Rashan Rasha, ita ma hochula ce (Desmana moschata) - tsohuwar tsufa, kayan tarihi, nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa. An yi imanin cewa waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa a duniya kusan shekaru miliyan 30. A baya can, yankin rarrabawa ya fadada kusan kusan duk ɓangarorin Turai na Eurasia - har zuwa Tsibirin Birtaniyya. Yanzu yankin ya ragu kuma yana da fasalin ɗabi'a.
Desman ya samo sunan ne saboda halayensa da ƙanshin warin miski. Bayanin asalin sunan ya koma tsohuwar kalmar Rasha "hukhat", watau "yi ɗoyi"
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Saboda dadadden jinsin, aiki ne mai matukar wahalar gaske don tantance asalinsa. Kakannin desman ƙananan dabbobi ne masu ƙwarin kwari, waɗanda a yayin aiwatar da ƙwarewa suka sami sifa da halaye kusa da dabbobin zamani. Tsawon shekaru miliyan 30, juyin halitta bai iya canzawa sosai ba, saboda haka a yau mun ganshi daidai da na mammoths kuma kusan duk magabatan mutum na zamani suna iya ganin sa. Kusa da dangi na desman na Rasha sune tabo na zamani, wanda Desman ke da fasali iri daya da yawa a jikin mutum da ilimin halittu.
Desman ya fi so ya zauna tare da rafuffukan ruwa masu nutsuwa a cikin ramin da yake haƙa kansa. Gidajen suna da rassa sosai kuma suna fitowa zuwa gefen ruwa. Desman yana amfani da mafi yawan lokacinsa a cikin kabura, yana ɓoyewa daga abokan gabansa, haɗe. daga mutum. Dabbar ta san yadda ake iyo a cikakke, tana da kyakkyawan ƙanshi da taɓawa. Bodyananan jikin yana lulluɓe da ulu mai kauri, wanda dabba ke sarrafawa tare da ɓoyewar gishirin miski. Godiya ga wannan, ulu tana samun ruwa-amma, amma a lokaci guda yana ba wa desman ƙanshin mara ƙarfi.
Yana ciyarwa akan ƙananan ɓawon burodi, molluscs, kwari da tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa. Dabbar ba ta yin ajiyar lokacin hunturu kuma ba ta yin bacci, yana jagorantar salon rayuwa duk shekara. Saboda wannan fasalin, desman ba zai iya fadada zangonsa zuwa arewa ba - yana da wahala ga dabbar ta jure sanyin hunturu.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Harshen Rasha desman
Desman yana da ƙarami kaɗan - kusan 20 cm kawai, haɗi da jela kusan tsawonsa. Jimlar - kimanin santimita 40. Nauyin jiki kamar gram 400-500 ne. Kan yana karami, a kan gajeriyar wuya, tare da diga-danshi mai tsawo, yana karewa da kyamar motsawa tare da hanci da kuma damun mayun raɗa da hankali - vibrissae. Eyesananan idanu suna kewaye da fata mai haske mara haske; hangen nesa yana da rauni ƙwarai. A rayuwar yau da kullun, desman ya fi dogaro da wasu hankulan mutane fiye da gani. Kuma yayin farautar, gabaɗaya yana rufe idanunsa kuma yana amfani da ƙararrawa kawai.
Wutsiyar desman doguwa ce, mai motsi sosai, an daidaita ta gefe. An rufe shi da ƙananan ma'auni kuma ba shi da gashi kwata-kwata. Dabbar na amfani da ita yayin yin iyo a matsayin ƙarin abin motsa jiki da rudder. Gabobin Desman gajeru ne. Akwai tsabtace yanar gizo tsakanin yatsun ƙafafun, wanda hakan yana sa sauƙin iyo. Legsafafu na gaba gajere ne, kwancen kafa, na hannu, masu manyan fika. Tare da su, desman yana haƙa hanyoyin sadarwa na mita da yawa na burukan. A kan ƙasa, waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna motsawa a hankali da ma'ana, suna iyo da sauri da sauri cikin ruwa.
Jikin dabbar yana rufe da furcin kauri wanda aka shashi da miski. Musk yana da aikin hana ruwa. Godiya ga wannan, Jawo baya samun ruwa kuma ya bushe da sauri. Launi na gashin gashi a baya launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, ciki mai ruwan toka-azurfa. Wannan launi yana da aikin ɓoyewa a cikin ruwa da ƙasa. A zahiri, saboda miski da fata tare da fur ne ya sa yawan mazaunan desman suka ragu zuwa masifa. Shekaru da yawa, dabbar tana da darajar kasuwanci, da farko saboda miski, sannan kuma a matsayin nau'in fur. An gabatar da haramcin ƙarshe akan kamun kifi ne kawai a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20.
Ina Rashawan desman suke rayuwa?
A yau, baƙon Rasha ya zama ruwan dare a ƙananan yankuna na kogin Volga, Don, Dnieper da Ural. Yanzu haka yankin na ci gaba da samun koma baya. Wannan saboda duka canjin yanayi da ayyukan ɗan adam.
The desman yana jagorantar salon rayuwar sirri sosai. Mazaunan kusa da jikin ruwa masu nutsuwa, wadanda bankunan suke haƙa ramuka masu rassa. A wasu yanayi, tsayin tsawon dukkanin ramuka da dakunan kabarin na iya wuce mita 10! A cikin kurkukunta, dabbar tana hutawa bayan farauta, ciyar da ita, kuma ta sami zuriya. Khokhulya ya fi son zama a wurare masu nutsuwa tare da ciyawar ciyawar bakin teku. A irin wannan gabar, ya fi sauki ga dabba ta buya daga hadari, kuma ya fi sauki ga dabbar ta tsira lokacin ambaliyar ruwa. Idan madatsar ruwa ta kasance tana da sauye-sauye masu ƙarfi a cikin matakin ruwa, desman yana yin ramuka da yawa tare da ƙofar shiga da yawa.
Dabbar tana kokarin shiga ramin a bakin bakin ruwan. Daga ƙofar zuwa mazaunin, tsagi yana shimfiɗawa a ƙasan, sau da yawa tare da rassa da yawa. Wannan wani nau'i ne na hanyar karkashin ruwa wanda ke bawa desman damar ɓacewa da sauri nemo hanyar da ake so. Sau da yawa, rami yana haɗa babban burrow tare da ƙarin waɗansu - wadatattun abinci, wanda dabba ke iya cin abinci cikin nutsuwa, hutawa ko kuma shan iska mai sauƙi. Nisa tsakanin ramuka bai wuce mita 25-30 ba, saboda kusan adadin desman na iya iyo a ƙarƙashin ruwa a cikin numfashi ɗaya. Yayinda matakin ruwa ya faɗi, desman yana zurfafa zurfafa da ke kusa da ƙofar burrow kuma yana ci gaba da amfani da su.
Ambaliyar ruwa lokaci ne mai matukar wahala ga desman. Dole ne ta bar ramin ta kuma jira tashin ruwa a wasu irin matsugunan wucin gadi. A wannan lokacin, dabbobin suna da rauni musamman kuma galibi suna fadawa cikin mahautan. Idan ta kasa samun gindin zama, dabbar tana dauke mai ta yanzu. Ba duk mutane bane suka tsira daga wannan. Amma wannan shine yadda desman ke yadawa.
Menene desman na Rasha ya ci?
Yana da babban motsi da haɓakar motsa jiki, ɗan ƙasar Rasha yana buƙatar abinci mai yawan kalori mai yawa. Ana gudanar da wannan aikin kusan cikin shekara. Tushen abincin ɗan Rasha desman shine abincin dabbobi, kodayake dabbar bata kyamar ciyayi na cikin ruwa.
Mafi sau da yawa fiye da ba, suna shiga menu:
- kwari na cikin ruwa;
- tsutsayen kwari;
- cananan ɓawon burodi;
- kifin kifi;
- leeches da sauran tsutsotsi.
Kari akan haka, dabbar tana farin cikin cin abinci akan kananan kifi da kwaɗi, idan zaku iya kama su. Lokaci-lokaci yana kara abincinsa tare da sandar karafa, reed, kwanten kwai.
Hohula yana farauta ne kawai a cikin ruwa, kuma yana cin abincinsa akan ƙasa. A lokacin farautar, dabbar ta bishe ta vibrissae. Bayan ya sami abin farauta, sai ya kamo shi da haƙoransa ya kai shi kabari ko keɓewa a gaɓar tekun, inda yake jin daɗi. Baya ga laushin kwari masu taushi, desman kuma yana iya jurewa da mollusks a cikin bawo saboda karfin hakoransa na gaba. Tunda "ɗakin cin abinci" na desman a wuri ɗaya yake, yana da sauƙi a sami mazaunin wannan dabba mai ɓoye ta ragowar abinci.
Grooves a ƙasan tafkin suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin farautar farautar Rasha. Kullum yana tafiya tare dasu, dabbar tana samarda ruwa zagayawa lokaci-lokaci da wadatarta da iska. Kwarin kwari da kwarkwatarsu suna ninkaya sosai cikin ruwa mai wadatar oxygen, wanda hochula ke farauta.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Rashancin Rasha shine dabba mai shayar da ruwa wanda ke shaƙar iska. Amma hanyar rayuwa ta bar martabarta kuma wannan tsohuwar dabba ta haɓaka sauye-sauye da yawa don irin wannan mazaunin. Babban sune ikon yin iyo a ƙarƙashin ruwa kuma riƙe numfashinka na dogon lokaci. Idan dabbar tana jin hatsari sama da ruwan, kuma kana bukatar shaka, to desman a hankali zai fitar da mutuncinsa tare da hancinsa sama da saman ruwan sannan ya numfasa. Wannan yana ci gaba har sai hatsarin ya bace.
Duk da cewa Russianaramar Rasha tana da kyakkyawan ji, ba ta amsawa ga duk motsin sauti. An lura akai-akai cewa jawabin mutum ko hayaniyar dabbobi a gabar teku wani lokacin bashi da tasiri iri ɗaya kamar na ɗan fantsama ko tsattsauran ciyawa a gaɓar tekun. Koyaya, desman yayi ƙoƙari ya ɓoye kuma ya ɓoye da haɗarin haɗari.
Rashanci na Rasha yawanci yana rayuwa cikin ƙungiyoyin dangi. Iyali daya na daga cikin ingantattun hanyoyin sadarwar burodi, wanda kowa ke rayuwa tare cikin aminci. Amma waɗannan dabbobin ba za a iya kiransu da salama da kwanciyar hankali ba! Yawancin lokaci, rikice-rikice na faruwa tsakanin wakilan iyalai daban-daban, wanda hakan kan iya haifar da mutuwar ɗayan mutane. Amma wannan ba safai ba. Yawancin lokaci shari'ar tana ƙare da zanga-zangar lumana ko tsoratarwa. Ana yawan lura da hare-hare daga dabbobin manya akan dabbobin da suka fito daga dangin makwabta.
The desman na Rasha yana ƙoƙarin kiyaye dangantakar abokantaka tare da dabbobin ruwa da dabbobin ruwa na wasu nau'in. Don haka, tare da beaver, akwai ma alamun kamanceceniya. Khokhula sau da yawa yana amfani da burtsatsin beaver don amfanin kansa, kuma azaman biyan kuɗi yana cinye zubi wanda zai iya ɗaukar ƙwayoyin cuta na beaver. Don haka, dukansu suna amfana. Babu gasar cin abinci tare da beavers a cikin desman na Rasha.
Tare da wani dabba mai shayarwa - muskrat - desman yana gina kyakkyawar dangantaka. Dabbobi basa shiga cikin arangama kai tsaye wasu lokuta ma sukan mallaki burrow iri ɗaya, amma baƙon abu bane ga babban muskrat ya kori dabba mai rauni. Wannan yana haifar da raguwar adadin desman a wasu yankuna.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Kamar yadda aka gani a sama, ɗan ƙasar Rasha yana zaune a cikin rukunin dangi wanda ya ƙunshi iyaye da ƙarni na ƙarshe na dabbobi. Wani lokaci, tare da ɗimbin yawa na dabbobi, mutanen da ba su da dangantaka ko tsofaffin yaran sun haɗu da dangi. Kowane dangi desman yana zaune a cikin burrow nasa kuma yana sarrafa sararin samaniya. Idan ana ganawa da wakilan dangogin da ke makwabtaka, rikici na iya faruwa.
Rashancin Rasha yana sake haifuwa har sau biyu a shekara. Yawancin lokaci a cikin bazara (lokacin ambaliyar ruwa) da ƙarshen kaka. Ciki a cikin mace yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 1.5. Duk wannan lokacin, tana shirya ɗayan ɗakunan da ke ramin, inda a ciki take haihuwa kuma tana ciyar da zuriyar. A cikin litter guda hohuli yana da ɗiya-ɗari biyar. An haife su tsirara, marasa tsaro da marasa taimako, nauyin su kawai gram 3-5 ne. A cikin makonni biyu na farko, uwa ba da kulawa ba kula da zuriya, ciyar da madara, dumamar yanayi da kuma lasawa. Daga baya, mahaifiyar za ta fara barin sel don hutawa na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Namiji yana kiyaye iyali kuma yana kula da mace a wannan lokacin.
Idan mace ta rikice a lokacin renon, to mafi yawan lokuta tana canza zuriya zuwa wani dakin daban ko ma zuwa wani kabarin. Uwar tana motsa thea thean ta cikin ruwan, tana ɗora su a kan cikin ta. Mahaifin da ke cikin damuwa yawanci shine farkon wanda zai bar burrow.
A watan farko, mahaifiya tana ciyar da samari ne kawai da madara. Idan shekara ɗaya da haihuwa, jarirai kan fara haƙori kuma suna fara ɗanɗanar abincin manya. Daga kimanin wata daya da rabi, samari desman sun fara barin burrow din suna kokarin neman abinci da kansu. A cikin watanni shida, sun riga sun kasance masu cikakken 'yanci, kuma zuwa watanni 11 sun girma cikin jima'i kuma sun bar burrow na iyaye.
Abokan gaba na ɓarkewar Rasha
Kodayake mai shaƙatawa yana jagorancin rayuwa mai ɓoye da taka tsantsan, yana da makiya da yawa a cikin daji! Da yake yana da ƙarami kaɗan, wannan dabbar yakan zama abin farautar ganima.
Babban abokan gaba a ƙasa:
- dawakai;
- masu canzawa;
- ferrets;
- dabbobin daji;
- wasu tsuntsayen ganima.
Yawancin lokaci, dabba mai ryan fata tana zama wanda ake yi wa rauni a ƙasa, saboda ƙafafu ba su da kyau don daidaitawa a kan ƙasa. Lokaci mafi hatsari a wannan batun shine ambaliyar bazara. Kuma a dai-dai wannan lokacin lokacin saduwa yayi. Dabbobin da ke cikin aiki tare da zabin wasu ma'aurata sun rasa wayewar kansu, kuma malalar da ke kwarararsu ta hana su matsuguni na asali - burrows. Saboda haka, desman ya zama mai saurin ganima ga masu farauta. Haka kuma namun daji suna haifar da babbar illa, wanda, kodayake ba sa farautar manya, galibi yakan karya kabarinsu.
A cikin ruwa, hochula ya fi saurin rauni da rauni ga kai hari, amma a nan ma ba shi da cikakkiyar aminci. Animalaramar dabba na iya zama ganima ga babban pike ko kifayen kifa. Mutum da ayyukansa sun zama babban maƙiyin mai ɓata rai. Shekaru aru aru, yana halakar da dabbobi saboda gashin furfura da miski. Amma idan yanzu farautar kasuwanci don hohul an hana kuma yana cikin kariya, to lalata mahalli na ci gaba da rage adadin waɗannan tsoffin dabbobi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Wani lokaci, ƙarni da yawa da suka gabata, Rashancin Rasha ya rayu kusan ko'ina cikin Turai kuma lambobinsa suna cikin aminci. Amma a cikin shekaru 100-150 da suka gabata, kewayon wannan dabbar mai shayarwa ta ragu sosai kuma ta zama rarrabuwa. A zamanin yau, ana iya samun fartanya lokaci-lokaci a wasu yankuna na kogin Volga, Don, Ural da Dnieper. Hakanan akwai abubuwan da ba kasafai ake samunsu ba na desman a yankunan Chelyabinsk da Tomsk.
Saboda rayuwar sirrin, kirga yawan dabbar na haifar da matsaloli, saboda haka a halin yanzu ba a san takamaiman adadinsu ba. Amma da yawa daga cikin masu bincike sun yi amannar cewa yawan mutanen yau suna da yawa, a cewar wasu kafofin, kimanin mutane dubu 30 zuwa 40. Wannan adadi ne da ba za a lamunta ba, idan aka kwatanta shi da dabbobin da suka gabata, lokacin da ake kawo dubun dubatan fatun wannan dabbar a baje kolin kowace shekara, amma ya bar bege na wanzuwar jinsin.
Kariyar ɓatancin Rasha
Yanzu mutumin Rashanci shine nau'in nau'in ƙarancin kayan tarihi. Yana gab da karewa kuma an lasafta shi a cikin Red Book of Russia, kuma wasu kungiyoyin duniya suna kiyaye shi. Don kare desman a cikin Rasha da kuma cikin yankunan jihohin makwabta, an ƙirƙiri wurare da yawa da kusan tanadi 80, inda ake kiyaye dabbobi da nazarin su.
Tun daga ƙarshen 20s na ƙarni na XX a cikin USSR, da kuma a cikin Rasha ta zamani, ana aiwatar da shirye-shirye don sake tsagaita desman na lokaci-lokaci. A sakamakon waɗannan ayyukan, alal misali, jama'a sun bayyana kuma sun wanzu a cikin kwamin ɗin Ob. A can, lambarta, bisa ƙididdigar kimanin, kusan dabbobi dubu 2.5 ne. Amma yunƙuri da yawa bai yi nasara ba. wannan tsohuwar halittar har yanzu ba a fahimta da kyau.
Duk da matsayin jinsin halittu da ke cikin hatsari, har yanzu desman din yana da sha'awa kamar dabba mai gashin fata kuma har yanzu ya zama abun farauta daga masu farauta. Gidajen kamun kifi, wanda dabbobi da yawa suka mutu a ciki, basu da haɗari sosai. Hakanan wannan lamarin yana tsoma baki tare da maido da yawan desman.
Rashan Rasha - ɗayan tsoffin wakilan duniyar dabbobi a duniyarmu. Wadannan dabbobin sun ga manyan dabbobi, sun ga kusan dukkanin matakan ci gaban mutum, ba su tsira daga wata masifa ta duniya ba, amma suna iya mutuwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa saboda ayyukan mutane. Don hana wannan daga faruwa, dole ne a kiyaye da kiyayewa daga desman. Maido da lambar wannan nau'ikan kayan tarihin ba zai yiwu ba tare da kiyayewa da maido da mazaunin halittar wadannan dabbobin masu kyaun kyallen fata ba.
Ranar bugawa: 21.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 13:27
