Himalayan farin-nono - Wannan dabbar da ba ta da yawa wacce ke da sunaye da yawa. Ana kiran shi sau da yawa farin-nono, Asianan Asiya ko Tibet, Himalayan ko wata, da kuma Ussuri. Dabbar tana rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka ko itacen al'ul. Yana zaune a manyan ramuka ko bishiyun bishiyoyi.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
A asalin yawan fararen nono, akwai tsoffin bera, wadanda daga cikinsu ne duk beyar ta zamani ta samo asali. Bears masu farar fatar sun fi girma girma fiye da beyar mai ruwan kasa, amma sun sha bamban da su a tsarin da ya fi dacewa.
Tsawan rayuwar rayuwar mutanen kai ba su wuce shekaru 27 ba. Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar mai ɗaukar wata a cikin fursuna shine shekaru 30.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Kan babban mutum yana da ɗan ƙarami, tare da doguwa, kunkuntar bakin sa kuma babba, mai faɗi-fadi, kunnuwa masu kamannin mazurari. Rigar dabbar doguwa ce, tare da farin tabo mai kauri a kirji a cikin hanyar wasiƙar "V". Yadadden dabba ya fi kayar bushewa.
Manyan ƙusoshin hannu a cikin manya suna da ƙarfi, suna da ƙarfi mai lankwasa kuma suna nuna su. Etafafu, musamman na gaba, mai ƙarfi, ƙarfi da ƙarfi fiye da na baya. Bears na da hakora 42 baki ɗaya.
Ba a isar da yanayin wannan nau'in. Jawo yana sheki, baƙi, akan kirji akwai dusar dusar ƙanƙara mai fari ko rawaya mai launin V, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake kiran dabbar fari-nono. Tsawon jikin namiji baligi shine 150-160 cm, wani lokacin har zuwa cm 200. Mata kanana ne, zuwa 130-140 cm tsayi.
A ina beren farin-nono yake rayuwa?
Wurin zama na watannin bears yana da alaƙa da kasancewar gandun daji na wurare masu zafi da kuma dazuzzuka. Dabbobin suna rayuwa a cikin bishiyar budurwa da kuma gandun daji na Manchu, bishiyoyi na itacen oak da itacen al'ul, a cikin kurmi tare da goron Manchu ko itacen oak na Mongolia.
Wadannan rarrabewa ana rarrabe su da nau'ikan kwayoyi, iri-iri iri-iri da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa - babban abincin da ke dauke da wata. A cikin tsaunuka, dabbobi suna rayuwa a lokacin bazara mai zafi, a lokacin hunturu sukan nitse ƙasa, zuwa cikin dajin dumi mai dumi.
Wani muhimmin ɓangare na ƙasar beran mai fararen fata ya faɗaɗa zuwa Gabashin Asiya. Dabbobi sun haɗu a wasu ƙasashe masu dumi: China, Afghanistan, Himalayas, Indochina, Korea, Japan. A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, mutanen Himalayan suna zaune ne kawai a yankin Ussuri da cikin yankin Amur. Ana iya samun dabba mai tsayi a tsaunuka, a tsawan sama da kilomita 3000.
Mazaunin farin kirji a Tarayyar Rasha kwata-kwata ya yi daidai da yankin rarraba dazuzzuka, itacen oak da itacen al'ul.
Menene beyar farin-nono ya ci?
Abincin menu na beran Himalayan ya mamaye abincin sirara:
- kwayoyi na yau da kullun, hazel;
- itacen oak da itacen pine;
- 'ya'yan itãcen berry masu yawa;
- tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, tsire-tsire ko ganyen bishiyoyi.
Bears suna kaunar berries na tsuntsaye ceri da raspberries. Tare da girbi mai yawa, dabbobi suna mai da hankali a cikin kogunan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa kuma suna jin daɗin 'ya'yan itace masu daɗi tare da jin daɗi. Sau da yawa bears na lalata apiaries, a wasu lokuta beyar tana satar beyar da aka sata tana rufe kudan zuma.
Bears yakan cinye abincin dabbobi - ƙananan kwari, tsutsotsi, larvae. Ko da a cikin bazara mai jin yunwa, bayan an wayi gari daga bacci, fararen nono basa yin farauta, kada suyi kifi, amma kar suyi sakaci da gawa. Lokaci-lokaci, beyar na iya yunƙurin kai wa dawakan daji ko dabbobi hari. Bears na iya zama haɗari ga mutane ma.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Beyar Himalayan kyakkyawa ce mai bishiyar bishiya, tana bin hanyar rayuwa ta rabin-arboreal. Dabbar wata tana kashe sama da kashi 50% na rayuwarta a saman bishiyoyi. A can ya yi kasuwanci, ya sami nasa abincin, ya tsere daga abokan hamayya da nishaɗi mai ban haushi.
Kudin da bera ba ya biya ba ya hau zuwa saman wata babbar itaciya, har zuwa tsayi 30 a sakan 3-4. Daga tsayin mita 6-7, dabbar tana tsalle a sauƙaƙe, ba tare da jinkiri ba. Tana hawa kan rawanin manyan itacen al'ul, dabbar tana zaune a kan rassan masu kauri. Fashe reshen da ke kusa da shi yana cin 'ya'yan itace masu daɗi daga gare su, dabbar tana samun abincin ta. Dabba mai wayo ba ta fitar da rassan da suka cinye ba, amma tana shimfiɗa ta ƙarƙashin kanta, kamar abin kwanciya. Sakamakon shine gida mai dadi wanda zaku iya amfani dashi don kwanciyar rana a cikin amintaccen wuri.
Lokacin saduwa da mutum, dabbar tana tafiya a hankali, aukuwa na halayen maƙiya suna da wuya. Bears ba ta taɓa kai wa mutane hari ba. Bayan harbe-harbe da raunuka, sau da yawa yakan gudu, amma zai iya saurin yanke hukunci ga mai laifin. Bears, masu kare 'ya'yan, suna yin barazanar kai hari ga gefen mutum, amma suna kawo ƙarshen harin ne kawai idan mutumin ya tsere. Wannan nau'in yana da mahimmancin ƙarfin jiki da motsi mai kyau.
Bears masu ƙyallen fata suna nuna hali kamar na yau da kullun a cikin rashin nutsuwa:
- ba sa fitar da fitsari ko najasa;
- yayin barci, bugun zuciya ya ragu daga 40-70 zuwa 8-12 a kowane minti daya;
- Ana rage tafiyar matakai na rayuwa da kashi 50%;
- yanayin zafin jiki ya sauka da digiri 3-7 a ma'aunin Celsius, don haka beyar na iya tashi ba tare da wahala ba.
A ƙarshen lokacin hunturu, maza kan rasa har zuwa 15-30% na nauyinsu, kuma mata kan rasa zuwa 40%. Bears suna barin kogon kusan a cikin 2nd tsakiyar Afrilu.
Beran farin-breasted yana da ƙwaƙwalwa mai ban mamaki, yana tuna mai kyau da mara kyau da kyau. Kuma yanayin yanayin yana da fadi sosai - daga kwanciyar hankali zuwa ga tashin hankali da fushi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Bears masu ƙyallen fata suna magana da juna ta amfani da babbar murya. Idan yaran sun ware daga iyayensu mata, suna yin kira na roko. Soundsananan saututtukan ciki na iya zama alamar rashin gamsuwa da toptygin, kuma a lokaci ɗaya tare da danna haƙori, ƙiyayyarsa.
Dabbar Himalayan galibi tana yin hutun hunturu a cikin ramuka na manyan bishiyoyi. Manyan ramuka a cikin manyan akwatunan poplar ko lindens sun fi dacewa da damuna. Samun dama ga irin wannan gidan yawo ya kai akalla 5 m daga ƙasa. Dangane da nauyin beyar mai girma, itatuwan da suka dace dole ne su kasance aƙalla 90 cm a ƙetaren.
Kadan sau da yawa, lokacin da babu manyan bishiyoyi ko aka sare su, beyar na iya hunturu a wasu ɓoyayyun wuraren da suka dace:
- a cikin ramuka a ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi;
- a cikin manyan gidajen da aka gina a ƙarƙashin kututtukan bishiyun da suka faɗi;
- a cikin kogon dutse, kogi ko koguna.
Bears na Ussuri yana da alamun yanayin yanayi na lokacin hunturu zuwa dazuzzuka masu yankewa da baya, yayin da sauye-sauyen ke gudana ta hanyoyin guda. Wintering yana mai da hankali ne a yankuna da manyan rafuffuka suka rabu. Mafi yawan lokuta, wurin hutunan hunturu yana cikin wani yanki na sirri, kuma kusa da kogon, beyar mai farin fararen fata tana neman rikitar da hanyoyin don kada ta ba da wurin ta.
Baya ga lokacin saduwa, bears na wata suna haifar da keɓantacciyar rayuwa, lokaci zuwa lokaci suna tara mutane da yawa a yankuna da wadataccen abinci. Daga cikin matan da ke da farin jini, ana iya gano wasu matsayin zamantakewar jama'a, wanda ke da alaƙa da shekaru daban-daban da nauyin maza. Wannan ya bayyana musamman a lokacin saduwa. Su kuma na samari, wadanda nauyinsu bai kai kilogiram 80 ba, ba su da damar yin lalata da mata.
Bears galibi suna yin ma'amala da juna yayin da suka nuna fifikonsu ko matsayinsu ta hanyar laulayi da motsi. Don ƙayyade matsayin mai biyayya, beyar ta ja da baya, ta zauna ko ta kwanta. Don tabbatar da ikonta mafi rinjaye, beyar ta ci gaba ko gudu zuwa wurin abokin adawar.
Don yin hulɗa tare da sauran bears masu fararen nono, dabbobi suna amfani da ƙanshin kansu na ƙanshi. Dabbobi suna yin alamunsu: suna yin fitsari a jikin kututtukan itace ko kuma karce, suna shafawa a jikin bishiyar. Dabbobi suna yin hakan don kiyaye ƙanshinsu a kansu. Abokin hamayyar nan da nan ya san mai yankin kuma zai koma gida. Yankuna masu zaman kansu na iya zama 5-20 ko ma murabba'in mita 35. km Ya dogara da wadatar abinci a wurin. Thearin bambancin abinci, ƙaramin yanki.
Gwanin farin-breasted halittar auren mata da yawa. Mata na shiga lokutan saduwa a wasu lokutan bazuwar. Sabili da haka, ɗaukar hoto na iya faruwa tare da maza daban cikin kwanaki 10-30. Ma'aurata suna tashi na ɗan gajeren lokaci.
Lokacin kiwo yana daga tsakiyar watan Yuni zuwa tsakiyar watan Agusta. Theananan samari na dabbobi suna kai tsaye zuwa balaga lokacin da suke da shekaru 3, amma mata da yawa sukan kasance ba tare da ɗa ba. Ciki yana dauke da watanni 7-8. Mace yawanci tana kawo 'ya'ya 2 a ƙarshen Disamba ko tsakiyar Janairu. Kubiyoni masu nauyin gram 250-350 sun bayyana, sun kafa na dogon lokaci kuma koda suna da wata 2 basuda kariya. Jarirai sun gama ciyar da madara a watanni 3.5.
Abokan gaba na beran farin-breasted
Manyan kerkeci, damisa, bera mai ruwan kasa makiya ne na fararen fata. Mafi haɗari shine damisa, daga ƙusoshin hannu waɗanda yake da wahalar fita da rai. Amma halakar bera ta Himalayan da masu farauta ke da wuya, tunda beyar dabbobi ne masu ƙarfi kuma suna iya ba da kyawu ga duk wani mai farautar. Rage yawan adadin beran Himalayan ana ɗauka ne kawai sakamakon aikin ɗan adam.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A mafi ƙarancin ƙarancin haihuwa na farin bera mai ƙyalli, ana samun raguwar yawan mutane koyaushe. Mata suna ba da offspringan farko na shekaru 3-4 kawai. Kusan fiye da kashi 35% na mata ke shiga cikin kiwo kowace shekara. Kowane ƙari na nauyin kamun kifi yana haifar da raguwar mutane da sauri. Hakanan, gobara, yawan sare itace da farautar dabbobi suna haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a.
Bararren da aka yi wa lakabi da farin nama abu ne mai daraja don farauta ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga mafarauta. Sau da yawa ana harba shi don bile mai tsada da nama mai ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Sau da yawa akan kashe bera mai ƙyallen fata don kyawawan fatu da fur mai tamani.
Kariyar beyar mai farin nono
An jera dabbar wata a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha a shekarar 1983. Tun daga 1977, an hana kamun kifi tare da Himalayans. Yawan jama'a shine mutane 7-9 a kowace 100 sq. km, duk da haka, ayyukan tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam yana ƙara tilasta bear don matsawa zuwa mafi munanan wuraren zama. A lokacin hunturu, mafarauta galibi suna sare bishiyoyi masu dacewa da dabbobi, wanda hakan ke haifar da raguwar kututturan rami. A yankuna da yawa, yawan bera masu ƙyallen fata a yanzu sun ragu saboda rashin wuraren hunturu.
Yawan beyar Ussuri a shekarun 1980 ya kasance 6,000 - 8,000, a Primorye - 4,000 - 5,000. Lambar ta ta ci gaba da raguwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. An gano cewa a kowace shekara wadannan dabbobin suna raguwa da kashi 4-4.6%. Wannan yana faruwa ko da a cikin yankuna masu kariya, duk da ƙaura a cikin kaka daga ƙasashe maƙwabta.
Yin farauta yana haifar da babbar illa ga yawan jama'a. Musamman cutarwa shine harbin mata tare da ɗiya, wanda yawan abin da yake cikin ganima ya wuce 80%. Ana kama dukkan jarirai tare da mahaifa.
Sare dazuzzuka na dazuzzuka, musamman itacen al'ul da bishiyoyi, gobarar daji da ayyukan ɗan adam suna hana bea masu fararen shayar manyan wuraren zama, suna tura su zuwa ƙasashe tare da mafi munin abinci da yanayin kariya. Yanke bishiyoyi marasa amfani yana hana dabbobi samun mafaka mai amfani da aminci. Rage yawan dogayen abin dogaro yana kara mutuwar berayen fararen nono daga makiya makiya. A yankin Primorskaya, an fara ba da lasisi tun daga shekarar 1975, kuma tun daga 1983, an hana yin kamun kifi tare da wata. A Khabarovsk, tun daga 1980s, an kafa cikakken takunkumi kan kama dabbar.
A ƙarshen 60s, jimlar adadin bear Himalayan a Rasha ya kasance mutane dubu 5-7. A cikin shekaru 80, an kiyasta yawan wannan dabba zuwa kawunan dubu 4,5-5.5. Yankin Amur: mutane 25-50. Bayahude - adadin wannan nau'in ya fito ne daga kawunan 150 zuwa 250. Yankin Khabarovsk har zuwa mutane dubu 3. A cikin yankin Primorsky, an kiyasta yawan mutane daga kawuna dubu 2 da rabi zuwa dubu biyu da dari takwas. Adadin duka a cikin Tarayyar Rasha an kiyasta mutane 5,000 - 6,000. Himalayan farin-nono yana buƙatar kariya daga aiki daga mafarauta da kuma lalata mutane.
Ranar bugawa: 21.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 16:12
