Archeopteryx tsoffin kasusuwa ne wanda ya faro tun lokacin Late Jurassic. Dangane da halaye na halittar mutum, dabbar tana da matsayin da ake kira matsakaici tsakanin tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe. A cewar masana kimiyya, Archeopteryx ya rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 150 zuwa 147 da suka gabata.
Bayanin Archeopteryx
Duk abubuwan da aka samo, hanya ɗaya ko wata daban da ke alaƙa da dadaddiyar Archeopteryx, ana nufin yankunan da ke kusa da Solnhofen a kudancin Jamus... Na dogon lokaci, tun kafin a gano wasu, na baya-bayan nan, masana kimiyya sun kasance suna sake fasalin bayyanar da ake zargin kakannin tsuntsaye.
Bayyanar
Tsarin katangar Archeopteryx galibi ana kwatanta shi da ɓangaren ɓangaren tsuntsayen zamani, da kuma deinonychosaurs, waɗanda suke na dinosaur na theropod, waɗanda su ne dangin dangi na kusa game da yanayin halittar su. Kokon kan dabbar da ya kare a dabbare yana dauke da hakora, wadanda suka yi kama da hakoran kada. Kasusuwan farko na Archeopteryx ba su da halin haɗuwa da juna, kuma ƙanƙanɗɗinsa da na sama gaba ɗaya ba su da ramfoteca ko lalataccen kwari, don haka dabbar ba ta da baki.
Babban ɗakunan kwanciya sun haɗu da ramin kwanciya da magudanar baya, wanda yake bayan ƙoshin kai. Teunƙun mahaifa sun kasance biconcave a baya da baya, kuma ba su da shimfidar shimfidar shimfiɗa. Bangaren sassan jikin Archeopteryx bai kasance tare da juna ba, kuma sashen gaban goshi ya sami wakilcin kasusuwa biyar. Yawancin kasusuwan kasusuwan Archeopteryx ne suka samar da ƙashi da doguwar wutsiya.
Hakarkarin Archeopteryx ba su da tsari mai kama da ƙugiya, kuma kasancewar haƙarƙarin haƙori na jikin dabbobi masu rarrafe ba a samo su a cikin tsuntsayen zamani. Hannun dabbobin sun haɗu wuri ɗaya kuma sun kafa cokali mai yatsa. Babu haɗuwa akan ƙugu, balaga, da ƙashin ƙugu na ƙugu. Bonesasussukan kasusuwa suna fuskantar ta ɗan baya kuma sun ƙare da sifar "taya". Thearshen ƙarshen ya ƙare a kan ƙasusuwa wanda ya haɗu, wanda ya haifar da samuwar babban balaga, wanda babu shi gaba ɗaya a cikin tsuntsayen zamani.
Longananan doguwar gaban Archeopteryx sun ƙare a yatsun kafa guda uku da suka inganta ta fuskoki da yawa. Yatsun suna da lankwasa da ƙarfi da manyan ƙusoshi. Theyallen hannu na Archeopteryx yana da abin da ake kira kashi mara ƙarfi, kuma sauran ƙasusuwa na metacarpus da wuyan hannu ba su haɗu a cikin mari ba. Characterizedananan gaɓoɓin dabbobin da suka mutu sun kasance halaye ne na kasancewar tibia da tibia da tibia suka yi kusan daidai daidai, amma tarsus ba ta nan. Nazarin Eissstadt da na London ya ba masana burbushin halittu damar tabbatar da cewa babban yatsan ya saba wa sauran yatsun hannayen na baya.
Hoto na farko na kwafin Berlin, wanda wani mai zane ba a sani ba ya yi a cikin 1878-1879, ya nuna a sarari fuka-fukan fuka-fukai, wanda ya ba da damar a jingina Archeopteryx ga tsuntsaye. Kodayake, burbushin halittun tsuntsaye masu kwayar gashin tsuntsu ba safai ake samunsu ba, kuma kiyaye su ya zama mai yiwuwa ne kawai saboda kasancewar farar dutse a wuraren da aka samo su. A lokaci guda, kiyaye alamun fuka-fukai da kasusuwa a cikin nau'ikan dabbobin da suka mutu ba daya ba ne, kuma wadanda suka fi bayani shi ne na Berlin da na London. Lilin Archeopteryx, dangane da manyan fasalin sa, yayi daidai da dadaddiyar halittar da tsuntsayen zamani.
Archeopteryx yana da jela, tashi da gashin tsuntsu wanda ya rufe jikin dabbar.... Wutsiya da gashin tsuntsayen an halicce su ne ta hanyar dukkan abubuwan tsarin halittar halayyar zoben tsuntsayen zamani, gami da sandar fuka-fukai, gami da sanduna da ƙugiyoyin da suke fitowa daga garesu. Fuka-fukan jirgin Archeopteryx suna tattare da rashin daidaiton yanar gizo, yayin da gashin jelar dabbobin ba a san asymmetry ba. Har ila yau, babu wani keɓaɓɓen tarin gashin fuka-fukan yatsan hannu wanda ke kan kan gaba. Babu alamun gashin tsuntsu a kai da ɓangaren sama na wuya. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, wuya, kai da jela sun lankwasa zuwa ƙasa.
Wani fasali na kwanyar pterosaurs, wasu tsuntsaye da filaye suna da wakiltar bakin ciki da ƙananan sinus, wanda ke ba da damar kimanta yanayin halittar jiki, ƙarar da girman kwakwalwar, wanda mambobi daga irin waɗannan maganganun suka mallaka. Masana kimiyya a Jami'ar Texas sun gudanar da mafi kyawun sake fasalin kwakwalwa dabba har zuwa yau ta hanyar amfani da hoton X-ray a 2004.
Girman ƙwaƙwalwar Archeopteryx ya ninka sau uku na na masu kama da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Hemwararrun ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙanƙantaccen ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarfi kuma ba a kewayensu da filayen olf. Siffar ɗakunan gani na kwakwalwa ta al'ada ce ga dukkan tsuntsayen zamani, kuma ɗakunan gani na gaba sun fi gaban gani.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa tsarin kwakwalwar Archeopteryx ya nuna kasancewar siffofin avian da reptilian, kuma karuwar girman cerebellum da lobes na gani, wataƙila, wani nau'ine ne wanda ya dace da jirgin don cin nasarar waɗannan dabbobi.
Bellwayar irin wannan dabba da ta ɓace ya fi girma fiye da na duk wani abin da ke da alaƙa, amma yana da ƙaranci fiye da na duk tsuntsayen zamani. Hanyoyin cancan gefen na baya da na baya suna a matsayi na al'ada na kowane archosaurs, amma canjin rabin jijiyoyin na baya-bayan nan yana da mahimman ci gaba da kuma lankwasawa ta wata hanya ta daban.
Girman Archeopteryx
Archeopteryx lithofraphica daga ajin Tsuntsaye, tsari Archeopteryx da dangin Archeopteryx suna da tsayin jiki a tsakanin 35 cm tare da kusan 320-400 g.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Archeopteryx sune mamallakin kasusuwa da jikin da aka rufe da fuka-fukai, saboda haka ana karɓa gaba ɗaya cewa irin wannan dabbar zata iya tashi, ko kuma aƙalla tayi sama sosai. Da alama, akan dogayen gabobinsa, Archeopteryx da sauri ya bi ta saman duniya, har sai da sabunta iska ya dauke jikinshi.
Saboda kasancewar lamuran, Archeopteryx sunada tasiri sosai wajen kiyaye zafin jikin mutum maimakon tashiwa. Fuka-fukan irin wannan dabba na iya zama kyakkyawan nau'in gidan sauro da ake amfani da su don kama kowane irin kwari. An ɗauka cewa Archeopteryx na iya hawa dogayen bishiyoyi ta amfani da fika a fukafukan su don wannan dalili. Irin wannan dabbar da alama wataƙila ta taɓa rayuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin bishiyoyi.
Tsammani na rayuwa da dimorphism na jima'i
Duk da samu da kuma dadaddun abubuwan Archeopteryx, ba zai yuwu a tabbatar da kasancewar dabi'ar jima'i da matsakaiciyar rayuwar irin wannan dabbar da ta mutu a halin yanzu ba.
Tarihin ganowa
Zuwa yau, samfuran kasusuwa Archeopteryx guda goma ne kawai aka buga. Wadannan binciken dabbar suna daga nau'ikan siraran duwatsu masu siririn-layin Late Jurassic.
Abubuwan Bincike Masu Alaƙa da toarancin Archeopteryx:
- an gano gashin dabba a 1861 kusa da Solnhofen. An gano abin da aka samo a cikin 1861 ta masanin kimiyya Hermann von Mayer. Yanzu wannan gashin tsuntsu an kiyaye shi sosai a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Berlin;
- wani samfurin da ba shi da kai a London (holotype, BMNH 37001), wanda aka gano a 1861 kusa da Langenaltime, Richard Owen ya bayyana shi bayan shekaru biyu. Yanzu ana nuna wannan binciken a Gidan Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihi na Landan, kuma Richard Owen ya dawo da kan da ya ɓace;
- wani samfurin Berlin na dabba (HMN 1880) an samo shi a cikin 1876-1877 a Blumenberg, kusa da Eichstät. Jacob Niemeyer ya sami nasarar canza ragowar da saniyar, kuma shi kansa samfurin an bayyana shi shekaru bakwai bayan haka ta hanyar Wilhelm Dames. Yanzu an ajiye ragowar a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Tarihi;
- an gano jikin wani samfurin Maxberg (S5) mai yiwuwa a cikin 1956-1958 kusa da Langenaltime kuma masanin Florian Geller ya bayyana a cikin 1959. Cikakken binciken na John Ostrom ne. Don ɗan lokaci an nuna wannan kwafin a baje kolin kayan tarihin Maxberg, bayan an mayar da shi ga mai shi. Sai kawai bayan mutuwar mai tarawar ya yiwu a ɗauka cewa ragowar dabbar da ta ɓace mamallakin ne ya sayar da shi a ɓoye ko aka sace;
- An gano samfurin Harlem ko Teyler (TM 6428) a kusa da Rydenburg a cikin 1855, kuma ya bayyana bayan shekaru ashirin daga masanin Meyer a matsayin haɗarin Pterodactylus. Kusan kusan shekaru ɗari daga baya, John Ostrom ne ya sake tsara shi. Yanzu ragowar suna cikin Netherlands, a cikin Teyler Museum;
- Misalin dabba na Eichstät (JM 2257), wanda aka gano kusa da 1951-1955 kusa da Workerszell, Peter Welnhofer ne ya bayyana shi a cikin 1974. Yanzu wannan samfurin yana cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi na Jurassic na Eichshtet kuma shine mafi ƙanƙanta, amma an kiyaye shi da kyau;
- An samo samfurin Munich ko Solnhofen-Aktien-Verein tare da sternum (S6) a cikin 1991 kusa da Langenalheim kuma Welnhofer ya bayyana shi a cikin 1993. Kwafin yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Munichankin lean tarihi na Munich;
- samfurin ashhofen na dabba (BSP 1999) an samo shi a cikin 60 na karni na ƙarshe kusa da Eichstät kuma Welnhofer ya bayyana a cikin 1988. An ajiye abin da aka samo a gidan kayan tarihin Burgomaster Müller kuma yana iya zama na Wellnhoferia grandis;
- Misalin guntun Müllerian, wanda aka gano a cikin 1997, yanzu yana cikin Gidan Tarihi na Müllerian.
- An samo samfurin thermopoly na dabba (WDC-CSG-100) a cikin Jamus kuma wani mai tarawa na sirri ya ajiye shi na dogon lokaci. Wannan rarrabuwa ya bambanta da mafi kyawun kiyaye kai da ƙafa.
A cikin 1997, Mauser ya karɓi saƙo game da gano wani yanki samfurin daga mai tara kuɗi. Har zuwa yau, ba a rarraba wannan kwafin ba, kuma ba a bayyana wurin da mai shi da bayanin sa ba.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Archeopteryx an yi imanin yana cikin dajin da ke da zafi.
Archeopteryx abinci
Manyan manyan muƙamuran Archeopteryx sanye take da hakora masu yawa da kaifi, waɗanda ba a nufin nika abinci daga asalin tsirrai. Koyaya, Archeopteryx ba masu farauta bane, saboda adadi mai yawa na rayayyun halittu na wannan lokacin suna da girma sosai kuma baza su iya zama ganima ba.
A cewar masana kimiyya, tushen abincin Archeopteryx shine kowane irin kwari, lamba da ire-irensu suna da girma sosai a zamanin Mesozoic. Da alama, Archeopteryx ya sami damar saukar da abincinsu da fuka-fuki cikin sauki ko kuma da taimakon wasu dogayen kafafu, bayan haka kuma irin wadannan kwari ne suke tattara abincin kai tsaye a saman duniya.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Jikin Archeopteryx an lullube shi da kaurin lilin mai kauri.... Shakka babu Archeopteryx na cikin jinsin dabbobi masu dumi. A saboda wannan dalili ne masu binciken ke ba da shawarar cewa tare da sauran tsuntsayen zamani, irin wadannan dabbobin da suka riga sun kare sun zama kwai wadanda aka sanya su a gidajen da aka riga aka tsara.
An sanya gidajen a kan duwatsu da bishiyoyi masu tsayi, wanda ya ba da damar kare 'ya'yansu daga dabbobin farauta. Yaran da aka haifa basu iya kulawa da kansu nan da nan kuma suna kama da kamanni da iyayensu, kuma bambancin ya kasance a cikin ƙananan girma. Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa kajin Archeopteryx, kamar 'ya'yan tsuntsayen zamani, an haifesu ne ba tare da wani dutsen ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Rashin fuka-fukan fuka-fukai ya hana Archeopteryx samun cikakken 'yanci a cikin makonnin farko na rayuwarsu, don haka' ya'yan da ke cikina suna buƙatar kulawar iyayen da suka mallaki wani nau'in ilhami na iyaye.
Makiya na halitta
Tsohuwar duniyar ta kasance gida ga yawancin masu haɗari da yawa kuma manyan isassun nau'ikan dinosaur masu cin nama, don haka Archeopteryx yana da adadi mai yawa na abokan gaba. Koyaya, albarkacin ikonsu na motsawa cikin sauri, hawa bishiyoyi masu tsayi, da shiri ko tashi da kyau, Archeopteryx basu da sauƙin ganima.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Triceratops (Latin Triceratops)
- Diplodocus (Latin Diplodocus)
- Spinosaurus (lat.spinosaurus)
- Velociraptor (mai watsa shirye-shiryen bidiyo)
Masana kimiyya suna danganta pterosaurs kawai ga manyan abokan gaban Archeopteryx na kowane zamani. Irin wadannan kadangaru masu tashi da fikafikan yanar gizo suna iya farautar kowace karamar dabba.
