Bison dama an yarda dashi azaman ubangijin daji. Yana da karfi sosai, mai martaba kuma mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi. Wakili ne na dabbobi masu shayarwa. Shine bison da ake ɗauka ɗayan manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa a duniya. Dangane da girma da nauyi, sun kasance ƙasa da bison Amurka kawai.
Idan aka kwatanta da kakanninsu, bison zamani ya fi ƙanƙanta. A karnin da ya gabata, wadannan dabbobin suna gab da bacewa. Ya ɗauki mutane da yawa ƙoƙari don kiyaye wannan nau'in na musamman kuma ya samar da yanayi don haɓakar sa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Bison
Bison shine bijimin daji na ƙarshe a yankin Turai. Dangane da bayanan tarihi, dabbobi sun samo asali ne daga kakanninsu - bison. Suna wakiltar dangi na bovs kuma suna cikin dabbobi masu ƙyamar dabbobi masu ƙoshin dabbobi.
Bayanai na tarihi sun nuna cewa bison ya wanzu a lokacin Ice Ice kuma abun farauta ne ga mutanen wancan lokacin. Wadannan hujjojin an tabbatar dasu ne ta hanyar zanen dutsen wancan lokacin wanda masu binciken kayan tarihi suka gano. Hakanan, an ambaci ambaton wannan dabba mai ban mamaki a cikin tsohuwar tarihin Masarawa da Romawa. Sananne ne tabbatacce cewa a cikin tsohuwar Rome, bison mahalarta ne a yaƙe-yaƙe.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabbobin bison
Bayyanar dabba tana birgewa cikin girma da iko. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin baligi ya kai mita 3. Tsayin dabba a bushe ya kai kimanin mita 2, dutsen wuya a wuri mafi girma shine mita 2.5-3. Sashin gaban jiki ya fi ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Wuya gajere ce kuma mai girma. Tare da bayan baya, wuya yana yin girma, mai karfin gaske. Bison ana rarrabe shi da babban kirji da sakakken ciki, tumbin ciki.
Shugaban artiodactyls yana da ƙananan saiti. Abin da ya sa ke ji kamar wutsiya tana saman kai. A waje, bakin bison ɗan karami ne da jiki. An lura da babban ɓangaren gaba. Sashin parietal yana da ƙarfi, ƙaho mai ƙarfi. Oftenarshen ƙahoni galibi ana saukar da su ko nuna su. Theahonin santsi ne, masu haske, baƙi. Kunnuwa kanana ne, zagaye, an rufe su da gashi mai kauri. A duban gani, kusan ba su ganuwa. Yana da halayyar cewa dabbobi ba sa bambanta a ƙwarewar gani, amma suna da kyakkyawar ƙanshi da ji.
Bidiyo: Bison
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: ulu na dabba na iya zama launuka daban-daban dangane da ƙananan yanki da yankin zama. A cikin bison Bialowieza, yana da launin toka-ruwan kasa mai launin shuɗi mai launin ruwan goro. Gashin kan yana lura da duhu, launin ruwan kasa, kusan gemu baki. A lokacin hunturu, yakan zama mai kauri da duhu.
Siffofin halayen wakilan wannan nau'in:
- Muƙamuƙi suna da hakora 32;
- Kogon bakin, gami da lebe da harshe, launi ne mai shuɗi-lilac;
- An rufe harshen da manyan papillae;
- Short, m wuya;
- Babba, zagaye baki idanu;
- Mai kauri, mai ƙarfi, mai ƙafafu manya-manya da kofato;
- Tsawon wutsiya daga 60 zuwa 85 santimita;
- Wutsiya ta ƙare tare da tudu mai laushi;
- Akwai gemu a yankin kirjin gaba da ƙananan muƙamuƙi;
- Kan da kirjin an rufe su da gashi mai kauri, mai lankwasa;
- Kasancewar rami;
- Horahonin da aka zagaye;
- Nauyin babban mutum ya kai kilo 800-900;
- Maza sun fi mata yawa.
Duk da girman su, bison zai iya tsallakewa da sauri kan cikas kusan mita 1.5-2.
Don haka mun gano yadda bison yake da kuma nauyinsa. Yanzu bari mu bincika inda bison yake zaune.
A ina bison ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Reserve bison
Bison dangi ne na bijiman daji. Har zuwa lokacin da za a halaka mutane da yawa, sun rufe babban yanki. Sun zauna da yawa a cikin Caucasus, a yankin yamma, kudu maso gabas da tsakiyar Turai, Iran, Scandinavia. Abin lura ne cewa a wannan lokacin ba wai kawai suna cikin yankin gandun daji ba ne, har ma a cikin yankuna masu buɗewa - steppes, kwari. A yayin aiwatar da kisan kare dangi, wakilan jinsin sun tafi da yawa da kurame da yankuna masu nisa.
A yau, yankuna da bison ke zaune sune gandun daji-gandun daji, gandun daji, waɗanda suke kusa da jikin ruwa. A yau babban mazauninsu shine yankin Belovezhskaya Pushcha.
Mun gano inda bison ke zaune, yanzu bari mu gano abin da yake ci.
Me bison ke ci?
Hotuna: Bison daga littafin Red
Bison Shin herbivore ne. Asalin abincin marainar shine nau'in ciyayi iri-iri. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa kusan nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire ɗari huɗu na iya zama tushen abinci ga wannan wakilin ungulat. Bison ciyarwa akan bawon bishiya, ganye, samari na shrubs, lichens.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana daidaita tsarin abincin ta yankin mazauni, da yanayin yanayi da yanayi. A lokacin bazara, dabbobi suna cin 'ya'yan itace masu yawa da ganyen maple. A cikin kaka, za su iya cin naman kaza, 'ya'yan itace, itacen oak, ƙwai.
A matsakaici, babban mutum yana buƙatar kusan kilogiram 45-55 na abinci kowace rana. Lokacin da aka kiyaye shi a wuraren kariya, ana ciyar da bison da ciyawa. Irin waɗannan masu ciyarwar an shirya su ne kawai don irin wannan dabbobi. Da'awar wasu nau'in dabbobi don abinci yana haifar da fushi da hari daga bison.
Mahimmin abu shine ruwa. Dabbobi suna buƙatar amfani da shi kowace rana. Ko da sun buya daga zafin rana a cikin dazuzzuka, zuwa karshen ranar babu shakka za su fita sha.
Mun gano abin da bison ke ci, yanzu za mu fahimci halinta da salon rayuwarsa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Bison a Rasha
A dabi'arsu, ana daukar bison dabbobi masu kwanciyar hankali da nutsuwa. Baƙon abu ne a gare su su nuna ta'adi. Bai kamata mutum yaji tsoron haduwa dashi ba. Dabba na iya zuwa kusa da mutane. Ba za su cutar da su ba ko kuma kawo musu haɗari idan babu abin da ke yi musu barazana. Koyaya, idan dabba tana jin barazanar kanta ko itsa itsan ta, ta zama mai tsananin tashin hankali da haɗari. Yana iya yin sautuna waɗanda suke kama da shaƙatawa.
Bayanan Nishaɗi: Girgiza kai yana nuna cewa dabbar tana da juyayi. Lokacin da aka kawo hari, bison yana hanzarta ya bugu da ƙarfi, ƙaho mai ƙarfi. Ilhami na kiyaye kai yana matukar bunkasa cikin dabbobi.
Idan aka gamu da cikas a kan hanyar dabbar da ba ta da kaifin hatsarin da ke tattare da hadari gare shi, to ya fi son ya tsallake ta. Bison ba a dauke shi dabbobi daya tilo ba. Suna samar da garke, wanda ya hada da wakilan 3-4 zuwa 16-20 na jinsin. Yawancin garken mata ne kuma matasa. A saman garken mata mafi gogewa, mai hikima da girma. Maza suna rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Sun kasance suna bin garken shanu yayin lokacin aure. A lokacin sanyi, tsananin sanyi, ƙananan garken dabbobi suna haɗuwa.
Bison shuke-shuke ne. Suna fita makiyaya da safe da yamma. Da rana, galibi suna hutawa, suna barci, yin iyo a cikin yashi, suna zubarwa da rana, suna tauna cingam, kuma suna goge ulu. A lokacin bazara, kungiyoyin dabbobi suna fitowa kusa da hanyoyin ruwa. A lokacin rani, a cikin tsananin zafi, akasin haka, suna yin ritaya zuwa dajin daji. Idan babu ciyayi, suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa don neman sa. Suna da ƙafa masu ƙarfi, masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke ba su damar yin tafiya mai nisa ba tare da gajiya ba. Bison na iya iyo.
Bison yawanci mahaukata suna kaiwa hari. A irin wannan lokacin, suna ɗaukar matsayin karewa a cikin zoben zobe, a tsakiyar waɗanda membobin ƙungiyar ne masu rauni da rauni.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Bison cub
Lokaci na aure tsakanin bison yana farawa daga ƙarshen Yuli kuma yana wanzuwa zuwa farkon Oktoba. A wannan lokacin, maza suna fada da juna don haƙƙin saduwa da mata. Maza masu jagorantar hanyar kadaici kungiyoyi, suna fatattakar samari daga ciki. Bayan haka, zawarcin mata yana farawa. Idan akwai masu nema da yawa don shiga dangantakar aure da mace ɗaya, mazan suna faɗa. Wanda aka kayar ya bar garken, wanda ya ci nasara ya ci gaba da soyayya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin jinin ciki yana ɗaukar watanni 9. A lokacin da ya kamata jariri ya bayyana, mahaifiyarsa na neman keɓantaccen wuri. Ana haihuwar jarirai ɗayan lokaci, da wuya ƙwarai cikin biyu. Matsakaicin nauyin jikin jariri shine kilo 23-26.
Bayan haihuwa, mace na lasar diyanta sosai. Bayan awanni 1.5-2 daga lokacin haihuwa, jariri na iya tsayawa kan ƙafafunsa ya bi mahaifiyarsa da 'yanci. Kubiyoni sukan nemi mahaifiyarsu da wari. Mace tana komawa cikin garken garken tare da ɗanta bayan kwana 2-3 don sanin duk membobinta.
A karo na farko da jariri yayi kokarin shuka abinci makonni 3-4 bayan haihuwa. Koyaya, madarar nono na ci gaba da ciyarwa a matsakaita har zuwa shekara ɗaya. Kubiyu suna wanzuwa kusa da mahaifiyarsu a cikin yanayin garken dabbobi har zuwa shekaru 3-4. Samari maza waɗanda suka rabu da rukuni suna haɗuwa. Suna wanzu a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi don fewan shekarun farko. Bayan samun gogewa da ƙarfi, kowa ya fara jagorancin rayuwa mai zaman kanta, keɓance.
Girma ya ci gaba har zuwa shekaru 5-6, pan duban yara sun zama cikin balaga yayin da suka kai shekaru 3-5. Mace na iya haihuwar zuriya kowace shekara. Maza maza da ke cikin haifuwa sun fi tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 16. Ba a yarda da samari da tsofaffin wakilai masu ƙarfi na maza masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi ba. Matsakaicin rayuwar bison a yanayin yanayi shine shekaru 30-35. A cikin ajiyar zasu iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru 5-10.
Halittan makiya bison
Photo: Garken bison
A cikin mazaunin ƙasa, manyan abokan gaban bison dabbobi ne masu farauta.
Abokan gaba:
- Bears;
- Lynx;
- Wolves;
- Damisa.
Wadanda suka fi kamuwa da cutarwa samari ne, har ma da marasa lafiya, masu rauni da tsoffin bison. Manya mata da maza na iya yin yaƙi da duk wani mai farauta. Banda banda shine harin da aka kaiwa mazan maza wadanda suka yaki garken mata ta hanyar garken dabbobin masu cin nama. A wannan yanayin, suna cin nasara saboda ƙimar fa'ida.
Baya ga masu farautar dabi'a, ana ɗaukar mutane a matsayin maƙiyin haɗarin bison. Masana kimiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa mafarauta ne da mafarauta waɗanda suka kusan hallaka waɗannan wakilan ungulai a cikin yanayin yanayi. Dangane da bayanan hukuma, a cikin 1920s, kusan jinsin sun ɓace daga fuskar duniya. Zai yiwu a adana shi kawai saboda ƙirƙirar yankuna masu kariya da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, da kuma saboda gaskiyar cewa mutane da yawa sun tsira a cikin keɓaɓɓun wurare.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin ƙarni na ƙarshe, yawancin fatake da manyan mutane sun ji daɗin farautar dabbobi saboda girman su. Consideredananan dabbobi ana ɗaukarsu da ƙima ta musamman, saboda suna da laushi da nama mai laushi sosai.
Har ila yau, ya kamata a sani cewa baya ga mafarauta da masu farauta, adadin dabbobi a yanayi ya ragu sosai. Wadannan sun hada da cututtuka na rigakafi, cututtukan helminthic, cututtukan kafa da na baki, anthrax, cututtukan ciki.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Bison maraƙi
Zuwa yau, bison an bayar da shi a hukumance matsayin wani nau'in haɗari. Girman yawan mutane ya haifar da fadada iyakokin yankunan da mutum ya haɓaka. An sare gandun daji a wani babban sikeli, an lalata iri iri da yawa.
A zamanin da, mazaunin waɗannan dabbobi masu ƙarfi suna da girma. Sun zauna a ko'ina cikin Eurasia. Yin farauta da kisan gilla a cikin adadi mai yawa ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa a farkon karni na 20 an samo bison ne kawai a yankin Belovezhskaya Pushcha da Caucasus. A wannan lokacin, kusan 65 ne kawai suka rage a duniya.
A yau, albarkacin ƙoƙarin masana kimiyya, ba zai yiwu a adana ba kawai, amma kuma a ƙara yawan bijimomin daji. A cewar masana kimiyya, akwai sama da mutane 3,000 a duniya a cikin 2006. Rabin su kawai suna cikin rayuwa.
- Don kiyaye jinsin, bison ya haye tare da dangi na kusa - bison Amurka;
- Don adana bayanan wakilan dabbobi masu shayarwa, an lasafta jinsunan a cikin Littafin IUCN a matsayin masu rauni;
- An jera dabbar a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha tare da sanya matsayin "jinsin da ke gab da karewa gaba daya."
Kariya na bison
Photo: Bison a lokacin sanyi
A cikin 1923, a taron Majalisar Internationalasashen Duniya kan Kare Lafiyar Yanayi, an yi tambaya game da bukatar kiyaye yawan bison da haɓaka ta. Daga wannan lokacin zuwa gaba, an hana farautar su a hukumance. A wannan taron, an shirya kwaleji don adana manyan bijimai na daji. Ta gudanar da kirgawa da rajistar mutanen da suka rage a muhalli.
A karshen shekarun 30, adadin dabbobi bai wuce 50. Masana kiwon dabbobi sun kaddamar da wani gagarumin aiki kan kamewa da kiwo a yanayin kula da namun daji da wuraren shakatawa na kasa.
Zuwa yau, aiki kan kiyayewa da haɓaka jinsunan ana aiwatar da su gaba ɗaya a cikin yankuna masu zuwa:
- Kariya daga farauta;
- Hutun hukuma kan farauta;
- Hukuncin laifi na keta buƙatun;
- Inganta yanayin rayuwa;
- Irƙirar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, yankunan kariya;
- Ciyar da dabbobi.
Babban filin shakatawa na ƙasa, a yankin da aka saki rukunin farko na dabbobin da aka sansu a cikin fursuna, shine Belovezhskaya Pushcha. Kimanin mutane ɗari bakwai ke zaune a kan iyakarta ita kaɗai. A cikin 40s, an ƙaddamar da shirin don maido da bishiyar Caucasian. An bred su a yankin Caucasian Reserve.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dangane da sabon bayanan, masanan dabbobi sun gudanar da ƙididdigar yawan bison a cikin 2016. A yayin wannan taron, an gano cewa adadin dabbobi ya karu zuwa mutane 6,000. Mafi yawansu suna rayuwa ne a kan iyakar ƙasa.
Bison Dabba ne mai girma, babu kamarsa. 'Yan Adam ba a banza suke yin ƙoƙari don gyara kuskuren su da ceton wannan dabba mai ban mamaki ba. A yau, bison ana ɗaukar shi ne kawai dabba a duniya wanda, bayan kusan kusan ɓarna ta hanyar masu farauta, ya ninka kuma ya sake rayuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi.
Ranar bugawa: 23.01.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 17.09.2019 da 12:09
