Kyanwar daji manul na masarauta ne - Dabbobi, nau'in - Chordates, ajin - Masu shayarwa, oda - Masu cin naman dabbobi, dangi - Felines, dangi - cananan kuliyoyi, jinsi - Cats.
Wannan nauyin mai nauyin daga 2.2 zuwa kilogiram 4,5, ƙananan jikinsa ne suka gane shi, gajerun kafafu, gashi mai kauri da kuma wutsiyar bushiya. Tsawon jikin manul ya bambanta daga santimita 50 zuwa 65, kuma tsawon jelar - daga santimita 20 zuwa 30.
Asalin nau'ikan halittu da bayanin manul
Hotuna: Pallas cat
Kuliyoyin farko na iya zama kamar madugascar mai farauta kamar fossa. Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna rayuwa iri daya a cikin daji kamar yadda duk wasu dabbobi suke.
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 18 da suka gabata, kuliyoyin zamani (Felidae) sun fito daga Schizailurus. Wakilan farko na wannan zamanin sune farkon cheetahs (Miracinonyx, Acinonyx). An yi imanin cewa sun bayyana kimanin shekaru miliyan 7 da suka gabata. Wasu majiyoyi sun ba da rahoton cewa, Damisar Arewacin Amurka (Miracinonyx) ta samo asali ne daga Acinonyx shekaru miliyan 4 da suka gabata, amma binciken da masana kimiyyar suka yi na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa mai yiwuwa Miracinonyx shi ne kakannin cheetah da cougars (Puma).
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 12 da suka gabata, yanayin halittar Felis ya fara fitowa, daga inda yawancin ƙananan kuliyoyin yau suka samo asali. Na farko nau'ikan zamani biyu na Felis sune cat Martelli (Felis lunensis †) da Manul (Felis manul). Abubuwan da suka mutu Felis sune Felis attica, Felis bituminosa, Felis daggetti, Felis issiodorensis (Issoire lynx), Felis lunensis, da Felis vorohuensis. Don haka, kifin Pallas sune tsofaffin tsofaffin mata a yau.
Jinsi Acinonyx, Felis, da Panthera suna da wakiltar mutane da ke raye a yau. Rabon wasu daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan zamani ana sabunta su akai-akai tare da sake tsara su tare da karin burbushin da suka gabata. Suna ba da amintattun alamu game da wanda ya fito daga wane ne kuma a wane lokaci hanyoyi da yawa suka bambanta.
Bayyanar jiki da fasalin tsarinsa
Hoton: Manyan kuliyoyin daji
.Arami cat manul (Felis manul) yana da jikin tsugunne tare da fur mai laushi mai kauri. Launi na suttura ya fara daga launin toka mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai rawaya. Fararen fata na gashinta sun bawa kifin Pallas “kallon dusar ƙanƙara”. Raɗaɗɗun ratsi suna bayyane a gefen gefe na jiki, kan manul yana zagaye tare da tabo baƙi a goshinsa.
Manyan idanu launuka ne masu launin rawaya-rawaya, ɗalibai suna yin kwangila a cikin madauwari, ba kamar yawancin ƙananan kuliyoyi ba, waɗanda ɗaliban suke matsewa a layi na tsaye lokacin da aka fallasa su zuwa haske. Kunnuwan dabbobi masu shayarwa gajere ne, zagaye, an saita su ƙasa kaɗan a kan gefen kai. Legsafafun Pallas gajeru ne masu ƙarfi, jelar tana da kauri kuma tana faɗuwa ƙasa. Launi ne mai zobba mai sirara biyar zuwa shida kuma yana da bakin baki.
Kyanwar Pallas sun fi kiba fiye da yadda suke a zahiri saboda tsananin gashinsu. Sun dace sosai da mazauninsu na Asiya ta Tsakiya, wanda ke mamaye da steppes, hamada mai sanyi da ƙasa mai duwatsu. An samo samfurin kifin na Pallas a tsaunuka masu nisa daga mita 4000 zuwa 4800.
Jawo mai kauri yana kare jiki daga sanyi, kuma galibi ana amfani da wutsiyar bushi don dumama. Siffar ido ta musamman da matsayin fatar ido tana kiyayewa sosai daga iska mai sanyi da ƙura. Kyanwar Pallas kyakkyawar hawan dutse ne wanda ke iya hawa dutsen a sauƙaƙe ya kuma tsallake kan kofofin. Leben kai da ƙananan kunnuwa sassauƙa ne don neman ganima a cikin buɗaɗɗun wurare tare da ƙananan ciyayi.
A ina kyanwar manul take rayuwa?
Hotuna: Steppe cat manul
Kyanwar dajin Pallas ana samunta ne a tsakiyar Asiya, a cikin Tekun Kaspian, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan da arewacin Indiya. Hakanan, kifin daji yana zaune a tsakiyar China, Mongolia da kudancin Rasha. Yawan mutanen da ke yankin kudu maso yammacin yankinsu - a yankin Caspian Sea, Afghanistan da Pakistan - yana raguwa sosai. Kyanwar Pallas kusan ba zai yiwu a sadu da shi a tsaunin Tibet ba. Mongolia da Rasha yanzu sune kewayon yawancinsu.
Pallas 'mazaunin kyanwa yana da yanayin yanayi na musamman wanda ke da ɗan ruwan sama, ƙarancin zafi da kewayon zafin jiki. An same su a tsaunuka har zuwa 4800 m a cikin sanyi, ƙauyuka masu ƙarancin ƙira a cikin tuddai da jeji masu duwatsu.
Waɗannan ƙananan mafarautan sun fi son kwari da wuraren duwatsu inda za su iya ɓoyewa, saboda suna guje wa wuraren zama gaba ɗaya. Hakanan, kuliyoyin Pallas basa son yankuna masu babban murfin dusar ƙanƙara (sama da 10 cm). 15-20 cm shine iyaka ga wannan nau'in.
Wurin zama yana da girma ga irin wannan ƙaramar. Misali, a Mongolia, matsakaicin tazara tsakanin mata shine 7.4-125 km2 (matsakaita 23 km2), yayin da ke tsakanin maza yakai 21-207 km2 (matsakaita kilomita 98). Daga wannan ana iya ɗaukar cewa akwai daga mutane huɗu zuwa takwas ga kowane 100 km2.
Me kyanwar daji take ci?
Photo: Dabbobin daji manul
Pallas cat kama yana da bambanci sosai. Cutar daji tana farauta:
- voles;
- marmotsi;
- furotin;
- daban-daban tsuntsaye (gami da larks, aviaries da partridges);
- kwari;
- dabbobi masu rarrafe;
- masu shara.
Manyan bishiyoyi masu tsalle suna ɓoyewa a rana a cikin ƙananan kogwannin da aka watsar waɗanda suka kasance mallakar marmot ko Foxu. Tunda kyanwar Pallas yana da jinkiri sosai, dole ne su sauka ƙasa ƙasa kuma su kusanci abin farautar kafin su yi tsalle. Don kar su zama ganima ga gaggafa, kerkeci, jan Fox ko karnuka, suna motsawa a takaice, sannan su buya yayin cin abinci.
Babban aiki a cikin neman abinci don kifin Pallas magariba ce da wayewar gari. Kuliyoyin daji ma na iya farauta yayin rana. Sauran maharan, kamar su corsac Fox, jan fox da badgers na Turai, sun dogara ne da tushen abinci iri ɗaya kamar kyanwar Pallas. Don kaucewa keɓancewar gasa, akwai ƙa'idar cewa jinsin halittu da suka dogara da albarkatu iri ɗaya ba za su iya zama tare a mazauninsu ɗaya ba. A kan wannan, kyanwar Pallas ta dace da halin yanayi na neman abinci.
A lokacin hunturu, lokacin da babu isasshen abinci, kyanwar Pallas tana neman ƙwazo ne mai sanyi ko daskararre. Lokacin hunturu shine lokacin shakatawar don badgers, don haka kuliyoyin daji cikin nasara su guje wa gasa don ganima.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Pallasov cat
Halin Pallas yana da rikitarwa. Dabba tana da sirri sosai kuma yana da hankali. Kamar sauran wakilan sauran kuliyoyin Pallas, suna da kyau. A cikin dukkan kuliyoyin da ke cikin daji, kyanwar Pallas ita ce mafi jinkiri kuma mafi rashin iya motsi da sauri. Kyanwar Pallas, kamar sauran masu farauta, tana son lokacin dare. Duk da cewa wannan dabba mai shayarwa na iya farauta a cikin hasken rana, kuliyoyin Pallas sun fi son yin bacci da rana. Dangane da halaye na mutum, kamar jinkiri da rashin sauri, kuliyoyin Pallas galibi dole ne su tsare wanda aka azabtar a kusa da kabarin. Launi na gashin katar daji yana yin kamanni ne.
Kyanwar Pallas tana ɓoyewa daga abokan gaba a cikin kwazazzabai, a kan duwatsu ko cikin ramuka. Wannan kyanwa tana yin maɗaukakiyar kogonta daga tsohuwar badger ko ramuka masu rago, ko adaidaitawa a cikin dutsen da dutse da ƙananan koguna. Wannan shine yake taimaka wa manul ya zama ba a sani idan ya buya. Pallas 'cat shine mafi jinkirin a tsakanin kuliyoyin daji. Lokacin da fushi ko tashin hankali, kyanwar Pallas tana yin sautuka masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka yi daidai da sautunan mujiya.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Pallas kyanwa kyanwa
An yi imanin cewa kyanwar Pallas na maza suna yawo a kusan kilomita 4, amma babu tabbataccen shaidar kimiyya game da wannan. Masana kimiyya sun ba da rahoton cewa kiran da ake yi na kuliyoyin Pallas yana kama da cakuda kumburin karnuka da kukan mujiya.
Kuliyoyin Pallas suna da lokacin kiwo kowace shekara. Mata na wannan nau'in suna da aure fiye da daya, wanda ke nufin cewa namiji na iya saduwa da mata da yawa. Lokacin kiwo yana daga watan Disamba zuwa farkon Maris, kuma lokacin haihuwar ya wuce kwanaki 75. Daga kittens 2 zuwa 6 ake haifarwa lokaci ɗaya. Kubiyoni an haife su a ƙarshen Maris kuma suna tare da mahaifiyarsu tsawon watanni biyu na farko.
Bayan haihuwar kittens, namiji ba ya shiga cikin tarbiyya. Da zarar kyanyan kyanwa suka fita daga kifin, za su koyi yadda ake kiwo da farauta tun suna da watanni 4-5. Da kusan shekara 1, sun girma kuma suna iya samun abokan hulɗarsu. Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar kyanwar Pallas ya kai kimanin watanni 27, ko kuma sama da shekaru 2, saboda tsananin yanayin muhalli da kuma yawan kamuwa da ganima. A cikin bauta, kyanwar Pallas ya rayu har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu.
Dalilan raguwar adadin kifin Pallas
Hoton: Manyan kuliyoyi
Babban barazanar da ake yi wa mutane shi ne:
- wasu maharan;
- mutum.
Kuliyoyin Pallas suna cikin yanayi a cikin ƙananan lambobi kuma an daidaita su da kyau don kariya daga masu farauta. Dogaro da takamaiman wuraren zama yana sanya su cikin haɗari. Fur din wannan kifin daji yana da daraja a kasuwanni da yawa. A farkon shekarun 1900, an kashe kusan kuliyoyi 50,000 a kowace fata kowace shekara.
Lalacewar mazaunin yana karuwa kuma yana da tasiri kan wanzuwar manul. Karnukan cikin gida da abubuwan dan adam na da kashi 56% na mutuwar kuliyoyin Pallas a tsakiyar Mongolia kadai. Wani lokaci mafarauta wasu lokuta mafarauta sukan kashe su bisa kuskure, suna maida su marmot.
Al’ummar Mongoliya suna fuskantar barazanar farauta da farauta mai yawa. Ana farautar kyanwar Pallas don "abubuwan cikin gida", yana yiwuwa kuma a sami izini daga ƙananan hukumomi. Koyaya, tilasta bin doka yana da rauni kuma babu sarrafawa. Wataƙila babbar barazanar wannan ƙaramar cat ita ce kamfen ɗin gubar da gwamnati ta ba da izinin sarrafa nau'ikan da ake aiwatarwa a cikin sikeli da yawa a Rasha da China.
Matsayin yawan jama'a da kariyar katar Pallas
Hotuna: Pallas cat
Pallas kuli a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya ɓace daga yankuna da yawa da ke kusa da Tekun Caspian, da kuma daga gabashin yankin asalinsa. An jera kuliyoyin Pallas a matsayin "masu hatsari" a cikin IUCN Red List. Yarjejeniyar Washington don Kariyar Dabbobi tana ba da jagora kan wannan nau'in a cikin Shafi II.
A shekarar 2000, Dokta Bariusha Munktsog na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Mongoliya da Cibiyar Irbis ta Mongolia, tare da Meredith Brown, sun fara binciken farko na kyanwar Pallas na daji. Dr. Munktsog ya ci gaba da nazarin rayuwar wadannan kuliyoyin a tsakiyar Mongolia kuma yana daya daga cikin masu binciken da ke lura da haihuwar mata. Pallas Cat International Conservation Union (PICA) sabon aiki ne na kiyayewa wanda North Ark Zoo, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland da kuma Snow Leopard Trust suka fara. Fondation Segre shima yana tallafawa kamfen tun Maris 2016.
Manufar PICA ita ce wayar da kan duniya game da Manuls, zana kan tarihinsu na asali da kuma rahoto kan barazanar bacewar wadannan kuliyoyin. Populationara yawan fursunonin da aka kama suna taimakawa wajen inganta ƙimar halittar jinsin. Babban fata ga kyanwar Pallas shine masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhalli wadanda, duk da barnar da lalacewar mazauninsu, suna son taimakawa kyankyamin daji. Yakamata matakan kiyayewa su hada da inganta dokokin doka da kuma zamanantar da tsarin izinin farauta.
Ranar bugawa: 21.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 16:16
