Kamchatka zakarya, Arctic squirrel, Beringian squirrel, Beringian ground squirrel, American doguwar jela squirrel, Arctic ground squirrel - duk waɗannan sunaye ne na euraska, ko evrashka, wata kyakkyawar halittar da ke rayuwa a yankin Kamchatka Peninsula da Gabas ta Tsakiya na Rasha, da Alaska da Kanada. Wannan shine ɗayan mafi girman nau'ikan ɓarna, wanda ba ya jin tsoron mutane kuma yana rayuwa ba kawai a cikin daji ba, har ma a ƙananan ƙauyuka.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Evrazhka
Arctic squirrel (lat. Citellus parryi) wani ɗan sanda ne na dangin squirrel, wanda ke cikin jinsin ƙasa, wanda aka samo a cikin tudu, makiyaya da yankunan tundra na Arewacin Hemisphere, kusa da Arctic Circle. Kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin manyan wakilai irinsa, daidaikun mutane masu girman kai suna girma yayin da suke bazu - arewa mafi nisa da mazaunin, mafi girman gophers za su kasance.
Gull ko gull, a bayyane, an ambaci su ne saboda son ɓoyewa a cikin kwari da kwazazzabai, gami da tona ramuka a wurin. Koyaya, mazauna yankin Kamchatka, wadanda ke kiransu da haka, basa bayar da cikakken bayanai game da asalin irin wannan sunan ga wadannan dabbobi - an rasa su tsawon karnonin da suka gabata. Waɗannan su ne manyan dabbobi masu laushi tare da almara mai ban sha'awa, wanda ke halayyar kowane irin ɓoyayyen ƙasa da ke son bincika abubuwan da ke kewaye da su, suna miƙewa zuwa tsayinsu gaba ɗaya sama da dogon ciyawa.
Suna da abokantaka sosai ga mutane kuma suna cin abincin hannu. Wannan ita ce babbar hanyar da aka fi sani don ƙayyade kimanin shekarun dabba - tsofaffin mutane sun cika kuncinsu da gudu don tarawa, kuma matasa suna cin komai a wurin.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Dabba Eurasian
Tsuntsayen Arctic ko euraska sun kai tsawon santimita 25-32 idan ya zo ga yawan jama'ar Chukchi, kuma mutanen Alaskan sun fi girma - za su iya kaiwa santimita 30-40. Wutsiyar waɗannan dabbobin ya ɗan fi kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsawon jiki tsawo - har zuwa santimita 14 a cikin manyan mutane. Nauyin jikin waɗannan dabbobin ya kai gram 800.
Jawo na wannan dabba a cikin ciki da ƙafafu ja ne, launi mai launi. Baya da wutsiya na gingerbread na Eurasia sun fi duhu, masu launi ja-kasa-kasa, an rufe su da manya-manyan aibobi, sun fi haske fiye da babban inuwa. An rufe kansa da ko da duhu mafi duhu, wanda yake kusa da launin ruwan kasa. Har ila yau, wutsiya tana da tabo mai duhu, wanda aka nuna ta gefen baki na annular. A cikin 'yan matan Eurasia, fur din yana da daidaitaccen launi, ba mai rarrabewa kuma ba shi da launi mai haske, ba tare da tabo da duhu ba.
Kamar sauran nau'ikan, ƙwanƙolin ƙasa na Bering yana canza fata don lokacin bazara da damuna. Launin hunturu na euraska ya fi na bazara haske sosai, kuma yana da launuka masu launin toka. Kamar dukkan wakilan gofer genus, Ba'amurke gopher dabba ce mai hankali, sabili da haka yana da ido da ji sosai. Suna ganin haɗarin dake gabatowa daga nesa, gami da tsuntsayen ganima, kuma suna mai da martani ga motsi nan take, suna ɓuya a cikin rami.
Koyaya, a mafi yawan lokuta, matan eurasia suna saurin amsawa daidai da motsin kwatsam - ƙila ba su iya lura da wata rarrafe a hankali ko ma dacewar halitta ba.
Ofaya daga cikin siffofin rarrabewa na tsarin gophers da sauran filayen ƙasa shine na musamman, ba kamar sauran mahaukata ba, tsarin kunci da kunci. Yana bawa waɗannan dabbobin damar fitar da bushe-bushe na tsayi daban-daban a cikin jeri na sauti daban-daban - daga kilogram 2 zuwa 10. Hakanan, 'yan matan Eurasia suna da hanyoyi na musamman na daidaitawa da yanayin ƙarancin yanayi da kuma hanyar adana mai, yana basu damar rayuwa koda kuwa mafi tsananin sanyi lokacin bacci. Zafin jikin jikin wadannan halittun yana raguwa tare da yanayin zafin yanayi, gami da faduwa kasa da sifili.
Ina ne euraska yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Evrazhka a Kamchatka
Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, Kankanawar ƙasa tana rayuwa a yankunan da ke kusa da Arctic Circle har zuwa permafrost kanta, wanda ke hana waɗannan dabbobin yin rami. Mazaunin ya fadada zuwa steppe, makiyaya da yankuna tudra na Eurasia da Arewacin Amurka, waɗanda suke a tsawan da bai fi kilomita ɗaya da rabi sama da matakin teku ba.
A yankin ƙasar Rasha, mazaunin sune:
- Yana kogin.
- Tsibirin Ayon.
- Indigirka kogi.
- Tsubirin Kolyma.
- Verkhoyansk Upland.
- Yankin Chukotka.
- Yankin Kamchatka.
- Dama bankin Kolyma, Kolyma, har zuwa mashigar teku.
A Arewacin Amurka, ɓarnar ƙasa ta Bering tana zaune ne a yankunan arewacin Alaska, British Columbia da Kanada. A karshen karni na 20, yawan wadannan dabbobin sun fara yaduwa saboda fitowar karin hanyoyin abinci - mutanen kasar Eurasia sun fara matsawa kusa da manyan hanyoyi da kuma matsugunan da ke kusa da wuraren zamansu. A halin yanzu, ana samun su har ma a manyan biranen.
Kuraguron ƙasar Amurka, kamar sauran danginsa, dabba ce ta mink. Wadannan burukan galibi ana samunsu a zurfin santimita 30 zuwa 300 kuma suna da tsayin mita 15. Zurfin da tsawon burrows yana raguwa ya dogara da laushi na ƙasa kuma yayin da mazaunin ke kusantowa da permafrost, yayin da girman halittu, akasin haka, ke ƙaruwa.
Hakanan ana rarrabe wannan nau'in daga duk dangi ta hanyar tsari na musamman na burrows. A cikin dukkan gophers, gophers ne kawai ba ya haƙa fitattun hanyoyin shiga ɗakunan nesting - wanda yake a kwance ya ishe su, wanda ya fi sauƙi a ɓoye idan akwai haɗari.
Menene matar eurasia ke ci?
Hotuna: Eurasian Eurasian a Rasha
Matan Eurasia suna da komai, amma babban abincinsu ya dogara kai tsaye da mazauninsu. Abincin da aka saba da shi na makiyaya da steppe Beringian squirrels da ke zaune a cikin dumi mai dumi ya ƙunshi tsire-tsire, ciki har da mosses da lichens, yayin da lokacin ɓarkewar sanyi ya kusanci, abincin dabbobi ya fi yawa - kwari, kwari da ma gawa.
Canje-canje a cikin abincin kuma ana amfani da su a lokacin - a lokacin bazara mai aiki, 'yan matan eurasia suna cin ciyawar kore a farfajiya da kwari, amma sun kusanci lokacin hunturu, kafin su yi bacci, sai su koma asalinsu da' ya'yan itacen da ke kusa da ƙasa. A wannan lokacin, galibi suna cin lingonberries da blueberries, da kuma namomin kaza da korayen daji.
Hakanan, gandun daji na Arctic suna da amfani sosai kuma, kamar dangin su, suna yin kayayyaki. Wannan yana faruwa a rabi na biyu na lokacin bazara, da busassun ciyayi, da fruitsa ofan shrubs, je wurin ajiya.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, waɗannan halittu galibi suna neman abinci daga gidajen ɗan adam idan suna zaune kusa. A irin wannan yanayi, 'yan mata suna cin ragowar da aka samu a wuraren da ake zubar da shara, kuma ana amfani da kayayyakin burodi da hatsi azaman abincin da aka adana. Hakanan an lura da al'amuran cin naman mutane (cin irin nasu) a cikin gophers da ke zaune kusa da mutane.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Dabba Evrazhka
A cikin mazauninsu na asali, 'yan matan Eurasia suna da taka tsantsan, amma suna da ƙwazo sosai, ƙari kuma, halittun zamantakewa. Suna da abokantaka sosai, amma a lokaci guda suna cike da kunya, kuma ƙaramar ƙara ko motsi ba zata iya sa dabbar ta kusan ɓacewa a zahiri. A lokaci guda, tare da saurin komawa cikin ramin, dabbar na fitar da bushe-bushe, tana sanar da dangin ta. Yin kuwwa da juna kuma suna ɓoyewa nan da nan, suna iya fitar da mai farautar zuwa halin rashin damuwa ga farautar da ke ta ɓarna.
Koyaya, taka tsantsan ɗinsu baya ɓatar da gaskiyar cewa kusan basu damu da sautuka masu nutsuwa da motsi a hankali ba, wanda yawancin masu cutar da ke raba mazauninsu ke amfani da su, da kuma mutanen da ke kama waɗannan dabbobin, waɗanda kwari ne da ke kusa da kayan lambu da lambunan kayan lambu.
Lokacin aiki a cikin Amurka masu farauta yana farawa bayan misalin ƙarfe 5 na safe kuma ya ƙare da kusan awa 19-20, yana sauka kusan tsakar rana. Matsakaicin ayyukan yanayi yana faruwa a tsakiyar lokacin rani, lokacin da samari suka daidaita.
Babban fasalin hanyar rayuwar gophers, da sauran nau'ikan ɓarnar ƙasa, shine lokacin hutu, wanda yakai kimanin watanni 7-8. Yana farawa a watan Agusta-Satumba kuma ya ƙare a Afrilu-Mayu. Koyaya, akwai lokuta na aiki na eurasses a zazzabi na -40 digiri. A matsayinka na doka, yin bacci yana faruwa tare tare da dusar ƙanƙara da farkon yanayin ƙarancin yanayi ko mara kyau. A wannan lokacin, yanayin zafi a cikin gidan burodin burrow na iya sauka zuwa ƙimomin da ba su da kyau: har zuwa -5 digiri. Zafin jikin jikin dabbobin kansu a lokacin irin waɗannan lokutan ya dace da canje-canje a cikin yanayin waje, yana faduwa har zuwa -10 digiri.
Barcin hunturu yana ƙarewa tun kafin dusar ƙanƙara ta narke, kuma yana ɗan lokaci ne bayan ya fito daga rashin bacci waɗannan dabbobin suna yin kayan masarufi. Yayin da suke kusan kusan lokaci guda, mazan da suka manyanta sune farkon waɗanda suka fara zuwa saman yankin, sannan mata suna biye dasu, sannan kuma matasa waɗanda suka kai shekara guda. Bambancin lokaci kusan mako guda ne, amma wani lokacin yakan wuce biyu.
A cikin fursunoni, 'yan matan eurasia, da sauran wakilan jinsinsu, suna nuna halayyar su sosai da karfin gwiwa, ba sa gudu a gaban abubuwa masu saurin motsawa da busawa da ke nuna ba tsoro, kamar yadda yake a muhalli, amma canjin yanayi. Kari akan haka, a cikin kamewa, ana ajiye gophers ne kawai a cikin manya, yalwatattun wurare, wanda a ciki yake da damar hakar ramuka. Yana da matuƙar wahala a kiyaye su a matsayin dabbobin gida, banda haka, dabbar da kanta ba za ta taɓa yin farin ciki da rufaffiyar sarari ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Evrazhka
'Yan matan Eurasia suna da ma'amala sosai kuma suna rayuwa cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi - ƙungiyoyi har zuwa mutane 50 a girma. Yankin mulkin mallaka na iya isa hekta 6-7, kuma mafi tsufa namiji ya mamaye wannan yankin, yayin da mutane ke rayuwa a ware biyu ko, sau da yawa, marasa aure. Cutar rikice-rikice ba ta faruwa tsakanin membobin rukuni - galibi gophers suna da abokantaka da juna kuma suna iyakance ga wasanni. Irin waɗannan wasannin, a matsayin ƙa'ida, suna ba da gudummawa ga ƙarin tarwatsa yawan jama'a a kan yankin, wanda ke faruwa a cikin manyan mutanen da suka manyanta.
Babbar hanyar sadarwa a cikin mulkin mallaka tsakanin Euraswa shine bushe-bushe na dogaye da yawa - daga dannawa zuwa bushe-bushe. Alamar haɗari a cikin gophers, alal misali, busa ƙaho ce kaɗan, yayin da ƙarami mai kaifi da tsayi ana fitar da shi ta hanyar da namiji wanda ya ci wani namiji a wasa ko takaddama ga mace.
Lokacin saduwa a cikin matan Eurasia yana farawa sau ɗaya a shekara, nan da nan bayan matan sun farka daga barci, kuma suna ɗaukar kwanaki 10. A cikin mazaunan ƙarin yankuna na arewa, yana wucewa koda a cikin ramuka, tun kafin ya isa saman. Litter yana faruwa kusan ƙarshen watan Mayu kuma ya haɗa daga 5 zuwa 10 'yan maruƙa (matsakaicin abin da aka lura da shi shine 14), wanda zai iya kaiwa saman zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuni.
A lokaci guda, kusan tsakiyar watan Yuli, mutane masu shekara ɗaya sun fara watsewa. Ana ɗaukar mutane masu shekara ɗaya da balaga a cikin matan Eurasian, kuma ƙwanƙolin haihuwa ya faɗi ne ga -an shekaru biyu da uku. Sannan lokacin adana abinci da shirya don bacci.
Abokan gaba na evrazhka
Hotuna: Dabbar Evrazhka
Makiyan da ke duniyar Arctic duk tsuntsaye ne masu irin wannan wurin zama. Jerin wadannan ya fara ne da tsuntsaye na nau'ikan halittu daban-daban, gami da wakilan tsuntsayen masu farautar dare, kuma ya kare da masu farautar halittu daban-daban, gami da manya.
Babban maƙiyan evrazhek sune:
- Mujiya;
- Gyrfalcon;
- Mikiya;
- Skuas;
- Karnuka;
- Foxes;
- Wolves;
- Wolverine.
Daga cikin maƙiyan makiya na waɗannan gophers sune kwalliya, waɗanda, ba su da kyau, wani lokacin suna ciyar da su, da beyar. Bears a gare su watakila mafi haɗari ga duka - ba kamar sauran barazanar ta duniya ba, ko da zurfin rami ba zai iya ceton su daga gare su ba. Beyar tana iya yin zurfin zurfafawa cikin ƙasa don neman eurashka, kuma ta sami ƙaramar dabba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Evrazhka a cikin hunturu
Yawan 'yan matan Eurasia a halin yanzu yana da girma sosai kuma yana ƙaruwa ne kawai - a cikin ɗakunan halittu masu ɗumbin ɗabi'a da waɗannan dabbobi ke zaune, adadin burbushin ya kai 600-700 a kowace kadada, yayin da matsakaicin adadin burodin su daga 140 zuwa 200. Kuma wannan aƙalla 250 mutane a cikin yanki ɗaya.
A cikin yanayi mara ƙanƙanci, yawan gizagizan yankin Arctic kowace hekta matsakaita matsakaita 12-15, kuma dukkansu suna rayuwa. Kusa da mazaunin mutane, yanayin ya ɗan bambanta - yawan jama'a daga kawuna 30 zuwa 50 tare da ramuka da yawa. Gabaɗaya, babu wani cikakken bayani game da waɗannan dabbobin, tunda ƙididdigar dabbobin suna da matukar wuya, da wahala sosai kuma dole ne ku dogara da ƙididdigar kaɗan da aka saukar ta hanyar gani da alama.
Amurkawa ko Beringian squirrels basa cikin kowane jerin abubuwan kiyayewa kuma basu da wuya. Akasin haka, yawancin jinsin suna girma da faɗaɗa mazauninsu, ba tare da tsoron zama kusa da hanyoyi da gidajen ɗan adam ba. Bugu da kari, Kankunan da ke cikin Arctic wani bangare ne mai matukar muhimmanci da kuma mahimmin yanki na mahalli a cikin mazauninsu, suna taka rawa wajen rabon tsaba da sabunta kasa yayin aikin hakar. Godiya ga evrazhki, mazaunan agrocenoses (ƙasar da aka noma), haɓakar hatsi da hatsin hatsi ya inganta.
Tun lokacin da aka kammala ci gaban ɗan adam na yankunan da 'yan matan eurasia ke zaune, da kuma ƙarshen lokacin farautar fur, mutane da gangan suna lalata waɗannan dabbobin da wuya. Koyaya, mazaunan waɗannan yankuna har yanzu suna da al'adar girbin fata don yin tufafi mai ɗumi. Wani lokaci, sau da yawa sau da yawa, ana harbe su don ɓata abinci, musamman don lalata hannun hatsi.
Evrazhka, ko kuma kugiyar kasa ta Beringian wata halitta ce mara cutarwa kuma mai ban dariya, mai matukar zamantakewar al'umma kuma mai matukar jin kunya a muhallin ta na dabi'a, tana tunkarar mutum saboda tsantsar son sani kuma yana gudun wata 'yar alamar hatsari. Sha'awar waɗannan dabbobi masu furfura, a ƙa'ida, tana haifar da sha'awar ciyar dasu, wanda ya ƙare da cikakkiyar asarar tushen abincin da bayyanar da tsari na dukkanin yaudarar da ke tattare da girlsan matan Eurasia cikin isar abinci.
Ranar bugawa: 02.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/16/2019 da 21:07
