.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Dabba springbok
Mai siririn matsakaiciya mai doguwar wuya da ƙafafu masu tsayi yana da tsayin jiki na 1.5-2 m. Tsayin a bushe da ƙwanƙwara kusan iri ɗaya ne kuma ya fara ne daga 70 zuwa 90 cm.Maunin mata a matsakaita ya kai kilogiram 37.5, a cikin maza - 40 kg Girman jela ya fara daga 14-28 cm, akwai ƙaramin baƙar fata a ƙarshen. Gajeren gashi yana kusa da jiki. Kowane ɗayan maza da mata suna da ƙahonin launin ruwan kasa masu duhu (35-50 cm). Suna kama da leda a cikin sifa, sansanonin suna madaidaiciya, kuma a sama suna lanƙwasawa. A tushe, diamita su shine 70-83 mm. Earsananan kunnuwa (15-19 cm), suna zaune tsakanin ƙaho, an nuna su a saman. Mulos din yana da tsayi, mai siffar triangular. Vesyallen kofato-matsakaiciya na tsakiya suna da ƙarshen kaifi, hooves na gefe kuma an bayyana su da kyau.
Wuya, baya, rabin rabin ƙafafun baya - launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Ciki, ɓangaren ƙasa akan tarnaƙi, madubi, gefen ciki na ƙafafu, ƙananan wuyan wuya. A gefen jikin, a kwance, a raba launin ruwan kasa da fari, akwai ratsi mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Akwai tabo mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske a jikin farin bakin, tsakanin kunnuwa. Wani bakin duhu yana gangarowa daga idanu zuwa baki.
Hakanan akwai nau'ikan kere-kere, ta hanyar zabi, dabbobi masu launin baki da kalar cakulan mai ruwan toka da fari a fuska, kazalika da fari, wanda yake da ratsi mai launin ruwan kasa a bangarorin. Peananan ra'ayoyi kuma sun bambanta da launi.
Afirka ta Kudu launi ce mai kaurin kirji mai duhu a gefuna da ratsi mai sauƙi a kan bakin. Kalahari - yana da launi mai haske, tare da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ko kusan ratsi mai baƙi a gefuna. A kan bakin bakin akwai ratsi masu yalwar launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Subsungiyoyin Angola masu launin ja ne mai launin ruwan ƙasa tare da ɓoye a gefen baki. A kan bakin bakin akwai ratsi masu launin ruwan kasa masu fadi fiye da na sauran rabe-raben, ba sa kai bakin.
A ina ne springbok ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Bakin-bazara na Springbok
A baya can, zangon rabarwar wannan dabbar daddare ya mamaye yankuna tsakiya da yammacin Afirka ta kudu, ya shiga kudu maso yammacin Angola, a cikin filayen yamma na yammacin Lesotho. Har yanzu ana samun ungulate a cikin wannan zangon, amma a Angola ƙarami ne. Ana samun Ruminant a yankunan busassun kudu da kudu maso yamma na nahiyar. Springbok ana samunsa da yawa a cikin Hamada Kalahari har zuwa Namibia, Botswana. A Botswana, ban da hamadar Kalahari, ana samun dabbobi masu shayarwa a yankin tsakiya da kudu maso yamma. Godiya ga wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, wannan dabba ta wanzu a Afirka ta Kudu.
Ana samun sa a cikin lardin KwaZulu-Natal, arewacin Bushveld, da kuma a wasu wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren bautar namun daji masu zaman kansu:
- Kgalagadi a arewacin Cape;
- Sanbona;
- Aquila kusa da Cape Town;
- Addo Giwa kusa da Port Elizabeth;
- Pilanesberg.
Wuraren da ake samun ruwan bazara shine busassun makiyaya, dazuzzuka masu shrub, savannas da hamadar hamada masu ƙarancin ciyawa, ciyayi masu wuya. Ba sa shiga hamada, duk da cewa suna iya faruwa a yankunan da ke iyaka da su. A cikin busassun daji suna ɓoyewa daga iska kawai a lokacin sanyi. Suna kaurace wa wurare masu ciyayi masu tsayi ko bishiyoyi.
Menene springbok ke ci?
Hotuna: Springbok
Abincin mai shayarwa yana da ƙaranci kuma ya ƙunshi ganyaye, hatsi, abinci mai ɗaci da kayan maye. Mafi yawanci suna son shuke-shuken, suna cin harbe-harbensu, ganye, toho, furanni da fruitsa fruitsan itace, gwargwadon lokacin. Yatsin alade - tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire-tsire wanda ke haifar da matsala ga aikin gona, yana da dogayen tushe a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma zai iya hayayyafa ko da a tarkace. Alade yana da babban rabo daga tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a cikin abincin bazara, tare da hatsi tymeda tretychinkova.
Lateungiyar ta daidaita sosai da rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayin yanayin kudu maso yamma na Afirka. A lokacin da tsire-tsire ke cike da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, a lokacin damina, ba sa bukatar shan ruwa, yayin da suke kiwo a ciyawar da ke da ruwa. A lokutan bushewa, lokacin da murfin ciyawar ya kone, dabbobin daji suna canzawa zuwa cin harbe-harbe da tsire-tsire. Lokacin da karancin abinci irin wannan yake, to za su iya neman karin harbe-harben da ke karkashin kasa, saiwa da tubers na shuke-shuke.
Bidiyo: Springbok
Wadannan dabbobin ba zasu iya ziyartar wuraren shayarwa na dogon lokaci ba, amma idan akwai hanyoyin samun ruwa a kusa, bovids din suna amfani da su duk lokacin da aka samu su. A cikin yanayi, idan ciyawar ta riga ta ƙone gaba ɗaya a rana mai zafi, suna ƙoƙari su nemi ruwa su sha na dogon lokaci. A lokutan bushe, dabbobi masu shayarwa suna ciyarwa da dare, saboda haka yana da sauki a kula da daidaiton ruwa: da daddare yanayin zafi yana sama, wanda ke ƙara yawan ruwan itace a cikin tsire-tsire.
A cikin karni na 19, yayin lokacin hijira, lokacin da bovids ke motsawa a cikin mutane da yawa, su, har suka kai ga gabar teku, suka fada ruwan, suka sha shi suka mutu. Nan da nan wasu mutane suka karbe wurin su, sakamakon haka ne aka kirkiri tarin gawarwakin dabbobi marasa sa'a a bakin teku na tsawon kilomita hamsin.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Dabba springbok
Ruminants sun fi aiki a wayewar gari da faduwar rana, amma tsawon lokacin aikin ya dogara da yanayin yanayi. A lokacin zafi, zata iya ciyarwa da daddare, kuma a cikin watanni masu sanyi, da rana. Don hutawa, dabbobi suna zama a inuwa, ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, idan ya yi sanyi, sukan huta a sararin sama. Matsakaicin lokacin rayuwar dabbobi masu shayarwa shine shekaru 4.2.
Springboks ya kasance yana da alamun ƙaura a cikin babban garken garken dabbobi, ana kiransu trekkboken. Yanzu irin waɗannan ƙaura ba su da girma, ana iya kiyaye su a cikin Botswana. Rage yawan dabbobin da ke ciki yana ba su damar wadatarwa da wadatar abinci da ke wurin. A baya, lokacin da ake lura da irin waɗannan motsi koyaushe, suna faruwa kowane shekara goma.
Mutanen da ke kiwo a gefunan garken sun fi hankali da faɗakarwa. Wannan dukiyar tana raguwa gwargwadon ci gaban ƙungiyar. Kusa da daji ko hanyoyi, sa ido yana ƙaruwa. Manya maza sun fi kulawa da hankali fiye da mata ko samari. A matsayin gaisuwa, unguan ungulaye suna yin ƙara da kakaki kuma suna rawar murya idan akwai kararrawa.
Wani fasalin da kebantattun halaye na waɗannan tsaran shine tsalle mai tsayi. Gwanaye da yawa suna iya tsalle da kyau da tsayi. Springbok yana tattara kofato a wani lokaci, yana sunkuyar da kai ƙasa yana ɗaga bayansa, ya yi tsayi zuwa tsayin mita biyu. Yayin wannan motsawar, wani ninka ya bude a bayansa, a wannan lokacin ana iya ganin farin fur din dake ciki.
Tsalle ana iya ganinsa daga nesa, yana kama da siginar haɗari ga duk wanda ke kusa. Ta hanyar irin waɗannan ayuka, mai dabbobi zai iya rikitar da mai farautar da ke jiran abin farauta. Rashin tsalle ya tsalle saboda tsoro ko kuma lura da wani abu da ba za'a iya fahimta ba. A wannan lokacin, garken garken duka na iya yin gudu don gudu cikin sauri har zuwa 88 km / h.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Bakin-bazara na Springbok
Springboks sune dabbobi masu shayarwa. A lokacin da babu ruwan sama, suna motsawa cikin kananan kungiyoyi (daga mutane biyar zuwa mutane da yawa). Wadannan rukunoni suna yin garken dabbobi a lokutan damina. A cikin irin waɗannan al'ummomin, har zuwa kawuna dubu ɗaya da rabi, dabbobi suna ƙaura, don neman wurare da wadatattun ciyayi.
A cikin 1896, babban katako na bazara a lokacin ƙaura ya shiga cikin babban shafi, wanda faɗinsa ya kasance kilomita 25 da tsawon kilomita 220. Maza sun fi zama marasa tsaro, suna kula da rukunin yanar gizon su, matsakaicin yanki wanda kusan 200,000 m2 ne. Suna yiwa yankinsu alamar fitsari da tarin taki. Mata a wannan yankin suna cikin harem. Namijinsu na kariya ne daga shigar kishiyoyi. Harem, a matsayin mai mulkin, ya ƙunshi mata dozin.
Maza da ba su balaga ba ana ajiye su a ƙananan rukuni na kawuna 50. Balaga da jima'i a cikin su na faruwa ne daga shekaru biyu, a cikin mata a baya - a cikin watanni shida da haihuwa. Rutting da lokacin saduwa suna farawa a ƙarshen lokacin damina daga farkon Fabrairu zuwa ƙarshen Mayu. Lokacin da namiji ya nuna ƙarfinsa, sai ya yi tsalle sama tare da dawo da baya kowane stepsan matakai. A wannan yanayin, ninka a baya yana buɗewa, a kansa akwai bututun gland tare da sirri na musamman wanda ke fitar da ƙamshi mai ƙarfi. A wannan lokacin, ana yin faɗa tsakanin maza tare da amfani da makamai - ƙaho. Wanda ya yi nasara yana bin mace; idan, a sakamakon irin wannan bin, ma'aurata suka shiga yankin wani namiji, to, sai biyun ya ƙare, mace ta zaɓi mai shafin a matsayin abokiyar zamanta.
Ciki yakai makonni 25. Lokacin kiɗa yana farawa daga watan Agusta zuwa Disamba, tare da ƙarshensa a Nuwamba. Dabbobi suna aiki tare da haihuwar cuba cuba tare da yawan ruwan sama: a lokacin damina, akwai ciyawa mai yawa don abinci. Zuriya suna da ɗayan, sau da yawa ƙananan 'yan maruƙa biyu. Jarirai suna tashi da ƙafafunsu a rana ta gaba ko ta uku bayan haihuwa. Da farko, suna ɓoye a cikin wurin da aka keɓe, a cikin daji, a wannan lokacin uwar tana kiwo a nesa da ɗan maraƙin, ya dace da ciyarwa kawai. Waɗannan tazara a hankali suna raguwa, kuma a cikin makonni 3-4 jariri yana riga yana kiwo koyaushe kusa da uwa.
Ciyar da samari yakai wata shida. Bayan haka, mata mata za su kasance tare da mahaifiyarsu har zuwa haihuwa ta gaba, kuma maza suna taruwa dabam-dabam a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. A lokutan bushewa, mata da jarirai kan yi tururuwa cikin garken dabbobi har zuwa kai ɗari.
Abokan gaba na bazara
Hotuna: Springbok a Afirka
A da, a lokacin da garkunan dabbobi masu kofato suka kasance manya-manya, masu saurin farauta ba sa kai wa waɗannan burbushin hari, tunda daga tsoro suna gudu cikin sauri kuma suna iya tattake dukkan rayayyun halittu a cikin tafarkinsu. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, makiya dabbobi suna cin ganimar ƙungiyoyi guda ɗaya ko mutane marasa lafiya, amma galibi akan samari da matasa. Springboks da ke motsawa ta cikin daji sun fi fuskantar haɗarin maharan, tunda suna da wahalar hanawa, kuma abokan gaba sukan tarko su a wurin.
Hadarin ga wadannan dabbobin shine:
- zakuna;
- karen Afirka na daji;
- jackal mai goyon baya na baki;
- damisa;
- Kudancin Afirka ta Kudu;
- cheetah;
- kuraye;
- caracal.
Daga gashin tsuntsaye masu ruwa, nau'ikan gaggafa sun kawo hari, za su iya kama san ƙwace. Hakanan caracals, karnukan daji da kuliyoyi, diloli, kuraye suna farautar jarirai. Waɗannan masu farautar ba za su iya cim ma manya-manyan kafafu da masu saurin tsalle ba. Zakuna suna kallon dabbobi marasa lafiya ko marasa ƙarfi. Damisa na kwanto tare da kwanto abinsu. Cheetahs, waɗanda ke iya yin takara cikin sauri tare da waɗannan kayan fasaha, suna tsara farauta.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Springbok
Yawan dabbobi masu yawan dabbobi ya ragu sosai a cikin karnin da ya gabata, kuma ya bace daga sassa da dama na Afirka ta Kudu sakamakon halaka dan adam da kuma wata annoba ta dabbobi. Ana farautar 'Springboks', saboda naman ɓarna, fatansu da ƙaho suna da farin jini sosai. Yawancin mutane yanzu suna zaune a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren kariya masu zaman kansu a duk cikin tsohuwar kewayon yanayi. Ana kiwon su a gonaki tare da tumaki. Bukatar nama da fatu na wannan dabbobin yana motsa mazaunan yankin su yi kiwon su a cikin bauta.
A wasu yankuna na Namibia da Kalahari, ana samun 'yan damina cikin' yanci, amma ƙaura da sasantawa kyauta ana iyakantasu ta hanyar yin shinge. Sun daina samunsu a cikin dajin savannah saboda kaska, wadanda suke dauke da cuta, tare da tarin ruwa a kusa da zuciya. Masu ba da izini ba su da hanyoyin magance wannan cutar.
Rarraba ƙananan kamfanoni yana da yankuna nasa:
- Ana samun Afirka ta Kudu a Afirka ta Kudu, kudu da kogin. Lemu mai zaki Akwai kimanin kawuna miliyan 1.1 a nan, wanda kusan miliyan ɗaya ke rayuwa a cikin Karu;
- Kalakhara ya yadu a arewacin kogin. Orange, a kan yankin Afirka ta Kudu (mutane dubu 150), Botswana (dubu 100), kudancin Namibia (dubu 730);
- Angola tana zaune a arewacin ƙasar Namibia (lambar da ba a ƙaddara ba), a kudancin Angola (kofi dubu 10).
Gabaɗaya, akwai kofi dubu 1,400,000-1750,000 na wannan bishiyar. IUCN ba ta yarda cewa yawan jama'a na fuskantar barazana ba, babu abin da ke barazana ga rayuwar jinsin na tsawon lokaci. An rarraba dabba a cikin rukunin LC a matsayin dabba mafi ƙarancin barazana. An ba da izinin farauta da fatauci a lokacin bazara. Namansa, ƙahoninsa, fatarsa, fatarsa ana buƙata, kuma samfuran taxidermy suma sun shahara. Wannan dabba mai shayarwa tana da daraja nau'in kiwo a kudancin Afirka. Saboda kyakkyawan dandano, nama shine wadataccen kayan fitarwa.
A baya damfara mummunan lalacewa, kamar lokacin ƙaura ya tattake ya ci amfanin gona. Hukumomin ƙasashen da ke kudu maso yammacin Afirka suna ɗaukar matakai daban-daban don faɗaɗa wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da kuma adana wannan nau'in ungulu a cikin daji.
Ranar bugawa: 11.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 16.09.2019 a 15:21
