Dambar Amur ita ce mafi ƙanƙantar arewa da mafi girman raƙuman damisa da ke rayuwa a Duniya. Yana da ƙarancin gaske cewa a cikin Daular Celestial an yanke masu kisan kansa hukuncin kisa.
Bayanin damisar Amur
Babr (daga Yakut "baabyr") - wannan shine yadda ake kiran damisar Siberia a cikin Rasha, yanzu ana kiranta Far East, Ussuri ko damisa Amur. Panthera tigris altaica (sunan Latin na pean asalin) an san shi a matsayin ɗayan mafiya ban sha'awa a cikin dangin kyanwa, har ma ya zarce zaki a girmansa. A zamaninmu, ana nuna damisar Amur a tutar / rigar makamai na Yankin Primorsky da rigunan makamai na Khabarovsk.
Babr ya kawata rigunan Yakutsk (tun daga 1642) da Irkutsk har sai da ya zama "beaver" a karkashin Sarki Alexander II ta hanyar laifin wani mai kishin kare rubutu da aiki wanda ya yi aiki a sashen sanarwa. Daga baya an gyara kuskuren, amma a jikin rigunan makamai na Irkutsk da yankin har yanzu akwai baƙon baƙin dabba tare da babban wutsiya da ƙafafun ƙafafu, ɗauke da sandar haƙoranta.
Bayyanar
Dambar Amur kyakkyawa ce mai kyan gani mai launuka iri iri na jiki mai sassauƙa wanda aka ɗora shi da kai zagaye da kunnuwa daidai gwargwado. Babr, kamar kowane ɗan adam, yana ɗauke da manyan hakora 30 da ƙusoshin hannu waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen yaga gawawwaki da hawa bishiyoyi.
An maye gurbin asalin launi mafi girma (ja) da fari a kirji, ciki da "kunar bakin ciki". Hannun ratsi-ratsi baƙi ratsa jiki da jela, yana juya zuwa alamun baƙaƙen sifa iri ɗaya a kan kai da bakinsa.
Guduwa daga tsananin hunturu, an tilasta wa Amur dammar zama mai girman gashi tare da tara matattara (5 cm) na kitse mai ƙanƙara, wanda ke kare mai farautar daga sanyi.
Wata katuwar damisa na iya motsawa ba tare da hayaniya ba, wadda aka bayyana ta ikon buguwa na faɗuwa masu faɗi tare da gammaye masu taushi. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa babr yayi shuru yana shuru da gudu cikin bazara Ussuri taiga, ba tare da fadawa cikin manyan dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin sanyi ba.
Girman Amur damisa
Damisa Amur, ɗayan manyan wakilai na dangi, a kwanan nan ya kasance ba shi da girma da girman damisa na Bengal da ke zaune a wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Indiya. Da zarar waɗannan ƙananan raƙuman da aka danganta sun kasance kwatankwacin girman su, amma damisar Ussuri ta fara raguwa saboda kusancin ta da mutane, mafi dacewa, saboda ayyukan tattalin arziƙin na ƙarshen.
Gaskiya. Matsakaicin damisa Amur ya kai tsawon 2.7-3.8 m a tsayi tare da nauyin 200-250 kg da girma a bushewa daga 1 zuwa 1.15 m.
Masana ilmin namun daji sun ba da shawarar cewa daidaikun mutane na iya samun nauyin 300 ko sama da haka, kodayake ba a da rijista mafi ƙarancin burgewa a hukumance - kg 212. Na namiji ne tare da abin rufe rediyo a wuyansa.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Ba kamar zaki ba, Amur damisa, kamar yawancin masu tsinkaye, ba ya haɗuwa da alfahari, amma ya fi son wanzuwa. Banda keɓaɓɓe ana yin shi ne kawai ga mata, waɗanda tare da brood za su iya rayuwa a yankin maza, wanda yawanci yakan kai 600-800 km². Yankin mata koyaushe karami ne, kusan kilomita 300-500.
Namiji a hankali yana lura da rashin iyawar iyakoki, yana yi musu alama da ruwan ɓoye kuma yana barin zurfin tabo a jikin akwatinan. Dambar Amur, duk da girmanta, a sauƙaƙe tana hawa cikin rawanin tsofaffin bishiyun itacen oak har ma da saman dogayen itatuwan fir.
Dabbar ba ta wuce yankinta idan akwai ungulu da yawa da ke kiwo a kanta, amma idan ya zama dole za ta iya tafiya daga kilomita 10 zuwa 41. A tigress yana rufe karamin guntu kowace rana, daga kilomita 7 zuwa 22. Damis ɗin Amur na iya jan gawar doki fiye da rabin kilomita ba tare da gajiya mai gani ba, kuma zai iya hanzarta zuwa 80 km / h a hankali kuma a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, na biyu kawai ga cheetah cikin tashin hankali.
Abin sha'awa. Mai farautar ya bambanta launuka da kyau, kuma a cikin duhun idanunsa ya ninka na ɗan adam sau 5, wanda mai yiwuwa shi ya sa yake son farauta da yamma da kuma dare.
Damisa ta Ussuri tana da shiru ƙwarai: aƙalla wannan shi ne abin da masana ilimin halitta ke faɗi, waɗanda suka kalli dabbar a yanayin cikin shekaru kuma ba su taɓa jin rurin ta ba. Rurin damisa yana yaduwa ne kawai a lokacin rututu - mata suna da himma musamman. Babr din da aka harzuka ya yi kara da annashuwa, ya juya zuwa halayyar "tari" idan aka yi fushi. Tiger da aka huce ya tsarkaka kamar kyanwa ta gida.
Lokacin gaida abokin aiki, damisa yana amfani da sautuna na musamman wanda iska mai karfi ke fitarwa ta hanci da baki. Rikicin bangarorin tare da hulɗa da muzzles suna faɗi game da yanayin kwanciyar hankali na masu farauta.
Dambar Amur ba ta da nisa da mai cin mutum (ba kamar na Bengal ba), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yake ƙoƙarin kauce wa mutane da ƙetare gidajensu ta kowace hanya. Idan bazata haɗu da damisa ba, zai fi kyau ka tsaya ba tare da ƙoƙarin gudu ba, kuma a hankali ka sanya hanya ba tare da ka juya mata baya ba. Kuna iya magana da shi, amma a cikin natsuwa da tabbatacciyar murya: kururuwa, juyawa zuwa aladun alade, zai fi ma dumin sha'awar damisa ga mutuminku.
Daga tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata zuwa yanzu, ba a rubuta shari'u 10 na hare-haren Amur a cikin mutane a cikin iyakokin ƙauyukan Primorsky da Khabarovsk Territories. Ko da a cikin asalinsa, Ussuri taiga, damisa tana da wuya ta rinjayi maharban da suke bin ta.
Har yaushe Tigin Amur yana rayuwa?
Tsawon rayuwar babr a dabi'a shine 10, kasa da sau 15. A cikin kyakkyawan yanayin wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi, Amur damisa sukan yi bikin cika shekaru 20 da kafuwa.
Gaskiya. Ofayan tsoffin damisa Amur ana ɗaukarsa Lyuty, wanda ya rayu shekaru 21 a cikin Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji ta Khabarovsk Utyos.
An kama Fiighter a cikin taiga, ba da gangan ba ya cutar da muƙamuƙin duka biyu, bayan haka damisa ta ɓullo da cutar osteomyelitis, wacce aka dakatar da aikin tiyata a cikin 1999. likitoci.
Muƙamuƙin da ya sami rauni bai ba Lyuty damar komawa taiga ba, kuma ya zama ba kawai baƙon da aka fi ziyarta ba a cibiyar gyara, amma har da gwarzo na yawancin rahotanni masu ɗoki.
Jima'i dimorphism
Bambanci tsakanin jinsi ya bayyana, da farko, a nauyi: idan damisar Amur mace tana da nauyin 100-167, to maza kusan ninki biyu ne - daga 180 zuwa 306 kg. Wani bincike da masana kimiyyar dabbobi daga Rasha, Indiya da Amurka suka yi a shekara ta 2005 ya nuna cewa dangane da yawan taro, damisa ta zamani mai nisa da magabatansu.
Gaskiya. A tarihi, matsakaicin damisa Amur damisa kimanin kilo 215.5, mace kuma kusan kilo 137.5. A yau matsakaicin nauyin mata ya kai kilogiram 117.9, na maza kuma ya kai kilogiram 176.4.
Hakanan ana ganin yanayin jima'i a cikin rayuwar Amur tiger: mata suna rayuwa ƙasa da ta maza. An cire na biyun daga tarbiyya da tarbiyya da ɗiya, suna ba da dukkan ayyukan iyaye ga uwa, wanda a bayyane ya rage rayuwarta ta duniya.
Wurin zama, mazauni
An samo damin Amur a cikin yanki mai iyakantaccen yanki, mafi yawansu yanki ne mai kariya - wannan ita ce China da kudu maso gabashin Rasha, watau bankunan Amur / Ussuri a cikin yankunan Primorsky da Khabarovsk.
Ya zuwa shekarar 2003, an lura da yawan masu farautar dabbobi a tsaunukan Sikhote-Alin (Gundumar Lazovsky na Yankin Primorsky), inda kowace damisa ta shida ta Amur ke rayuwa. Gabaɗaya, yayin zabar wuraren zama, damisa suna ƙoƙari su kusanci babban abincinsu (ungulaye), kuma suna ci gaba daga tsayin murfin dusar ƙanƙara da kuma kasancewar mafaka, alal misali, raƙuman ruwa ko daskararrun daji.
Damisa Amur yakan zauna a cikin biotopes kamar:
- duwatsu tare da bishiyoyi;
- kwarin kwari;
- paddy tare da gandun daji irin na Manchu, wanda itacen oak da itacen al'ul suka mamaye shi;
- tsabtace dazuzzuka na itacen al'ul;
- sakandare na biyu.
Mutane sun kori damisa ta Amur daga filaye masu ƙasa waɗanda suka dace da aikin gona. A cikin ramuwar gayya, babra galibi suna duba unguwannin ƙauyukan da ke makwabtaka da su a lokacin sanyi, lokacin da yawan abincinsu ya yi karanci.
Abinci na Ussuri damisa
Tsarin yau da kullun na Amur damisa shine kilogiram 9-10 na nama, ko 50-70 barewa kowace shekara. Abu ne mai matukar wahala a samu irin wannan adadi, la'akari da cewa ɗayan hare-hare 6-7 ne kawai ya ƙare da sa'a. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa mai farauta ya yi farauta da yawa, yana cin duk abin da yake ƙasa da shi a girma: tun daga kanzon kuran Manchurian (mai girman safar hannu) zuwa beran Himalayan, wanda yake daidai yake da jimla da damisa kanta.
Abincin Amer damisa ya haɗa da dabino (galibi) da sauran dabbobi:
- ciyawar daji da jan barewa;
- barewa;
- giwa da barewa;
- beyar;
- kifi da kifin kifin
- kwadi da beraye;
- tsuntsaye;
- 'ya'yan itãcen shuke-shuke.
Babban abin da ke cikin menu na babr shine boar daji, wanda yawan sa ya kasance sakamakon yawan kwayar pine (ba don komai ba ana kiran itacen al'ul da burodin Ussuri taiga).
Bayan da ya bayyana abin da zai gamu da shi, mai farautar yakan rarrafe, yana kwantar da ƙafafuwan baya a ƙasa kuma yana ɗaga bayanta. Yana cinye ƙananan dabbobi ta cikin maƙogwaro, da kuma manyan, kafin cizon ƙashin bakin mahaifa, da farko sun cika.
Idan wanda aka azabtar ya tsere, damisa ta rasa sha'awarta kuma ta bar (maimaita hare-hare ba safai ba). Gawan gawa sau da yawa ana jan ta zuwa ruwa, tana kore gasa a hanya. Tana cin ganima yayin kwanciya, tana riƙe da ƙafafuwanta kuma tana ɓoye ragowar kafin bacci. Idan ba a cika wasa a daji ba, damisa na zuwa gefen matsugunan don yayyage manyan dabbobi har ma da karnuka.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Damisa tana kawo zuriya sau ɗaya a kowace shekara ta 2-4, amma abokin aikinta, wanda ba a ɗaura shi da alaƙar aure, yakan rufe mata sau da yawa, ba tare da mai da hankali kan wani lokaci na shekara ba. Ga damisa, shirye-shiryen mace don saduwa yana da mahimmanci, wanda ta sanar da shi tare da ƙwanƙwasa kan baƙi da alamun ƙanshi.
Abin sha'awa. Mace a cikin yanayin estrus (a ranar 3 zuwa 7 ga watan estrus) da gangan take neman abokin aure da ke yawo a cikin yankunanta marasa iyaka.
Damisa, wacce ta sami mace a cikin zafin rana, za su yi aure da ita tsawon kwanaki 5-7, sannan kuma ta watsar da ita, don neman sabbin abubuwan soyayya. Bayan kwanaki 95-112, an haifi kittensen makaho na 2-4, suna murmurewa bayan kwana 9 da samun hakoran madara kafin su kai makonni biyu. Da farko, uwa tana basu abinci da madara, kuma kadan daga baya ta gabatar da nama a cikin abincin, ba tare da dakatar da ciyar da madara ba har zuwa watanni 5-6.
A lokacin da suka kai wata 2, yaran sun fara fitowa daga ramin su a karo na farko, kuma zuwa watanni shida suna raka mahaifiyarsu farauta, kallo da koya. Ingwarewar ƙwarewar farauta na farauta yana ɗaukar watanni da yawa, yana ƙarewa tare da fita mai zaman kanta ba da ta wuce shekara 1 ba. Da kusan shekara 2, ƙananan dabbobi tuni suka farma babban wasa da ƙarfin zuciya, amma galibi suna yin hakan tare da uwa, wacce ke kula da yara har zuwa lokacin haifuwarsu. Balaga a cikin Amur damisa na faruwa ne shekara 4-5.
Makiya na halitta
Dangane da ƙarancin ƙarfinsa da girmansa na ban mamaki, damisa Amur ba ta da abokan gaba na zahiri, idan ba ku kula da mafarautan da ke farautar kyawawan launuka don kyawawan fatar jikinsu, gabobin ciki da ƙasusuwa. Ana amfani da katako da ƙashin kasusuwa (a cikin sifar foda da tinctures) a cikin maganin Tibet a matsayin magani ga cututtuka da yawa, daga rheumatism zuwa rashin ƙarfi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
An saka damis ɗin Amur a cikin Littafin Ja na Tarayyar Rasha, haka kuma a cikin Littafin Ja na Unionungiyar Internationalasa ta Duniya don Kula da Yanayi. Yawan jama'a yana ta raguwa cikin sauri har zuwa 1940, lokacin da babu sauran damisar Ussuri 30-40 a duniya. Don kwatantawa: idan a ƙarshen karni na 19, har zuwa ɗari ɗari aka haƙa kowace shekara, to a cikin 1912 - 60 kawai.
Decreaseididdigar raguwar lamba da kewayo zuwa 1940 an bayyana ta tasirin tasirin dalilai da yawa, gami da:
- farautar damisa ta manya;
- raguwar kayan zane-zane na daji, gami da tsananin farauta;
- kama yara ƙwarai;
- lalata gandun daji kusa da koguna;
- lokacin hunturu
A hankali a hankali yawan mutane ya fara ne bayan yakin. A 1958-1959, an kidaya damisa kusan 100 a cikin Yankin Primorsky da Khabarovsk, a 1964 - 120, a 1968 - 140, a 1970 - 150, da kuma a 1978 - kusan 200. A karshen karnin da ya gabata a kasar mu akwai daga 415 zuwa 476 tigers na Siberia.
Gaskiya. A shekarar 2005, an sake kirga masu farautar sai suka gano cewa yawan mutanen dake kudu maso gabas ya kunshi mutane 423-502 (yara 97-112 da manya 334-417).
Dabarar 2010 don Kare Amur Tiger a Rasha ta taimaka fadada sararin zama na ƙananan ƙananan dabbobin da ke cikin haɗari. Godiya ga wannan daftarin aiki, wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa "Bikin" da "ofasar Damisa" sun bayyana a cikin Yankin Primorsky, da kuma ajiyar Sredne-Ussuriysky.
Tsawon shekaru 5, duka yankin da aka kiyaye ya kai kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na jimlar damisa ta Amur, bayan ya ƙaru (ya zuwa shekarar 2016) da fiye da hekta miliyan 1.5. Idayar 2015 ta nuna cewa daga 523 zuwa 540 damisar Ussuri suna zaune a Gabas ta Gabas. Dozin uku, ko 10% na yawan jarirai a duniya suna zaune a Manchuria (China).
Zai zama mai ban sha'awa: Tigers
A halin yanzu, manyan abubuwan da suka iyakance yankin rarrabawa da adadin damisa sune:
- ƙananan yawan jama'a;
- manyan yankuna na iyali da na kai tsaye;
- iyakance nau'in nau'ikan abinci mai wahalar samu;
- rashin iyawa don dacewa da shimfidar wuri mai fa'ida;
- babban darajar babr ta mahangar masu warkarwa na kasar Sin;
- farautar dabbobi;
- rashin isassun damar haihuwa.
Yanzu damisa Amur suna ajiye a waɗancan yankuna na Ussuri taiga waɗanda ba a sare su ba tukuna. Masu sha'awar sa zuciya sun dawo da damisa zuwa yankin tarihinta na tarihi: zuwa wuraren da ta taɓa rayuwa, amma an halaka ta. A nan gaba, sasanta damisa na Siberia a cikin Pleistocene Park, wanda ya kasance a Yakutia. Masana ilmin namun daji suna shirin kara yawan masu farauta zuwa mutane 750, amma irin wannan tsallen ba zai yiwu ba ba tare da karuwar da aka gani ba a yawan dabbobin daji.
