Reindeer yana da siffofi masu rarrabe tsakanin nau'ikansa. Wannan ita ce "mafi karancin shekaru" nau'in dabbobin dawa da kuma masu tsananin wahala, saboda dole ne su rayu cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Baya ga yanayin daji, zaku iya haɗuwa da mutanen gida. Menene babban fasalin dabbobi masu shayarwa, a ina suke rayuwa, yaya suke rayuwa?
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Reindeer
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) sun banbanta da takwarorinsu har ma da bayyanar. Abu na farko da yake jan hankali shine siffar ƙaho ta musamman, wacce ta mallaki maza da mata. A baya, anyi imanin cewa mai siye ya fito ne daga Arewacin Amurka, amma bayan lokaci, an sami shaidar asalin mazaunansu a arewacin Turai.
Reiner daga dangin barewa na daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma tsarin artiodactyls. Yawancin mutane suna cikin Hasashen Arewa. Nauyin jikin dabba ya bambanta daga kilogiram 70 zuwa 200 tare da girma daga 165 zuwa 210 cm. Maza daga cikin jinsin sun fi mata girma. Mutanen da ke cikin gida suna rayuwa a matsakaita har zuwa shekaru 15, a cikin daji, a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau na rayuwa, wannan adadi ya fi haka.
Kusancin dabba ga mutum ya bar alama ba kawai a kan samfuran ba, har ma da halaye da halayyar barewa. Aya daga cikin misalai masu ban sha'awa shine kusancin haɗari, a ɗabi'a, dabbobi suna watse, da na gida, akasin haka, ɓata cikin garken.
Jiki na mai rarrafe yana da halaye na musamman na musamman. An fi maida hankali kan karamin girman kai da kuma dan kankantar da matsayin bakinsa, wanda kyawawan idanuwa suka fito a kansa. Horahonin suna da lankwasa ta musamman. Dabbobi suna jure yanayin zafi sosai saboda layin gashi mai tsayi, wanda baya barin iska mai sanyi ta wuce.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Mai ba da dabbobi
Reindeer yana da halin tsayi mai matsakaici. Wuyan dogo ne kuma a bayyane da alama ya fi girma da kauri saboda rufin gashi mai kauri, tsayinsa ya kai cm 6. A lokaci guda, ƙafafun suna da tsaka-tsaka, amma a gani kamar gajere ne. Kamar yadda aka lura, an saukar da abin rufe bakin dabba zuwa ƙasa, wanda ya sa silhouette ta zama ba ta da siriri sosai dangane da wasu nau'ikan dawa, kuma motsin ba su da kyau.
Kan dokin yana da tsayi, amma dai-dai gwargwado, yana taɓar hanci, wanda kuma aka rufe shi da gashi mai ɗaci kuma yayi kama da ƙarfi. Kunnuwa masu zagaye ne kuma kanana, basu fi tsayin cm 18 ba. Idanuwan suna da siffar almond. Tsawon jelar ya kai cm 21. Abin lura ne cewa mutanen gida sunada ƙanana da haske fiye da takwarorinsu na daji.
Wannan jinsin ya banbanta da cewa, tare da maza, mata suna da ƙaho. Suna da girman girma, suna da lanƙwasa mai lanƙwasa. Girman su ya kai santimita 120 a cikin maza. Theahonin koyaushe suna da laushi, fari, kuma ana samun launin ruwan kasa mai haske. Deande, ba kamar wasu ba, yana da manyan tururuwa, amma matsakaicin nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 12.
Gwanayen cikin gida suna alfahari da ƙahonin da suka fi girma girma. Ba a maimaita siffar tururuwa, babu wasu barewa biyu masu tururuwa iri ɗaya, sun bambanta da yawan matakai, lanƙwasa, kauri da girma, hatta ma barewar guda ɗaya ba ta da cikakkiyar alaƙa a kan angwayen biyu. Mata suna da ƙaho masu haske fiye da na maza.
Daga Nuwamba zuwa Disamba, barewar da ke manya sun zubar da tururuwarsu, yayin da a cikin matasa wannan aikin ke faruwa daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu. Mata na zubar da ƙahonnin su daga Mayu zuwa Yuni, bayan haihuwa sun ƙare, sababbi sun fara girma da sauri, yayin da a cikin maza sai bayan watanni uku zuwa huɗu.
Dogon layin dogon lokacin sanyi ba ya barin sanyi ta kuma ba mai ba da izini damar jure hunturu cikin sauƙi. Gashi a jiki, kodayake yana da kauri, cike da iska, yana da rauni sosai. A kan kafafu, akasin haka, sun bambanta cikin jimiri da gajeren tsawo. Saboda gaskiyar cewa doguwar suma wacce take zana kofato, yankin tallafi na dabba ya ƙaru, ƙari ma, wannan yana rage zamewa sosai.
A lokacin rani, ana maye gurbin layin gashi ta mai laushi da gajarta. Gashi ya dan cika da iska kuma motsin ba ze cika girma ba. Launin bazara launin monophonic ne, tare da tabarau na ashy, grayish ko kofi. Babu bambanci na musamman tsakanin launi tsakanin mace da namiji. Ana canza layin gashi sau daya a shekara, watau narkewa yana faruwa.
Wannan aikin yana daɗe sosai, yana farawa a watan Afrilu kuma yana ƙarewa a farkon watan Agusta. Farkon tsohuwar suturar da aka fara zubewa, sannan rumfa. Da farko, kan narkar da kan, sannu a hankali molt din ya wuce zuwa baya kuma ya kare a kan ciki.
A ina ne barewa ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Reindeer a cikin tundra
Reindeer sun zaɓi manyan yankuna. Yau suna zaune a Norway, a kan yankin Kola Peninsula, a cikin taiga daga Karelia zuwa Okhotsk Coast. Kimanin mutane dubu 700 ne ke rayuwa a cikin daji a yankin tundra.
Babban taro mafi girma na barewa yana kan yankin Taimyr - kusan mutane dubu 450. Barewa suna fara yawo a ƙarshen bazara, suna iyo zuwa daji-tundra, kuma a farkon bazara sun sake komawa cikin tundra. Hakanan akwai masu sakewa a Transbaikalia da Altai.
Ainihi, deer ya fi son yanayin yankuna masu zuwa:
- Siberia;
- Amirka ta Arewa;
- Arewacin Turai.
A lokacin rani, suna zaune cikin yankuna na gabar tekun Arctic. Anan ne suke tserewa daga zafi da matsakaitan matsakaitan shekaru, waɗanda ke aiki musamman a lokacin bazara. Tare da kusancin hunturu da yanayin sanyi, barewa suna motsawa zuwa gandun daji. Sun fi son wuraren da babu ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara da manyan dusar ƙanƙara da ke hana fitowar abinci.
Don cimma yanayin da ake buƙata, dabbobi sukan yi tafiya mai nisa da wuce kilomita 500, dole ne su shawo kan kowane irin cikas. Lokacin da yanayin sanyi ya ja baya, a watan Mayu, masu sake dawowa ƙaura zuwa tundra kuma. Don dawowa, suna amfani da hanyar da suka zo.
Mafi yawan lokuta, barewa suna rayuwa cikin garken tumaki, kodayake, akwai wasu mutane masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke keɓe kansu baya ga wasu. Yawan mutane a cikin garke kullum canzawa yake. Sau da yawa garken yakan ƙunshi shugaba namiji ɗaya kuma mata da wna faa. Namiji ne ke da alhakin kare garken garken sa da yankin sa.
Menene mai yin dabba baya ci?
Photo: Reindeer a cikin yanayin cikin hunturu
Don samun abinci wa kansu, barewa dole ne su gwada sosai. Ganin mazauninsu, dole ne su nemi abinci a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara kusan kusan shekara. Don neman abinci, barewa suna tono kaurin dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa 150 cm, amma, a cikin yanayin tundra, dabbobi koyaushe ba sa iya tono ko da 30 cm idan dusar kankara ta rufe da kankara. Asali, maza ne suka tono dusar ƙanƙarar, kuma vazhenki, watau mata suna ciyarwa daga ramuka.
Babban tushen abinci na barewa sune:
- lichens. Abincin yana da takamaiman bayani. Yagel ya rasa furotin, kuma yawan sunadaran da yake yanzu yana da wahala ga barewa ta narke. Suna da ƙaramar gishiri, kuma gishirin silicon bai dace da barewa ba. Sun kuma ƙunshi kusan babu bitamin. Suna aiki azaman abinci mai sauri - basu da amfani, amma suna ba da saurin koshi. Don sake cika wadataccen bitamin, dabbobi suna buƙatar abinci iri-iri;
- legumes. Deer sun fi son wannan abincin a lokacin bazara;
- kayan ciki. Ayyuka a matsayin abincin ƙiba na barewa. A lokacin rani, yankuna suna cin abinci har zuwa 20% na abincin barewa. Idan lokacin ya wuce kuma ciyawar ta bushe, barewa ba sa sha'awar irin wannan abinci;
- hatsi. Forms tushen abincin a lokacin bazara;
- namomin kaza. Deer na cin naman kaza cikin nishadi, wannan wani irin abin ci ne a gare su. Daga watan Agusta har zuwa dusar ƙanƙara ta farko, barewa da ƙwazo don neman namomin kaza kuma za su iya yin tafiya mai nisa cikin nema;
- bishiyoyi. Babban abinci ga barewa a lokacin bazara;
- daban-daban. Don samun abubuwan da ake buƙata, musamman gishiri, barewa suna cin ƙwai tsuntsaye, kada ku raina ƙasa mai laushi ko kifin teku.
Barewa su kashe ƙishirwa a lokacin sanyi, barewa suna cin dusar ƙanƙara. Tsananin sanyi ba tare da dusar ƙanƙara ba yana da haɗari musamman ga dabbobi, don haka mutane ba su da inda za su sha ruwa, kuma ajiyar kitse a cikin sauri ta narke daga rashin ruwa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Reindeer a cikin hunturu
Babban fasalin mai kiwon dabba shine kasancewar garken garke. Suna tattara cikin garken lambobi daban-daban daga dubun dubbai zuwa dubbai. Masu yawan lambobi ba su da yawa, amma wannan banda maimakon doka. Abin takaici, ya fi wuya irin waɗannan rukunin su rayu cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Rayuwa cikin garken shanu yana saukakawa masu daddawa yin kaura da neman abinci. Garke ya fi sauki don kare ko yaƙi da abokan gaba. Shugaban namiji yana da alhakin kare ƙasa da daidaikun mutane a cikin garken. Neauren dawa a cikin irin wannan yanayi yana da ƙarancin damar sakamako mai kyau.
Waɗannan dabbobin makiyaya ne. Ba sa zama a wuri ɗaya duk shekara. A lokacin bazara, suna matsawa zuwa yankuna masu sanyaya, kuma tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, inda ya fi sauƙi don samun abinci. Lokacin da kaka ta ƙare, barewa sukan yi ƙaura daga tundra zuwa kudu, tunda yana da sauƙin samun abinci a wurin, mafi kyawun yanayi.
Don neman wuri da abinci, garken garken sun shawo kan manyan matsaloli da nisa. Suna iyo a ƙetaren koguna, suna hawa zuwa saman. Tare da ƙarshen yanayin sanyi, sun sake matsawa zuwa tundra a cikin hanya ɗaya.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: reinan dabbar daji
Farawa a tsakiyar Oktoba, lokacin saduwa yana farawa ne don barewa, wanda ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba. Lokacin saduwa yana da halin ƙara yawan zalunci a cikin maza; faɗa na iya tashi tsakanin masu fafatawa, inda aka tsayar da ƙarfi. Mai nasara ne yake samun damar saduwa da mata sama da goma a duk tsawon lokacin rutowar.
Zai ɗauki kimanin watanni takwas kafin mace mai ciki ta haihu cikakke, bi da bi, 'yan maruƙan da aka haifa sun bayyana da farkon lokacin bazara. Ga haihuwa daya, mace ta kawo saniya daya, yana da matukar wuya a ce ’ya’ya biyu sun bayyana.
Nan da nan bayan haihuwa, fawn yayi rauni sosai kuma karami, nauyinsa bai wuce kilogiram 6 ba. Koyaya, bayan 'yan kwanaki kawai, ƙananan ƙaho na farko sun fara bayyana. Da sauri sosai, jaririn yana samun ƙarfi da girma. Yana da ɗan lokaci kaɗan don ƙaruwa da ƙarfi, domin bayan fewan watanni kaɗan dawa ke fara aiwatar da ƙaura, wanda ke nufin cewa ƙaramar barewar za ta shawo kan nisa da cikas. Maza a wannan lokacin suna lura da garken garke kuma ta kowace hanya kariya daga haɗari.
Shekaru biyu bayan haihuwa, fawn ya balaga, har zuwa wannan lokacin koyaushe yana kusa da mahaifiyarsa. A cikin daji, barewa na rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 25.
Maƙiyan makiya na barewa
Hoto: reinan dabbar da ake yi wa mata
Babban haɗari ga barewa a cikin yanayi yana wakiltar mahauta. Dogaro da yankin ƙasa da lambar garken barewa, haɗari da lalacewar da masu farauta ke yi ya bambanta kuma yana da tasiri na daban akan yawan. Babban abubuwan da ke shafar matakin lalacewar su ne rashin wasu abinci, abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli, yawan barewar da masu farauta.
Babban haɗarin barewa shine kerkeci. A cikin tundra da gandun-tundra, yawancin barewa suna mutuwa daga hare-haren kerkeci. A cikin taiga, kerkeci ba sa irin wannan haɗarin saboda ƙarancin haɗarin masu farauta a waɗancan sassan. Idan babu kerkeci da yawa, to ba sa cutar da garken barewa da lahani, sai dai su yi aikin zaɓe - marasa lafiya da raunana ne kawai ke mutuwa. Lafiyayyu kuma mutane masu ƙarfi wuya ne ga kerkeci a cikin hunturu. Koyaya, idan tarin kerkeci ya yi yawa, to barewa tana shan asara mai yawa, har ma masu lafiya da masu ƙarfi suna mutuwa.
Har ila yau, ruwan kasa mai ruwan kasa haɗari ne. Duk da cewa ba ya yawan farautar barewa, idan yana da damar yin farauta, ba zai rasa nasa ba. Abinda ya fi sauki ga beyar shine barewa a bakin tafki. Beyar yana farauta mafi yawanci ga tsofaffin mutane. Sau da yawa beyar takan kai hari kan barewar gida kuma ta fi son ƙaramar barewa.
Hakanan mutane suna haifar da babbar illa ga barewa. Duk da cewa an hana barewar farauta kuma a wasu yankuna ana kiyaye waɗannan dabbobi, ba a hana mafarauta haramtattun abubuwa. Barewa suna da daraja ga mutane don kwarkwatarsu, fatansu, da naman. Baya ga farauta, lalata dazuzzuka da canje-canje a mazaunin mazaunin dabbobi suma suna da mummunan tasiri.
A baya can, barewa sun rayu a duk Turai, amma a yau suna rayuwa ne kawai a wuraren da ba shi da sauƙi mutum ya isa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Reindeer
Yawan masu narkarda ya ragu kowace shekara. Menene ya shafi yawan jama'a? Wannan mutuwa ce a cikin mahalli na asali sakamakon hare-hare daga mai farauta da ayyukan ɗan adam: ayyukan tattalin arziki, farauta da farauta. A yau an tabbatar da matsayin nau'in a matakin tsayayye, adadin barewa ya fi mutane miliyan 10. Koyaya, a wasu yankuna, wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan doran suna da kariya ta ajiyar ajiya da littafin Red Book.
A waɗancan yankuna inda akwai yiwuwar ɓarkewar nau'ikan, ana ajiye barewa a cikin kyakkyawan yanayin tanadi. Irin waɗannan abubuwan suna da tasiri mai fa'ida ga yawan jama'a. A yau, kodayake mai narkar da dabbar ba ya gab da halaka, yawancin jinsin yana raguwa cikin sauri.
Akwai haɗari cewa tare da yanayi guda ɗaya da ayyukan ɗan adam, wannan nau'in dole ne a shigar dashi cikin Littafin Ja kuma a dawo dashi. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan barewar a Kanada da Rasha sun ƙi da kashi 40%. Ayyukan mutane ne waɗanda suka fi shafar daji.
Reindeer dabba ta musamman. Tare da canjin yanayi, yana da wuya a gare su daidaitawa da rayuwa, amma suna da juriya kuma za su iya shawo kan waɗannan matsalolin. Koyaya, mutum, ta ayyukansa, yana da mummunan tasiri akan namun daji, don kiyaye waɗannan makiyaya da dakatar da raguwar yawansu, dole ne a ɗauki matakan da suka dace.
Ranar bugawa: 29.01.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/16/2019 da karfe 22:20
