Machaon babban malam buɗe ido ne mai kyakkyawar fa'ida a kan fikafikansa na baya, saboda sunan da ba a saba da shi ba ga tsoffin likitan Girkanci Machaon.
Bayanin haɗiye
Papilio machaon na wakiltar dangin jiragen ruwa (cavaliers), wani ɓangare na umarnin Lepidoptera (Lepidoptera). Bayanin farko na malam buɗe ido, kamar sunan Latin, na Karl Linnaeus ne.
Bayyanar
Fuka-fukan haɗi ba dole ba ne rawaya: wani lokacin suna da launi fari, tare da jijiyoyin baƙaƙen halayya, kuma an tsara su tare da iyakar baki tare da zagaye masu haske. Ana lura da wannan ƙirar a farfaɗu na gaba, na baya koyaushe suna da haske da haske.
Gwanin shuɗi mai faɗi (shuɗi mai shuɗi) yana tafiya tare da fikafikan baya na haɗiyen hadiyar, an iyakance shi da “iyakokin” baƙar fata sama da ƙasa. Bangaren fikafikan da ke makwabtaka da jikin malam buɗe ido yana da “ido” ja / lemu mai ganewa tare da zane mai launi. Bugu da kari, ana ba da fikafikan baya da wutsiyoyi masu kauri (har zuwa tsawon 1 cm).
Jikin hadiyar, wanda ya cika da gashi mai haske, an yanke shi ta layuka da yawa da ba a fahimta ba a ciki da kirji, yayin da baya da alama yana da duhu sosai saboda baƙin tsiri mai kauri da ke gudana daga kai zuwa ƙasan. Na'urar bakin tana kama da bakar proboscis, wanda aka dunƙule kamar ba shi da amfani kuma aka miƙe don tsotse kwalliyar fure. A goshin dogayen eriyar eriya ne tare da kumbura mai lura a tukin.
Mahimmanci. Hannun da ke zagaye da kan zaune sanye take da hadaddun fuskoki idanu suna zaune a gefuna. Idanu suna taimakawa hadiyar haɗi don rarrabe tsakanin launuka da abubuwa daban-daban, kuma ta haka ne za su iya tafiya a filin.
Bambance-bambancen tsarin / launi ya dogara da lokacin bayyanar butterflies da kan yankin mazauninsu. Daga can arewa mafi nisa, shine mai kashe abincin. Observedananan samfuran haske ana kiyaye su tsakanin butterflies na ƙarni na farko, yayin da ƙarni na biyu ba haske kawai ba, har ma ya fi girma. Gaskiya ne, a ƙarni na farko, alamun baƙi akan fuka-fuki sun fi bambanta. Idan rani yayi zafi sosai, ƙananan haɗiye yawanci suna fitowa daga pupae tare da ingantaccen kayan ado na baƙar fata.
Papilio machaon yayi kamanceceniya da Papilio hospiton (Corsican sailboat), amma ya banbanta da shi a manyan launuka ja / shuɗi, ƙarancin duhun fikafikan da doguwar jela.
Girma mai haɗi
Yana da babban malam buɗe ido mai faɗi tare da fikafikan 64 zuwa 95 mm. Ana tantance girman abincin haɗiye ta hanyar jima'i, tsara (1, 2 ko 3), da kuma mazaunin sa.
Salon rayuwa
Swallowtail, kamar sauran jiragen ruwa, yana aiki a ranakun rana masu ɗumi. A irin wannan yanayin, ana samun furannin da ya fi so da ƙananan abubuwa, waɗanda ke ciyar da shi da tsire-tsire masu cike da ƙananan microelements. Swallows suna buƙatar ƙwayoyin ruwa da yawa, saboda haka galibi ana samunsu a wuraren shakatawa, makiyaya da lambuna.
Maza yankuna ne, tare da tsakiyar yankin da aka zaɓa a mafi girman tsayi. Mazajen haɗiye sau da yawa sukan haɗu a cikin rukuni (mutane 10-15), suna daidaitawa a kan taki ko a bankunan jikin ruwa mafi kusa. Maza da mata kuma suna zaune a kan tuddai, dogayen bishiyoyi, ko kuma suwa a cikin iska, suna nuna rawa ta sama da ƙasa.
Abin sha'awa. A dabi'a, yana da matukar wahalar kamawa malam buɗe ido tare da buɗe fikafikansa a buɗe a cikin firam, tunda na baya yawanci rabin ɓoye yake a ƙarƙashin na gaban.
Wannan na faruwa ne yayin da hasken rana ya fada kan sanyi sanyi (a fitowar rana ko bayan ruwan sama), kuma tana shimfida fikafikanta gwargwadon iko domin dumama da saurin tashi. Swallowtail yana buɗe fukafukinsa masu ban mamaki na foran mintoci kaɗan, kuma ɗaukar hoto a wannan lokacin ana ɗaukarsa babbar nasara ce ga mai ɗaukar hoto.
Tsawon rayuwa
Jirgin Swallowtail (la'akari da yanayin yanayi) ya faɗi ne a lokacin bazara-kaka, lokacin da aka haifi ɗaya, biyu har ma da ƙarni uku na malam buɗe ido. Yawancin haɗiye a duniya suna ba da ƙarni 2, a arewacin kewayon - ɗaya kuma kawai, amma a Arewacin Afirka - har zuwa uku. Jirgin butterflies a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi yana tsayawa daga Mayu zuwa Agusta, a kan nahiyar Afirka daga Maris zuwa Nuwamba. Tsawan rai na haɗiye (ba tare da la'akari da yankin ba) yana kusan makonni 3.
Jima'i dimorphism
Tsarin dimorphism a cikin haɗiya yana da rauni kuma yana nuna kansa galibi a cikin girman butterflies. Maza sun fi mata ƙanƙanta, waɗanda za a iya gani, musamman, ta hanyar fuka-fukai: a na farkon, wannan alamar ita ce 64-81 mm, a ƙarshen, ya kasance daga 74 zuwa 95 mm.
Swallowtail malam buɗe ido
Masana ilimin likitancin dabbobi (masana kimiyyar halittar jiki wadanda suke nazarin butterflies) suna magana game da yawancin ragin Papilio machaon, suna jayayya game da adadi na ƙarshe. Wasu suna da ƙananan rabe-raben 37, wasu rabin yawa.
Ana samun wadatattun nau'ikan kayan hadiyar a Yammacin Turai, da britannicus Seitz a Burtaniya, da kuma gorganus a Turai ta Tsakiya, a kudancin Zirin Rasha da arewa maso yammacin Caucasus. A cikin Japan, tsibirin Kuril da Sakhalin, wasu ƙananan hippocrates suna rayuwa, inda a cikinsu akwai ɗamarar shuɗi (a saman idanun reshen baya) tsakanin baƙar fata biyu. Haungiyoyin sachalinensis ba su da ƙarfi kamar sauran haɗiya, kuma suna fitowa cikin launi mai launin rawaya mai haske tare da ƙawancin baƙar fata mai tsananin gaske.
A cikin 1928, masanin ilmin kimiyar Jafananci Matsumura ya bayyana sabbin nau'ikan rami biyu na hadiyar, chishimana Mats. (Tsibirin Shikotan) da mandschurica (Manchuria). Ga wasu masana kimiyya, har yanzu suna da tambaya.
Ga tsallake-tsallaken Trans-Baikal da Yakutia ta Tsakiya, ƙananan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sun zama gama gari - orientis (ana samun sa a yankin kudu na kewayon) da kuma asiatica (da ke zaune a ɗan arewa). Oriasashen gabas, tare da gajeren wutsiyoyi a fuka-fuki da kuma launin baƙar fata tare da jijiyoyin, suma galibi ne a kudancin Siberia. An ga bambancin ban sha'awa na launuka a cikin ƙananan kamtschadalus - a nan akwai taushin yanayin baƙaƙen fata akan fuka-fuki yayin kiyaye babban asalin rawaya mai haske, da raguwar wutsiyoyi.
Ureashin tsakiyar Amur da ƙananan Amure yana da ƙananan amurensis, mai haɗiye mai haske mai launin rawaya mai gajeren wutsiyoyi. A cikin yankunan Amur da Primorye, an gano wasu nau'ikan ussuriensis, waɗanda manyan mutane suka bambanta zamaninsu na bazara - tare da fikafikan sama har zuwa 94 mm a cikin mata. Wasu masu ba da haraji ba su amince da ƙananan unsuriensis ba, suna kiransa yanayin bazara na ƙananan amurensis.
Tare da mai suna, masana kimiyyar halitta sun rarrabe yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan hadiyar:
- aliaska Scudder - yana zaune a Arewacin Amurka;
- Centralis - gabashin Babban Caucasus, yankin Caucasian na Tekun Caspian, stepes / Semi-hamada na arewacin Caspian, tsaunukan Talysh, kwarin Kura da Iran;
- Mai Kawo - Elbrus;
- Weidenhofferi Seyer - gangaren kudu na Kopetdag;
- syriacus ƙananan Asianananan Asianananan Asiya ne da aka samo a Siriya;
- rustaveli - matsakaici da tsayi shimfidar wurare na Caucasus.
Peananan raƙuman ruwa na ruwa sun kasance sananne ne a matsayin tsakiya, wanda kawai ake kira babban zafin jiki na Papilio machaon, da weidenhofferi Seyer (ƙaramin yanayin bazara mai kama da waɗanda aka zaɓa).
Wurin zama, mazauni
Labarin mai haɗiye sanannen sananne ne ga mazauna yankin Turai (ban da Ireland da Denmark) daga bakin tekun Arctic har zuwa Bahar Maliya da Caucasus. Wakilan jinsunan sun yi kyau a Asiya, gami da na wurare masu zafi, haka kuma a Arewacin Amurka da Arewacin Afirka.
Gaskiya. Swallowtail yana jan hankali zuwa gandun daji, steppe-wood da kuma shimfidar tsaunuka. A cikin tsaunukan Turai, alal misali, a cikin tsaunukan Alps, yana faruwa a tsawan kilomita 2 sama da matakin teku, a Asiya (Tibet) - a tsawan kilomita 4.5.
Hankula wuraren haɗuwa na haɗi sune wurare masu buɗewa kamar:
- steppes da busassun farar makiyaya;
- fallow;
- Meadows na mesophilic;
- ciyawa mai tsayi da ciyawar ciyawa;
- wuraren shakatawa na gari da kurmi;
- gonakin inabi da shukokin itacen.
Ya fi son dumi biotopes tare da damp mãkirci, inda fodder laima tsiro. A arewa, hadiyar hadiyar tana rayuwa ne a cikin tundra, a cikin dazuzzuka tana fizgewa sau da yawa a gefuna da farin ciki, tana tashi zuwa gefen hanyoyin. Ba ya guje wa tsarin halittu na wucin gadi, wadanda ake kira agrocenoses.
A cikin ƙasan Caspian (Azerbaijan, Kalmykia da yankin Astrakhan), yana bin bushewar tuddai mai tudu ko saharar daji tare da dunes. Yayin ƙaura, wasu haɗiye-haɗen lokaci-lokaci suna tashi zuwa ƙanana da manyan garuruwa, gami da megalopolises.
Abincin haɗi
A cikin tuddai da hamada na Asiya ta Tsakiya, itacen ɗaci ya zama babban tsiren abinci. A tsakiyar layin, yawan hadiyar miyau ya fi ciyar da kayan lambu:
- hogweed da karas (daji / na kowa);
- dill, faski da fennel;
- Angelica, seleri da cumin;
- kayan lambu, buteny da prangos;
- gircha, kayan yanka da girchavnitsa;
- saxifrage cinya, talaka abun yanka da sauransu.
A wasu halittu, kayan cin abincin suna cin abinci iri-iri na Rue (Amur karammiski, tokar daji, kowane irin ganye) da birch, gami da alder na Maksimovich da alder na Japan da ke girma a Kuriles na Kudancin. Manya suna shan al'aura, suna tsotse shi tare da proboscis, suna tashi daga fure zuwa fure kuma ba'a iyakance su ga laima ba.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Mace mai haɗiye abincin tana iya yin ƙwai har zuwa 120 a lokacin rayuwarta. Tsarin kansa yana faruwa a cikin iska, inda malam buɗe ido ke shawagi a kan tsire-tsire, yana kwanciya a ƙasan ganye ko gefen gefen ƙaran. A cikin yanayi mai yanayi, yawanci ana samun ƙwai akan kowane nau'in laima ko amfanin gona na shuɗe. Yayin da ake kusanci daya, mace takan sanya ma'aurata, wasu lokuta uku, kananan qwai zagaye, galibi masu launin kore-rawaya.
Matakin kwai yana ɗaukar kwanaki 4-5, bayan haka sai wata baƙar fata mai tsutsa (tsutsa) ta fita daga ciki tare da "warts" mai haske da kuma wani farin fari a bayanta. Yayin da suka girma, kuliyoyin sun canza launi zuwa ratsi-ratsi, wanda launuka masu launin kore da baƙi (tare da ɗigon ruwan lemo) ratsi dabam.
Vaananan suna cin abinci da girma har zuwa 8-9 mm a cikin mako guda. Abincin da aka fi so da kwari shine furanni da kwayaye, da ɗan ƙarancin ganyen tsire-tsire. Caterpillar yana da kwarjini sosai kuma baya faduwa, koda yankan kara sai ya koma da shi wani wuri.
Abin sha'awa. A rana guda, tsutsa mai haɗiye ɗaya tana da ikon lalata ƙaramin gadon dill. Amma a ƙarshen ci gabanta, tsutsa ba ta cin abinci.
Mataki na ƙarshe, gabanin bayyanar kyakkyawar malam buɗe ido, shi ne almara. Sauyawa a cikin pupa yana faruwa ne a kan ƙwayar shukar da aka cinye ko kuma a kan maƙwabcin. Launi na pupa yana ƙayyade ta lokacin. Masu rani suna launuka masu launin rawaya-kore kuma suna haɓaka makonni 2-3 kawai. Lokacin hunturu koyaushe launin ruwan kasa ne, yayin da suke kwaikwayon launin baƙi da ganyen da ya faɗi. An sake haifar da su cikin malam buɗe ido bayan fewan watanni, lokacin da tsayayyen zafi ya zo.
Makiya na halitta
'Ya'yan Papilio machaon tsuntsaye ne ke farautar su, gami da ƙwanƙollen reedings, tsuntsaye da kuma marayan dare, suna lalata kusan 40-50% na kwari. Baya ga tsuntsaye, abokan gaba na abincin haɗi duka kwari ne, gami da manyan gizo-gizo. Kamar kowane jirgin ruwa, an hadiye kayan haɗi (mafi ƙanƙanta, tsutsarsu) ta hanyar kariya daga haihuwa - wannan gland ne mai kama da cokula a ɓangaren prothoracic, wanda ake kira osmeterium.
Caterpillar da ke cikin damuwa ya sa osmeterium (mai haske mai haske ya watsa ƙaho), yana fitar da asirin lemu mai launin ruwan hoda tare da wari mai daɗi.
Scare away with osmeteria ana amfani dashi ne ta hanyar samari da matasa masu manyan shekaru: caterpillars masu girma ba sa amfani da gland. Mummunan fitowar osmeteria yana aiki sosai a kan wasps, tururuwa, da ƙudaje, amma kwata-kwata bashi da amfani akan tsuntsaye. Anan malam buɗe ido yana amfani da wasu dabaru - yana saurin buɗe fukafukinsa, yana tsoratar da launuka masu walƙiya kuma yana mai da hankalin mai farautar daga muhimman gabobinsa zuwa idanun / wutsiyar fuka-fukan.
Tattalin arziki
A hankula, yayin yaduwar taro, musamman a kusa da albarkatun gona, a cikin dazuzzuka, lambuna ko wuraren shakatawa, malam buɗe ido mai haɗiye yana da ikon juyawa zuwa kwaro, tunda kwarkwatarsa tana cinye furanni da ɗakunan shuke-shuke. Amma a zahiri, haɗiye (saboda ƙarancinsu) baya cutar noma kuma su kansu suna buƙatar kariya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A kan Lissafin IUCN, Papilio machaon yana cikin rukunin LC azaman nau'in damuwa mafi ƙaranci. Duk da yanayin koma baya, rarrabuwa mai ƙarfi da raguwar adadin mutanen da suka manyanta, haɗuwa har yanzu jinsin yaɗuwa ne, musamman ma a yankin Rum.
A cewar IUCN, yawan hadaddiyar giyar ta duniya ta ragu da kasa da kashi 25% a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, abin da ya sa nau'in ya zama LC.
Koyaya, an lura da raguwar yawan jama'ar gari a wasu ƙasashen Turai, Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Wasu yankuna suna ba da kimanin adadi, wasu kawai suna faɗar raguwar:
- Maroko - raguwar mutane da kashi 30-50%;
- Portugal da Montenegro - da kashi 10-30%;
- Isra'ila - an ga canji sosai;
- Kuroshiya da Aljeriya - an samu ragin raguwa.
Papilio machaon ya kasance cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red data na Jamus, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, kuma ana kiyaye shi sosai a waɗannan jihohin. Bayyanar haɗiyyar ba ta bayyana a shafukan littafin Red Data na Rasha ba, wanda aka sami ƙarin haske game da lambobi a wasu yankuna. Amma malam buɗe ido mai haɗiye ya zama abin kariya kuma a cikin shekaru daban-daban ya bayyana a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red na Moscow, Crimea, Krasnoyarsk Territory, Rostov, Belgorod da Leningrad.
Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun rarraba abubuwan da ke tasiri mummunan tasirin yawan haɗiye zuwa na halitta da na ɗan adam.
Barazana ta dabi'a:
- ƙananan zafin jiki na iska, rashin rana yayin saduwa / ovipositor;
- dogon lokacin damina, wanda ke haifar da shan kayen tsutsa daga cututtukan / fungi;
- kawar da tsire-tsire na baƙon umbele na gida (taɓa-ni-ba glandular ba, hogweed na Sosnovsky da sauransu);
- farkon sanyi, hana pupation na tsutsa da kai wa ga mutuwa.
Anthropogenic yana haifar da lalata ko ɓata mazaunin da aka saba da su:
- gobarar daji, musamman gobarar daji da ciyawa sun fadi;
- maganin kwari na ƙasar noma;
- shuka wuraren budurwa na steppe;
- ci gaba mai yawa;
- steppe gandun daji;
- wuce gona da iri;
- ƙasƙanci na makiyaya tare da rikicewar nishaɗin taro;
- kashe kwari da kama malam buɗe ido don tarin abubuwa.
Don adana abincin haɗiye, aƙalla yawan jama'arta na Turai, zai taimaka wa irin waɗannan matakan - maido da ciyawar ciyawar ciyawa; keɓaɓɓun halaye na yanke mosaic na makiyaya / makiyaya don kada su cika shuke-shuke da itacen itace; hana ƙaurawar umbellates da wasu ciyawar; bin doka da aka hana a bazara ya faɗi kuma an sami ƙarin tara saboda take hakkin. Kari akan haka, an hana shi bin abubuwan hadiyewa, tattara kwari da malam buɗe ido don tarin.
