Amur damisa yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan halittun dabbobi masu cin nama. Kyau, alheri, ƙarfi da ƙarfi - waɗannan halayen suna haɗuwa cikin jituwa a cikin wannan kyanwar farautar. Jama'a suna da sunaye da yawa. Baya ga Amur, ana kuma kiranta da Ussuri, Siberian, ko Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sunan ya kasance saboda yankin mazaunin mutane.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Amur damisa
Amer damisa na daga cikin nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa, dangin dangi. A cikin girma da girma, ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan dabbobin masu cin nama, na biyu kawai ga polar bear da launin ruwan kasa. Nauyin mutum ɗaya na iya kaiwa kilogram ɗari uku. A cewar bayanan hukuma, a lokacin da dabbar ba ta gab da halaka, kuma akwai wasu 'yan kalilan, nauyinsu ya kai kilogram 350-400. A halin yanzu, babu irin waɗannan wakilan wannan nau'in.
Physicalarfin jiki da ikon wasan suna da ban mamaki. Yana iya ɗaukar ganima mai nauyin rabin tan, kuma yana jan shi aƙalla kilomita ɗaya da rabi. Dabbobi suna da ikon motsawa cikin sauri - har zuwa 75-85 km / h.
A waje, damunan Amur suna da kyau ƙwarai da gaske. Fatar dabbar tana da launi mai duhu mai launin rawaya mai haske. A dabi'a, babu damisa biyu da tsari iri ɗaya. Kowane memba na wannan nau'in yana da tsarin tsiri na musamman. Wannan launi yana bawa mai farauta damar samun sauki cikin dasa ciyayi yayin farauta.
Bidiyo: Amur damisa
Mafi yawan masana kimiyya da masana tarihi sun yarda cewa gabashin Asiya ita ce asalin mahaifar mahauta. Tarihin halittar ɗan adam yana da kimanin shekaru miliyan ɗaya da rabi. A cikin Siberia, damisar Ussuri ta bayyana ba da daɗewa ba - bai fi 15,000 - shekaru 18,000 da suka gabata ba. An samo ragowar farko na tsohuwar kakannin tiger a cikin ƙasar Sin ta yanzu, a tsibirin Java. Ragowar kakannin mallakar na ajin Panther Paleogenesis ne.
Idan aka kwatanta da damisa ta Ussuri ta yanzu, tana da ƙaramar ƙaramar hanya. Daga baya, yawan damisa ya bazu zuwa Indiya, kusan dukkanin yankin gabashin Asiya, da Siberia. A karni na 20, saboda raguwar mutane sosai, an saka damisa na Siberia a cikin Littafin Ja a matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan, masu hadari.
Bayyanar jiki da fasalin tsarinsa
Hotuna: Dabbar Amur dabba
Ana ɗaukar damisa Amur ɗayan manyan dabbobi masu cin nama, da kuma mafi girma daga cikin kuliyoyin daji. Matsakaicin tsayin namiji na wannan nau'in daga mita 2 zuwa 3, ban da wutsiya. Tsawon wutsiya ya kai mita 1-1.5. Nauyin jiki daga kilogram biyu zuwa ɗari uku. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin da aka rubuta tsakanin mutanen wannan nau'in shine mita 4 20 santimita, gami da wutsiya. Mata sun fi maza ƙanƙan da mita. A waje, Amur damisa suna da kyau sosai kuma suna da sassauƙa. Jikin ya bambanta ta ci gaba, tsokoki mai ƙarfi. A tsayi, dabbar ta kai ta ɗan wuce mita. Bangaren gaban yana da girma sosai, ya bunkasa kuma ya fi karfi. Manyan kafafun kafa, masu karfi suna da yatsu biyar, ƙafafun baya na da huɗu.
Kan damisa ya fi girma. Fadi, goshi mai fadi, da fadin kunci. Tsawon kokon kan ya kasance santimita 15-20 a matsakaita. Akwai kananan kunnuwa masu zagaye a kai. Akwai tankuna a saman gefen kai a bangarorin biyu. Dogaye, fararen vibrissae an shirya su cikin layi biyar. Tsawon su ya kai santimita 14-15.5. Yanayi ya baiwa damisa ta Ussuri da ƙarfi, da kaifi, musamman, hakora. Tsawon haƙori canine yana da centimita 7.5-8. Farfajiyar gefen harshe sanye take da tubercles wanda ke taimakawa damisa don yin wanka, da kuma raba naman abin farautarsa daga ƙashi. Tigers na Ussuriysk suna da kauri, da babban ulu, saboda abin da suka sauƙaƙa keɓaɓɓun abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin Siberia da iska mai ƙarfi.
Launin damisa ya cancanci kulawa ta musamman. Launi na sutura, da tsarin raƙuman raƙuman baƙaƙen fata, sun bambanta a cikin jama'a daban-daban, dangane da mazaunin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda cewa babban aikin da fatar dabbar take yi shi ne samar da sutura.
A bakin bakin bakin gashin baki, a saman cikin kunnuwa, kunci da kuma cikin sassan gabar, fararen ya mamaye. Jiki yana mamaye fat ta ɗauke da ratsi mai launin baƙaƙe. Gabaɗaya, adadin makada bai wuce ɗaruruwa ba. Wutsiya koyaushe tana ƙarewa da baƙin baki. A kan wutsiya, ratsiyoyin rawaya suna yin zobba. Yawancin jinsuna suna da goma daga cikinsu, ƙasa da yawa sau kadan.
A ina Tigin Amur yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Amur damisa daga littafin Red Book
Har zuwa 1994-95, adadin damisa ya fi girma. Mazauninsu yana da girma. Sun zauna a Kazakhstan, a arewacin ƙasar Iran, Indiya, a kan tsibirin Sunda. Koyaya, a tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2006, an kusan kashe wannan nau'in, kuma mazauninsu ya taƙaita sosai. A yau Amur damisa sun mallaki 6-7% kawai na asalin mazauninsu.
Abin lura ne cewa kowane baligi yana da mazaunin sa. A matsakaita, mace daya tana da murabba'in kilomita 200-350, namiji ya mamaye babban yanki, kusan murabba'in kilomita dubu da rabi.
Don rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi, Amur damisa sun zaɓi yankuna masu faɗi, bakin kogi, kwari da gandun daji. Hakanan, masu farauta sukan zauna a yankin tsaunukan tsaunuka, suna kaiwa tsayin mita 2000 sama da matakin teku. Tigers yi haƙuri da naci, babban sanyi da kyau. Koyaya, a cikin irin wannan yanayi, suna fama da ƙarancin abinci kuma suna iya kusantowa mazaunan ɗan adam kusa-kusa.
Mazaunan yankin Amur damisa:
- yankin kudu maso gabashin Rasha - Primorsky, Khabarovsk Territories, gabar Kogin Amur, Gabas ta Tsakiya;
- Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin;
- Manchuria;
- Indiya.
Menene damin Amur yake ci?
Photo: Amur damisa a lokacin sanyi
Tushen abincin dabbobi masu farauta shine nama. Wani babban damisa Amur yana cin kilo 8 zuwa 20 na nama a kowace rana. Damisa ba za ta wuce makonni 3-3.5 ba tare da abinci ba. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sune ganimar mai cin ganyayyaki. A matsakaici, babban Amer damisa yana buƙatar shugabannin 50-50 na manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa don ayyukan rayuwa na yau da kullun a kowace shekara.
Ganima sune:
- barewa;
- barewa;
- jan barewa;
- dabbobin daji;
- Elk.
Idan babu manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, damisa na farautar kananan dabbobi. Wataƙila kurege ne, badger, gopher, raccoon, linzamin vole, wasu tsuntsaye, marmot, Fox, har ma da kifi. Tigers suna farauta musamman a cikin duhu. Masu farauta suna da haɓakar gabobi da hangen nesa. Godiya ga ledoji masu taushi a ƙafafunsu, kusan ba za su iya fahimta ba kuma suna yin shiru ga kusancin wanda aka azabtar. Kai hari ganima tare da tsalle. Yankin tsalle daya na damin Amur ya kai mita dubu goma.
Mafarauta mafi yawanci sukan jawo abin farautar su zuwa hanyoyin ruwa. Kullum suna yaƙi da shi, suna fatattaka da kare kansu daga wasu waɗanda ke son cin riba. Masu farauta suna cin abinci kwance, riƙe da abincinsu da manyan ƙafafun gaba. Idan, sakamakon harin, wanda aka azabtar ya sami damar tserewa, damisa ta Ussuri ta dakatar da harin ba tare da kai hare-hare akai-akai ba. Yana zuwa hutawa. Bayan ya warke, mai farautar ya sake farauta don neman abinci.
Flines suna da fasali irin na maƙogwaro. Saboda wannan, suna iya yin sautina iri ɗaya waɗanda na barewa da na barewa suke yi yayin lokacin saduwa. Ta wannan hanyar, suna jawo hankalin dabbobi masu shafar kofato.
Tigers ba sa zuwa farauta idan suna da abinci. Suna zaune a wurare kamar yadda ya yiwu daga ƙauyukan mutane. Yunwa da rashin abinci na tsawan lokaci na matso kusa da mutum. A cikin matsanancin hali, suna afkawa dabbobi da karnuka.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Dabbar dabbar Amur
Manyan wakilai na dangin dangin sun kware sosai a filin. Suna motsawa kyauta akan murfin dusar ƙanƙara, suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Wani baligi yakan yi tafiyar kilomita 40-50 a kowace rana. Amig damisa suna yin tafiya akasari akan hanyoyin guda. Canja yanayin tafiya idan babu ganima. Wasannin suna iyo sosai kuma suna iya shawo kan jikkunan ruwa masu tsayin mita dubu da yawa.
Masu fasadi suna raba yankin zuwa murabba'ai. Kowane wakilin balagagge yana kiyaye yankinsa da kyau daga masu fafatawa. Lokacin da waɗannan suka bayyana, mazan da kyar suke kaiwa juna hari. Suna nuna ƙarfin su da ƙarfin su ta wurin ruri. Wanda ya fi rauni ya bar kansa. Kowane wakilin yana yiwa yankin sa alama da yawa tare da fitsari. Tare da kewaye a cikin bishiyoyi, ya cire haushi a jikin bishiyoyin. Don yin wannan, ya tashi a ƙafafun baya.
Maza suna rayuwa ta gari. Mata wani lokaci sukan iya yin ƙananan garken tumaki. Matan aure ne fiye da dabi'a.
Lokacin kiwo na nau'in ya faɗi a ƙarshen hunturu. Kittens ana haifuwa ne a cikin watanni 3.5-4. Kowace mace na iya haihuwar jarirai makafi har huɗu. Mace ce kawai ke da hannu wajen kiwon jarirai. Maza ba sa horarwa da ciyar da broayan. Tun tana da watanni biyu, tana fara ciyar da jarirai da nama. Bayan wasu makonni 3-4, a hankali ya fara koyar da dabarun farauta. 'Ya'yan Tiger suna jagorancin rayuwa mai zaman kanta daga shekara biyu.
Ta hanyar ɗabi'unsu, ana ɗaukar damisa na Siberia mai natsuwa, mai martaba dabbobi. Baƙon abu ne a gare su don ƙirƙirar amo da ba dole ba, rikice-rikice, faɗa. Hare-hare a kan wasu membobin jinsinsu ba su da yawa. Suna iya rayuwa cikin cikakkiyar nutsuwa har zuwa shekaru da yawa. Suna da wasu halaye na kuliyoyin gida. Suna son wasa, purr, flatter. Lokacin da dabba ta yi fushi, sai ta yi kara tare da sautin murya, da dasashi. Lokacin da damisa ta fusata, ana iya jin abin da ake kira "tari".
Matsakaicin rayuwar mutum ɗaya shine shekaru 13-15. An tabbatar da cewa dabbar na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru hamsin. Na farko, a mafi yawan lokuta, sun mutu da yawa a baya.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Amur damisa
Mutane daga cikin damisa na Ussuri suna rayuwa ta daban. Da wuya maza su shiga cikin fakitin. Mazaunin kowane ɗayan mutane kusan ba ya juyewa. Ta hanyar dabi'arta ta auren mace fiye da daya, namiji na iya kasancewa tare da mata da yawa a cikin ƙasa ɗaya lokaci ɗaya. Tare da kowane ɗayan wakilan kishiyar jinsi, yakan canza cikin zamantakewar aure. Zuriya suna fitowa sau da yawa sau ɗaya a shekara, watanni uku zuwa huɗu bayan sun shiga cikin dangantakar aure. Akwai lokuta na 'ya'ya zuriya sau biyu a shekara.
Mata ba sa barin 'ya'yansu matasa. Kula da zuriyar ya kan sauka ne akan kafadar mahaifiya. Mace tana samun abinci don kanta da yaranta. Tana kare jarirai, tana koya musu farauta da kuma tafiyar da rayuwar kadaice. Idan wani namiji ya yi iƙirarin shiga cikin zamantakewar aure tare da ɗayan mata, ba za a iya kauce wa mummunan hari ba. Maza suna kare hakkinsu da fifikonsu don yin aure. A lokacin kiwo, mata suna da halin fitar da wasu sautunan da suke jan hankalin maza da mata. Maza ba safai suke yin wani sauti ba a lokacin saduwa.
Balaga yana faruwa ne lokacin da ya kai shekaru 4-5 da haihuwa. Mata kuma suna nuna alamar yanki yayin lokacin saduwa. Mako guda bayan farawar al'adar, mace a shirye take don saduwa. Sau da yawa, tigresses kansu suna zuwa neman abokan dacewa. Alamomi a jikin bishiyun galibi alama ce cewa mata suna neman abokin aure.
A matsakaici, kowace damisa tana da sasa biyu. Rayuwar jarirai ba ta da ƙarfi sosai. A cewar kididdiga, rabin dukkan jariran da aka haifa suna mutuwa a lokacin watannin farko na rayuwarsu.
A rana ta tara bayan haihuwa, idanun jarirai suna buɗewa. Hakora sun fara bayyana bayan sati biyu. Duk da cewa uwa ta fara ciyar da kyanwar da nama daga shekara biyu zuwa biyu, amma suna ci gaba da ciyar da madarar uwa har na tsawon watanni shida. Yin farautar kai ba zai yiwu ba tun daga shekara ɗaya. Babban mutum mutum ne wanda ya kai shekaru 3-4.
Makiyan Amur damisa
Hotuna: Amur tiger Red Book na Rasha
Duk da cewa mai farautar dabba ce mai karfi, mai karfi da sauri, ta kasance ba ta da kariya daga nau'ikan makamai na zamani. A Gabashin Asiya, gashin dabbobi, kasusuwa da hakora suna da matukar daraja. Manyan kuɗaɗe za su ƙara yawan mafarauta.
Baya ga kofuna masu tsada da nema, an harbe damisa Amur don yin kayayyakin magani. Anyi amfani da yawancin abubuwan sifa da yawa a sikeli mai mahimmanci a cikin maganin gabashin gabas.
A karkashin yanayin yanayi, Amur damisa ba shi da abokan gaba. Kusan babu dabbar da zata iya jurewa dashi. Ba shi da kwatankwacin ƙarfi da juriya. Zai iya kayar da koda babba bear. Abokin gaba kawai na kyakkyawan mutum shine mutum.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Amur damisa a yanayi
Hakikanin farauta don damisar Siberia ta ɓarke a ƙarni na 20. A matsakaici, an kashe mutane fiye da ɗari na damisa ta Ussuri a kowace shekara. A wannan lokacin ne jinsin ya kusan bacewa. Wani lokaci ana iya samun sa a cikin zurfin taiga, inda kusan ba zai yiwu mutum ya isa ba. Mafarauta sun harbi kyawawan kyawawan abubuwa kuma sun kama yaran damisa. A cikin shekaru 40, yawan mutane a duniya bai wuce dozin huɗu ba. Dangane da irin wannan raguwar lambobi, an jera nau'ikan a cikin Littafin Ja.
Babban dalilan raguwar yawan jinsunan:
- karuwar masu farauta;
- canjin yanayi, lokacin sanyi tare da ɗan dusar ƙanƙara;
- rashin abinci ga dabbobi masu farauta;
- lalata mahalli na masu farauta, lalata flora da fauna.
Gobarar daji, lalacewar gandun dajin, mummunan tasirin tasirin halittar kayan masarufin mutane yana haifar da raguwa a cikin ciyawar makiyaya. Duk waɗannan abubuwan suna rage mazaunin mai farautar. Bayan raguwar kaɗan a cikin mutane a duk duniya, damisa ta Amur ta yi matukar barazanar tare da cikakkiyar hallaka ta. Koyaya, mutane sun iya ɗaukar matakai don hana wani sabon abu wanda ba zai yiwu ba.
Amur tiger kariya
Hotuna: Amur damisa daga littafin Red Book
Zuwa yau, an tsara jinsin a cikin Littafin Ja. An hana farautar damisa Amur. Keta dokoki da kuma farauta farauta doka ce ta hukunta. An zartar da dokar hana farautar damisa ta Ussuri a cikin 1947. Shekaru takwas bayan haka, an sake zartar da wata doka, wacce ta hana ƙwace ɗimbin damisa na wannan nau'in, har ma da gidajen zoo da gandun daji.
Bayan ƙidayar ƙarshe, wanda aka gudanar a cikin 2015, ya juya cewa fiye da mutane ɗari biyar suna zaune a yankin Tarayyar Rasha. Idan aka kwatanta, kimanin shekaru dari da suka gabata, adadin mutane na wannan nau'in ya fi 5000. A shekarar 1995, gwamnatin tarayyar Rasha ta amince da kuduri mai lamba 795 "A kan kiyayewa da habaka damarar Amur da sauran nau'ikan dabbobi marasa galihu."
Har zuwa shekara ta 2007, dabbar tana dauke da nau'ikan da ke gab da bacewa. Dangane da aikin kiwo na mai cutar da dabbobi a wuraren nurseries, an ƙara lambar zuwa ɗari da rabi. Kuma tun daga 2007, an cire matsayin jinsin da ke cikin hatsari.
Zuwa yau, ana ci gaba da ƙoƙari don faɗaɗa yankin da aka kiyaye a cikin mazaunin damisa na Siberia. A cikin yankin, wanda aka haɗa shi a yankin da aka kiyaye, an rage ayyukan mutane don kiyayewa da haɓaka yawan masu farautar.
Ofaya daga cikin matakan kiyaye jinsin shine ƙudurin da aka zartar a taron karo na 14 na Babban Taron Internationalasashen Duniya. Ta gabatar da wata doka mai tsauri kan kiwata wata dabba wacce ba a saba da ita ba a wuraren kula da yara domin samun sassan jikin ta, fatar sa, da kuma fatar ta. Amur damisa yana ɗayan ɗayan kyawawan kyawawa, masu ƙawa da ƙarfi masu ƙarfi a doron ƙasa. Strengtharfinta da ƙarfinta suna da ban mamaki. A yau, bil'adama na yin ƙoƙari da yawa don gyara kuskurenta, wanda kusan ya haifar da mutuwar dukkanin jinsunan.
Ranar bugawa: 27.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 9:16
