Bengal damisa - mafi shahararrun nau'ikan damisa. Ana cikin hatsari, damisa ta Bengal dabbar Bangladesh ce. Masu kare muhalli na kokarin tserar da jinsin, amma babban kalubale ga yawan damisar Bengal ya kasance na mutum.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Bengal Tiger
Daya daga cikin tsoffin magabatan damisa na Bengal shine damer mai saber, wanda ake kira Smilodon. Sun rayu shekaru miliyan talatin da biyar da suka gabata. Wani kakannin farko na damisar Bengal shine Proailur, ƙaramin kyan prehistoric cat. Waɗannan sune tsoffin burbushin halittu da aka samo tun daga shekaru miliyan ashirin da biyar da suka gabata a Turai.
Wasu dangi na kusa damisa sune damisa da jaguar. An samo tsoffin burbushin damisa, mai shekaru miliyan biyu a kasar China. An yi amannar cewa damisar Bengal ta isa Indiya kimanin shekaru dubu goma sha biyu da suka wuce, domin ba a samo burbushin wannan dabba a yankin ba har zuwa lokacin.
Bidiyo: Bengal Tiger
Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa manyan canje-canje na faruwa a lokacin, saboda damisa na yin ƙaura zuwa nesa don su rayu. Wasu masana sun yi amannar cewa dalili shi ne ƙaruwar matakan teku, saboda abin da kudancin China ya malale.
Tigers sun canza kuma sun samo asali tsawon miliyoyin shekaru. A can baya, manyan kuliyoyi sun fi na yanzu girma. Da zarar damisa ta zama ƙarami, sun sami damar koyon yin iyo kuma sun sami damar hawa bishiyoyi. Tigers kuma sun fara gudu da sauri, wanda ya sauƙaƙa samun ganima. Canjin Tiger babban misali ne na zabin yanayi.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Bengal tiger daga littafin Red
Mafi kyawun abin sanannen damisa ta Bengal ita ce kwalliyarta, wacce ke jeri a launin tushe daga rawaya mai haske zuwa lemu kuma tana da ratsi mai launin ruwan kasa ko baƙi. Wannan launi ta haifar da tsarin al'ada da sananniya. Damisa ta Bengal kuma tana da farin ciki da farin jela mai zobba da baƙaƙen fata.
Akwai canje-canje iri daban-daban na kwayar halitta a cikin tarin damisar Bengal wadanda suka haifar da abin da ake yawan kiransa "farin damisa." Wadannan mutane ko dai farare ne ko farare masu ratsin ruwan kasa. Hakanan akwai maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halittar damisar Bengal wanda ke haifar da launin baƙar fata.
Damisa ta Bengal, kamar sauran ire-irenta, tana nuna damuwar jima'i tsakanin mace da namiji. Namiji galibi ya fi na mace girma, kusan tsawon mita 3; yayin da girman mace yakai mita 2.5. Dukkannin jinsi biyun suna da doguwar wutsiya, wacce zata iya kaiwa tsayi daga 60 cm zuwa mita 1.
Nauyin damisa na Bengal ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum. An yarda da wannan nau'in a hukumance a matsayin mafi girma daga cikin dangin dangi kuma har yanzu bai kare ba (kodayake wasu suna jayayya cewa dambar Siberia ta fi girma); mafi kankantar memba daga manyan kuliyoyi shine cheetah. Damisa ta Bengal ba ta da wani tsawon rai a cikin daji idan aka kwatanta da wasu kuliyoyin daji kuma, a matsakaita, yana rayuwa zuwa shekaru 8-10, tare da ɗaukar shekaru 15 ana ɗauka mafi girman shekaru. An san damisa ta Bengal har zuwa shekaru 18 a cikin yanayin da ya fi kariya, kamar a cikin fursuna ko a ajiye.
Ina damisar Bengal take?
Hotuna: Indian Bengal Tiger
Babban mazaunin sune:
- Indiya;
- Nepal;
- Butane;
- Bangladesh.
Yawan mutanen da aka kiyasta na wannan nau'in tiger sun bambanta dangane da mazauninsu. A Indiya, yawan mutanen damisar Bengal sun kai kimanin damisa 1,411. A Nepal, an kiyasta yawan dabbobi kusan 155. A Bhutan, akwai kusan dabbobi 67-81. A Bangladesh, an kiyasta yawan damisar Bengal a kusan wakilai 200 na nau'in.
Idan ya zo ga kokarin kiyaye damisar Bengal, yanayin Terai Ark a tsaunukan Himalaya na da mahimmancin gaske. Ana zaune a arewacin Indiya da kudancin Nepal, akwai yankuna goma sha ɗaya a cikin yankin Terai Ark. Waɗannan yankuna sun haɗu da savannas masu ciyayi masu tsayi, busassun gandun daji kuma suna ƙirƙirar yanki mai murabba'in murabba'in kilomita 49,000 don damisa ta Bengal. Jama'a suna yaduwa tsakanin yankunan kariya don kare layin jinsin damisa, da kuma kiyaye mutuncin muhalli. Kariyar jinsuna a wannan yanki na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaƙi da ɓarnar dabbobi.
Wata fa'ida ta kariya daga mazaunin Bengal a yankin Terai shine wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar kiyaye muhalli. Yayin da yawancin mazauna garin ke koyo game da halin damisar Bengal, sun fahimci cewa suna buƙatar tsoma baki tare da kare wannan mai shayarwar.
Menene damisa ta Bengal take ci?
Photo: Bengal damisa a yanayi
Tigers sune mafi girma a cikin duk kuliyoyin daji, amma wannan girman koyaushe baya yin aiki a cikin ni'imar su. Misali, girmansa na iya taimaka masa wajen kashe abincinsa bayan an kama shi; duk da haka, ba kamar kuliyoyi kamar cheetah ba, damisa ta Bengal ba zata iya bin abin farauta ba.
Damisa na farauta a lokacin wayewar gari da faduwar rana, lokacin da rana ba ta da haske kamar tsakar rana, sabili da haka ratsi mai launin lemu da baki yana ba ta damar yin kamun kanta a cikin dogon ciyawar fadama, da ciyawa, dazuzzuka har ma da daji. Striananan ratsi suna bawa damisa damar ɓoyewa a tsakanin inuwa, yayin da kalar ruwan lemu na gashinta ke neman haɗuwa da rana mai haske a sararin samaniya, wanda ya bawa damisar Bengal damar ɗaukar ganima ta bazata.
Damisa ta Bengal galibi tana kashe ƙananan dabbobi tare da cizo ɗaya a bayan wuya. Bayan da wani damisa mai suna Bengal ya buge abin da yake farauta, wanda ke iya zuwa daga dabbobin daji da na dabba zuwa buffalo, kyanwar daji tana jan abin zuwa cikin inuwar bishiyoyi ko kuma zuwa bakin ruwa na yankin daushen da ke yankin don ya yi sanyi.
Ba kamar kuliyoyi da yawa ba, waɗanda sukan ci rabonsu kuma su bar abincinsu, damisa na Bengal na iya cin nama har zuwa kilogiram 30 a zama ɗaya. Ayan halaye na musamman na cin damisar Bengal idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan kuliyoyi shine cewa tana da ƙarfi da garkuwar jiki.
Sanannen abu ne cewa zai iya cin nama, wanda tuni ya fara lalacewa ba tare da mummunan sakamako ga kansa ba. Wataƙila wannan yana iya zama dalilin da cewa damisar Bengal ba ta jin tsoron afka wa marassa lafiya da tsofaffin dabbobin da ke yaƙi da garken ko kuma ba sa iya tsayayya ko kaɗan.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Bengal damisa a Rasha
Mutane galibi suna ɗauka cewa damisa mai farauta ce mai saurin tashin hankali kuma baya jinkirin afkawa mutane; duk da haka, wannan ba safai ake samun sa ba. Damisa ta Bengal halittu ne masu jin kunya kuma sun gwammace su zauna a yankunansu kuma suci abincin "al'ada"; Koyaya, wasu dalilai na iya shiga cikin wasa wanda ke sa damisar Bengal su nemi madadin abinci.
An san cewa wani lokacin Bengal tigers suna kai hari ba mutane kawai ba, har ma da wasu masu lalata irin su damisa, kada da baƙar fata ta Asiya. Ana iya tilasta damisa farautar waɗannan dabbobin saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da: rashin iya farautar abin da aka saba gani, rashin dabbobin a yankin tiger, ko rauni saboda tsufa ko wasu dalilai.
Dan Adam yawanci abu ne mai sauki ga damisa ta Bengal, kuma duk da cewa ya fi son kar ya afkawa mutane, idan babu wata hanya, yana iya buga wani baligi cikin sauki, koda kuwa damisa ta naƙasa saboda rauni.
Idan aka kwatanta da damisa na Bengal, cheetah na iya yin nasara fiye da kowane irin abinci. Ba ya cin ganyayyaki ga tsofaffi, dabbobi marasa ƙarfi da marasa lafiya, maimakon haka zai tafi kan kowace dabba da ta rabu da garken shanu. Inda manyan kuliyoyi da yawa suka fi son farauta cikin rukuni-rukuni, damisa ta Bengal ba dabba ce ta gama gari ba kuma ya fi son zama da farauta shi kaɗai.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Bengal Tiger
Mace damisa ta Bengal ta isa balaga a cikin kimanin shekaru 3-4, kuma namijin Bengal bayan shekaru 4-5. Lokacin da damisar Bengal ta balaga ta balaga, sai ta koma cikin yankin wata damfara ta Bengal da ke kusa don saduwa. Nonuwan Bengal na iya zama tare da mace na kwanaki 20 zuwa 80 kawai; duk da haka, daga wannan lokacin, mace mai haihuwa ne kawai tsawon kwanaki 3-7.
Bayan saduwa, namijin Bengal damisa ya koma yankinsa kuma baya shiga cikin rayuwar mata da yara. Koyaya, a wasu wuraren shakatawa da wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, Mazajen Bengal galibi suna hulɗa da 'ya'yansu. Mace damisa mai suna Bengal tana haihuwar 'ya'ya 1 zuwa 4 a lokaci guda, lokacin ɗaukar ciki ya kai kwanaki 105. Idan mace ta haifi toa heranta, sai ta yi hakan a cikin kogo amintacce ko kuma a cikin wata ciyawa mai tsayi wacce zata kare protectasan yayin da suke girma.
Yaran da aka haifa sunkai kimanin kilogiram 1 kawai kuma ana kera su da wata sutura mai kauri wadda take zubewa yayin da ƙwannin suka kai wata 5 da haihuwa. Fur yana ba da kariya ga yara ƙanana daga mahalli na asali, yayin da suke samun ilimi game da duniyar da ke kewaye da su.
A lokacin haihuwa, matasa damisa ba sa iya gani ko ji, ba su da hakora, don haka sun dogara gabaki ɗaya da iyayensu mata na 'yan makonnin farko na rayuwarsu. Bayan kamar makonni 2-3, jarirai suna haɓaka haƙoran madara, waɗanda ake saurin maye gurbinsu da haƙoran dindindin a cikin watanni 2 zuwa 3. Thea Thean suna cin nonon uwarsu, amma lokacin da theasan suka cika watanni 2 kuma suna da hakora, suma sun fara ciyar da abinci mai ƙarfi.
A kusan watanni 2 da haihuwa, samari na damisa na Bengal sun fara bin mahaifiyarsu yayin da take farauta don neman ƙwarewar da ake buƙata. Koyaya, 'ya'yan Bengal ba za su iya yin farauta su kaɗai ba har sai sun kai watanni 18. Mamananan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna zama tare da mahaifiyarsu, brothersan uwansu maza da mata tsawon shekaru 2 zuwa 3, a wannan lokacin ne garken gidan ya watse, yayin da samartakan damisa suka tashi don bincika yankunansu.
Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran kuliyoyin daji, macen damisa ta Bengal tana kusan zama kusa da yankin mahaifiyarsa. Maza masu damisa na Bengal yawanci sukan wuce gaba. Wannan an yi imanin cewa zai taimaka wajen rage aukuwar yanayin kiwo tsakanin jinsuna.
Abokan gaba na damisa na Bengal
Hotuna: Bengal Tiger India
Saboda mutum ne adadin adon Bengal ya ragu zuwa ƙananan lambobi.
Babban abin da ya haddasa bacewa su ne:
- Farauta;
- Gandun daji a cikin mazaunin.
Sakamakon farauta da sare dazuzzuka a yankunan da damisar Bengal take, wannan ƙazamar dabba an kore ta daga gidan kuma an ba ta abinci. Har ila yau, fatun Tiger ma suna da matukar daraja, kuma duk da cewa haramun ne farautar wasu dabbobin da ke cikin hatsari, masu farauta har yanzu suna kashe wadannan dabbobin kuma suna sayar da fatunsu a kasuwar bayan fage don dinari.
Masu kiyaye muhalli na fatan za su iya taimakawa wajen hana wannan mummunan al'amarin ta hanyar kare nau'ikan dake wuraren shakatawa na kasa da za su iya bin diddigin jama'a tare da dakile mafarauta.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Bengal damisa a yanayi
A ƙarshen 1980s, ayyukan kiyaye damisar Bengal sun faɗaɗa daga yankuna tara zuwa goma sha biyar, sun bazu a kan murabba'in kilomita 24,700. Zuwa 1984, ana tsammanin fiye da 1,100 Bengal tigers suna zaune a waɗannan yankuna. Abun takaici, wannan karuwar lambobin bai ci gaba ba, kuma duk da cewa damisar Indiya ta kai 3,642 a shekarun 1990, amma ta sake raguwa kuma an rubuta ta kusan 1,400 daga 2002 zuwa 2008.
A farkon rabin karni na ashirin da daya, gwamnatin Indiya ta fara kafa sabbin wuraren bautar namun daji guda takwas. Gwamnati ta yi alƙawarin ba da ƙarin dala miliyan 153 don shirin Project Tiger.
Wannan kuɗi yakamata ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gina rundunar kare damisa don yaƙi da mafarautan cikin gida. Shirin ya sake komawa mazauna ƙauyuka kusan 200,000 waɗanda ke zaune kusa da damisa ta Bengal. Rage hulɗar ɗan adam-damisa wani muhimmin bangare ne na kiyaye yawan wannan jinsi.
Gidaje a ƙasar su ta asali suna ba da damisa na Bengal idan ya zo ga shirye-shiryen kiwo waɗanda ke da niyyar sakin damisa da ke cikin kamuwa cikin daji. Dabbar Bengal da ba a ajiye ta a gidan ajiyar namun daji ta Indiya ba ce 'yar asalin Amurka ta Arewa. Kiyaye yawancin damisa na Bengal a Indiya ba kawai yana taimakawa don tabbatar da nasarar sake fitarwa cikin daji ba, amma kuma yana taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa layin jinsin waɗannan damisa ba sa narkewa da wasu nau'in.
Kwayar halittar “gurbatawa,” kamar yadda ake kiranta, ya riga ya faru a cikin damisa tun 1976 a Twicross Zoo a Ingila. Gidan zoo ya tayar da wata damisa ta Bengal kuma ya ba da ita ga Dudhwa National Park a Indiya don tabbatar da cewa damisar Bengal da aka kama za su iya bunƙasa a cikin daji. Kamar yadda ya juya, mace ba tsarkakakkiyar damisa ba ce.
Bengal tiger kariya
Hotuna: Bengal tiger daga littafin Red
Project Tiger, wanda aka fara shi a Indiya a shekarar 1972, aiki ne wanda aka kirkira shi da nufin kiyaye yankuna masu mahimmancin ilimin ɗan adam, tare da tabbatar da cewa yawancin mutanen damisa na Bengal sun wanzu a ƙasar. Tunanin bayan aikin shine ƙirƙirar tsakiyar damisa wanda zai yada zuwa gandun daji makwabta.
Shekarar da aka ƙaddamar da Project Tiger a Indiya, gwamnatin Indiya ta zartar da Dokar Kare Dabbobin daji na 1972. Wannan dokar ta ba hukumomin gwamnati damar daukar kwararan matakai don tabbatar da kariyar damisa ta Bengal. A cikin 2004, Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Gandun Dajin Indiya ta ba da izinin RS. An yi amfani da miliyan 13 don aikin zane-zanen. Manufar aikin ita ce taswirar duk wuraren dazuzzuka a Indiya ta amfani da fasahohi kamar su kyamarori, tarkuna, tallan rediyo da ƙidayar dabbobi don ƙayyade ainihin adadin damisa.
Tun a shekarar 1880 ake ci gaba da kiwon damisar Bengal. Koyaya, rashin alheri, wannan yaduwar yakan haifar da haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa. Don sauƙaƙe kiwo na tsarkakakkun Bengal tigers a cikin bauta, akwai littafin Bengal tigers. Wannan asalin yana dauke da bayanan dukkanin damisa na Bengal wadanda ake tsare da su.
Sake sake ginin, Tiger Canyons, an fara shi ne a shekara ta 2000 da John Vartie, wani mai shirya fim din namun daji na Afirka ta Kudu. Tare da masanin kimiyyar dabbobi Dave Salmoni, ya horar da 'ya'yan damisa da aka kama don farautar farauta da hada farauta da abinci domin dawo da dabi'un dabbobin da ke cikin wadannan kuliyoyin.
Manufar aikin shine damisa su koyi yadda zasu tallafawa kansu. Daga nan za a sake su a cikin 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Afirka ta Kudu. Abin takaici, aikin ya fuskanci matsaloli da yawa kuma ya sami suka mai yawa. Da yawa sun gaskata cewa an yi amfani da halayen kuliyoyin don yin fim. Wannan ba shine mafi kyawun al'amari ba; duk damisa an ketare tare da damisa na layin Siberia.
Rashin damisar Bengal ba kawai yana nufin cewa duniya ta rasa jinsinta ba, amma kuma zai zama mai haɗari ga yanayin halittu.Saboda wannan, tsarin abubuwa na yau da kullun, wanda ke da mahimmanci don daidaitawa a cikin daji, zai rikice. Idan yanayin halittu ya rasa ɗayan mafi girma, idan ba babba ba, masu farauta a cikin sarkar abinci, zai haifar da hargitsi kwata-kwata.
Hargitsi a cikin yanayin yanayin ƙasa na iya zama ƙarami da farko. Koyaya, wannan lamarin yayi kamanceceniya da tasirin malam buɗe ido, lokacin da asarar ɗayan ya haifar da ƙaruwa a wani, koda canje-canje kaɗan a cikin wannan yanayin halittar zai haifar da asarar wani yanki na duniya. Bengal damisa yana buƙatar taimakonmu - wannan shine mafi ƙarancin abin da mutum zai iya yi, a matsayin jinsin da ya haifar da babbar illa ga yawan dabbobi da yawa.
Ranar bugawa: 01.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 16.09.2019 a 21:11
