Wannan kifin ne mai daraja, wanda Pomors ya kira shi "kifin kifi" tun kafin 'yan Norway da suka shigo harkar, wadanda daga baya suka tallata sunan iri daya a Turai a kan babban sikeli.
Bayanin kifin
Salmo salar (kifin), wanda kuma masunta ke sani da Atlantic, ko kuma kifin kifi, na daga jinsin kifin salmon daga dangin salmon kuma na kifin mai rai ne. Masanan Ichthyologists, bayan sun gudanar da bincike na biochemical, sun lura da bambanci tsakanin kifin Salmon na Amurka da na Turai, suna rarraba su cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi - S. salar americanus da S. salar salar. Bugu da kari, al'ada ce ta magana game da nau'ikan 2 na salmon na Atlantika, anadromous da freshwater / lacustrine, inda a da ake ɗaukar na biyun a matsayin mai zaman kansa. Yanzu mazaunin kifin mai zaman kansa an ware shi azaman na musamman - Salmo salar morpha sebago.
Bayyanar, girma
Duk wakilai na jinsi Salmo (da kifin ba banda bane) suna da babban baki da kuma kara kashi mai tsayi wanda ya wuce layin tsaye na gefen ido. Tsohuwar kifin, ya fi ƙarfin haƙoransa. Mazan da suka manyanta cikin jima'i suna ɗauke da sanye da ƙugiya sananne a zaune a ƙasan ƙashin muƙamuƙi kuma suna "kaifafa" a ƙarƙashin saman muƙamuƙin.
Doguwar jikin salmon an dan matse ta a gefuna kuma an rufe ta da sikeli masu matsakaicin sikari. Suna cire sauƙi cikin sauƙi kuma suna da siffa mai kamala tare da gefunan tsefe. Layin layi na gefe (gwargwadon girman mutum) yana da kimanin ma'auni 110-150. Fashin ƙugu, lambobi sama da haskoki 6, suna cikin tsakiyar ɓangaren jiki, kuma ƙananan fikafin suna ƙasa da tsakiyar layi.
Mahimmanci. Adiaramin ƙaramin adipose yana girma gab da dubura da kuma bayan ƙoshin baya yana zama alama ce ta salmon na halittar kifin. Finafinan caudal, kamar sauran salmonids, yana da ƙwarewa.
A cikin tekun, bayan babban kifin Salmon mai launin shuɗi ko kore, gefen kuma azurfa ne, kuma cikin ciki koyaushe fari ne. A sama, jiki yana zage-zage da baƙaƙen tabo mara kyau waɗanda suka ɓace yayin da kuka kusanci tsakiyar. Ba a bayyane tabo a ƙasa layin layi.
Yaran yara na salmon na Atlantic suna nuna takamaiman launi (alamar-alamar) - duhu mai duhu tare da tabo 11-12 masu wucewa. Maza masu zuwa haihuwa suna yin tagulla, suna samun ja ko lemu mai yauki da mafi ƙarancin ƙamus. A wannan lokacin ne haƙoƙarin maza ya lanƙwara ya kuma tsawaita, kuma ƙwanƙwasa mai kama da ƙugiya ya bayyana a ƙasan na ɗaya.
Balagaggun, samfura masu girma sun girma fiye da 1.5 m kuma suna da nauyin fiye da kilogiram 45, amma gabaɗaya, tsayin / nauyin kifin na salmon yana ƙayyade ne ta hanyar kewayon da wadatar tushen abincin. Misali, a cikin Rasha, girman kifin kifin kifi ya bambanta har ma da koguna: a cikin kogi. Ponoy da R. Babu kifin da ya wuce kilogiram 4.2-4.7 a cikin Varzuga, yayin da ake girbe kifin a Onega da Pechora, wanda nauyin sa ya kai 7.5-8.8.
A cikin kogunan da suke kwarara zuwa Tekun Fari da na Barents, manya da ƙanana (ganye da tinda) mutane suna rayuwa, kusan rabin mita tsawonsu kuma nauyinsu ya kai kilo 2.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Masanan Ichthyologists sun yarda suyi la’akari da salmon a matsayin mafi yawan nau’ikan nau’ikan cutarwa, suna shafar tsarin ruwa lokacin da suke zaune a manyan tabkuna. A lokacin ciyarwar a cikin ruwan teku, kifin kifi na Atlantic yana farautar ƙananan kifi da masassarar kifi, yana adana mai don haihuwa da lokacin sanyi. A wannan lokacin, yana haɓaka cikin sauri da nauyi, yana ƙara aƙalla 20 cm a kowace shekara.
Soyayyen kifin yana kashewa a cikin teku daga shekara 1 zuwa 3, yana kusa da bakin teku kuma ba ya nitsewa sama da mita 120 har sai sun kai shekarun haihuwa. Da farkon balaga, samarin kifi suna rugawa zuwa rafukan raƙuman ruwa, suna shawo kan kusan kilomita 50 kowace rana.
Abin sha'awa. Daga cikin kifin, akwai dwarf maza da ke rayuwa koyaushe a cikin kogin kuma basu taɓa ganin teku ba. An bayyana bayyanar "dwarfs" ta ruwan sanyi mai yawa da rashin abinci, wanda ke jinkirta balagar yara.
Masanan Ichthyologists suma suna magana ne game da yanayin hunturu da na bazara na kifin kifin Atlantika, wanda ya banbanta da matakin balaga na samfuran haihuwar su, tunda sun tafi haihuwa a lokuta daban-daban na shekara - a kaka ko bazara. Kifin kifin da ba shi da filaye, wanda karami ne, amma ya fi zama mara kyau, yana zaune a cikin Onega, Ladoga da sauran tabkuna na arewa. Anan yake ciyarwa don tashi don ya ɓuya a cikin koguna mafi kusa.
Har yaushe rayuwa kifin salmon yake?
Yawancin kifin Salmon na Atlantic ba sa rayuwa fiye da shekaru 5-6, amma suna iya (tare da haɗuwa da dalilai masu kyau) su ninka sau biyu, har zuwa shekaru 10-13.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Salmon yana da iyaka mai yawa wanda ya shafi arewacin Tekun Atlantika (inda yanayin sihiri yake rayuwa) da yamma da Tekun Arctic. A gabar Amurka, ana rarraba nau'ikan daga kogin. Connecticut (kudu) zuwa Greenland. Kifin Salmon da ke cikin kogunan Turai da yawa, daga Fotigal zuwa Spain har zuwa Tekun Barents. An samo nau'ikan lacustrine a jikin ruwan ruwa na Sweden, Norway, Finland da Russia.
A cikin ƙasarmu, kifin kifin da ke zaune a Karelia da kan Kola Peninsula:
- Kogin Kuito (Lowerananan, Tsakiya da Sama);
- Segozero da Vygozero;
- Imandra da Dutse;
- Topozero da Pyaozero;
- Nuke da Sandal;
- Lovozero, Pyukozero, Kimasozero,
- Ladoga da Onega;
- Janisjärvi.
A yankin Tarayyar Rasha, ana haƙa ruwan kifin a cikin kogunan Baltic da White Teas, da Pechora, da kuma kusa da gabar Murmansk. A cewar IUCN, an gabatar da nau'in a kasashen Australia, New Zealand, Argentina da Chile.
Abincin salmon na Atlantic
Salmon shine mai farauta wanda ke cin abinci a cikin teku. Yana da ma'ana cewa babban mai samar da furotin dabba shine rayuwar ruwa (kifin makaranta da ƙananan invertebrates):
- sprat, herring da herring;
- gerbil da narkewa;
- echinoderms da krill;
- kaguji da jatan lande;
- sandar baya uku (a cikin ruwa mai kyau).
Abin sha'awa. A gonakin kifi, kifin kifi yana wadatar da ciyawar shrimp, wanda ke sanya inuwar naman kifi tsananin ruwan hoda.
Kifin Salmon na Atlantic, yana kan hanya don haihuwa da shiga cikin kogin, ya daina ciyarwa. Yaran da ke jujjuyawa a cikin rafuka suna da abubuwan da suke so na gastronomic - benthos, zooplankton, lardise caddis, ƙananan kifi / ɓawon burodi da ƙwari waɗanda suka faɗa cikin ruwa.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Salmon ya fara haihuwa daga watan Satumba zuwa Disamba, yana zabar Rapids / Rapids kusa da bakin tekun don haihuwa, wanda yake a saman sama ko tsakiyar koguna. Salmon da zai fantsama kamar soja ne na musamman - yana hanzari zuwa ga rafin, yana rarrafe kanƙun duwatsu a cikin ciki kuma yana hadari da ruwa, yana tsalle har zuwa mita 2-3. Babu wasu matsaloli da ba za a iya shawo kan kifi ba: yana yin kwafin ƙoƙari har zuwa nasara.
Salmon ya shiga cikin kogin yana da ƙarfi da wadataccen abinci, yana rasa ƙarfi da mai yayin da suka kusanci wurin da ake haifar da zuriya: yanzu ba su yin iyo sosai da sauri da tsalle daga ruwan. Mace, bayan ta isa wurin da aka haifa, sai ta haƙa rami babba (tsawon mita 2-3) kuma ta kwanta a ciki, tana jiran namijin da ya ziyarce ta a faɗuwar rana ko da safe. Yana takin bangaren kwan da mace mai kwazo ta saki. Ya rage gare ta ta share sauran ƙwai kuma, bayan hadi, ta jefa ƙasa a kanta.
Gaskiya. Mata na kifin ruwan kifin na Atlantic (dangane da girmansu) daga ƙwai 10 zuwa 26, ƙira 5-6 mm. Kifin Salmon ya sake maimaita zuriya har sau uku zuwa biyar.
Kamawa da haihuwar 'ya'ya, kifin ya tilasta wa yunwa, don haka suka dawo daga raunin rauni da rauni, galibi tare da ƙafafun da suka ji rauni. Wasu mutane, galibi maza, suna mutuwa saboda gajiya, amma waɗanda ke iyo a teku suna murmurewa da sauri - sun fara cin abinci mai daɗi, sun sami ƙiba kuma sun sayi kayan azurfa da suka saba.
Saboda ƙarancin zafin ruwan (wanda bai fi 6 ° C ba) a cikin filayen da ke taɓarɓarewa, an hana ci gaban ƙwai, kuma ƙwayoyin sun bayyana ne kawai a watan Mayu. Yaran ba su da bambanci da iyayensu don an daɗe ana sanya su a matsayin nau'in masu zaman kansu. A arewa, ana yiwa samarin kifin laƙabi da parr, suna lura da launinsu na fara'a - kifin yana da duwatsu masu duhu da gefuna, waɗanda aka yiwa ado da ratsiyoyi masu zagaye da zagaye (ja / launin ruwan kasa).
Sake kamannin motley yana ɓoye samarin da ke ƙaruwa tsakanin duwatsu da tsire-tsire na ruwa, inda kifayen ke rayuwa na tsawon lokaci (daga shekara zuwa shekaru 5). Salmon da ya manyanta ya je teku, yana miƙa har zuwa 9-18 cm kuma yana canza launinsu dabam-dabam zuwa azurfa, wanda masana ilimin kimiya ke kira smoltification.
Bangarorin da basu shiga cikin teku ba sun rikide zuwa mazaje na dodo, wanda, duk da kankantar su, suna shiga raye-raye a cikin zuriya, galibi suna tura manyan maza marasa karfi. Gudunmawar da dwarf maza suka yi wa hadi da kwai na iya zama mai matukar muhimmanci, wanda abin fahimta ne - mazan da ke cike da jiki suna da kwazo kan fada tare da abokan hamayya iri daya kuma ba sa kula da abubuwan da ba su dace ba.
Makiya na halitta
Salmon caviar ya cinye koda mazajannar maza na jinsi daya. Gwanin goge, ƙaramin, kifi mai laushi da cin abinci akan larvae da soya. A lokacin rani, taimen farauta don salmon. Bugu da kari, yaran da ke cin abincin kifin na kifin Atlantika suna cin abinci tare da nishadi daga wasu masu cin karfin kogin:
- launin ruwan kasa (nau'in ruwa mai kyau);
- ta hanyar char;
- Pike;
- burbot.
A kan filayen samar da kifi, kifin kifi yakan fada ganima ga otters, da kuma tsuntsayen ganima - osprey, dipper, great merganser da farin mikiya. A cikin teku, kifin salmon na Atlantic yana cikin menu don kifayen kifayen, whales na beluga da kifaye irin su zoben da aka yiwa ringi da hatimin gemu.
Darajar kasuwanci
'Yan kasuwar Rasha ne waɗanda, ƙarnuka da yawa da suka gabata, suka ƙirƙira sanannen jakadan kifin (tare da sukari), suna mai da kifi zuwa wani abinci mai ban mamaki. An kama Salmon a yankin Kola kuma an kawo shi, bayan salting da shan sigari, zuwa babban birni - don cin abincin sarakuna da sauran masu martaba, gami da malamai.
Kifin Salmon da ke da ɗanɗano mai daɗin nama bai rasa darajar kasuwancinsa ba, amma cibiyar haifuwarsa (wacce ta riga ta kasance ta wucin gadi) ba ta Rasha ba, amma a cikin Norway da Chile. Hakanan, ana gudanar da noman kifin na salmon a cikin Scotland, Tsibirin Faroe, Amurka (ƙasa da ƙasa) da Japan (ƙasa). A gonar kifi, soya tana tsirowa a kan kimiyar taurari, yana karɓar nauyin kilogiram 5 a shekara.
Hankali. Nau'in salmon na Rasha akan shagunan mu sun fito ne daga Gabas mai nisa kuma suna wakiltar jinsi Oncorhynchus - chum salmon, pink salmon, sockeye salmon da coho salmon.
An bayyana rashin salmon na gida ta banbancin zafin jiki a ƙasar Norway, misali, da Barents Sea. Godiya ga Kogin Gulf, ruwan Yaren Norway yana da ɗumi da digiri biyu: wannan ƙaramar canjin ya zama mai mahimmanci yayin kiyon kifin na Atlantic. A cikin Rasha, bai sami adadin da ake buƙata ba koda tare da ainihin aiwatar da hanyoyin Norwegian.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Theungiyar Internationalasashen Duniya don Kula da Natabi'a ta yi imanin cewa yanayin yawan salmon na Atlantic a duniya (a ƙarshen 2018) ba shi da wata damuwa. Hakanan, kifin kifin da ake zaune (Salmo salar m. Sebago) yana cikin littafin Red Book na Tarayyar Rasha a rukuni na 2, saboda yana raguwa a cikin lambobi. Rage ruwan kifin da ke cikin ruwa a kusan. Ladozhsky kuma game da. Onega, inda aka lura da kamawar kamala a baya, ya fara ne tun ƙarni ɗaya kafin ƙarshe kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa yau. Ana samun yawancin kifin kifi, musamman, a cikin kogin. Pechora.
Mahimmanci. Abubuwan da ke haifar da raguwar yawan kifin a Rasha shine kamun kifi, gurɓatar jikin ruwa, ƙeta tsarin ruwa na koguna da farauta (musamman a cikin recentan shekarun nan).
A halin yanzu, ana kiyaye nau'ikan ruwa mai kyau na ruwan kifin na Atlantic a Kostomuksha Nature Reserve (Tsibirin Kamennoe). Masanan Ichthyologists sun gabatar da matakai da yawa don kare kifin kifin mai keɓewa - kiwo na wucin gadi, ƙayyadadden ƙwayoyin cuta, sake farfado da filayen haihuwa, yaƙi da kamun kifi ba bisa doka ba da kamun kima.
