Idan wadannan dinosaur sun wanzu har zuwa yanzu, spinosaur zai zama mafi girma kuma mafi ban tsoro dabbobi a doron duniya. Koyaya, sun ɓace a cikin Cretaceous, tare da sauran danginsu masu girma, gami da Tyrannosaurus da Albertosaurus. Dabbar ta kasance a rukunin Saurischia kuma ta riga ta kasance a wancan lokacin mafi girman dinosaur mai cin nama. Tsawon jikinsa ya kai mita 18, kuma nauyinsa ya kai tan 20. Misali, ana samun wannan taro ta hanyar hada giwaye manya manya 3 tare.
Bayanin Spinosaurus
Spinosaurus yayi yawo a duniya yayin marigayi Cretaceous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 98-95 da suka gabata... An fassara sunan dabbar a zahiri azaman "ƙadangare mai kunkuru". An samo shi saboda kasancewar babban "sail" mai ruwan toka a bayanta a cikin kasusuwa na kashin baya. Anyi tunanin Spinosaurus a matsayin dinosaur mai ƙafa biyu wanda yayi motsi iri ɗaya kamar Tyrannosaurus Rex. An nuna wannan ta hanyar kasancewar ƙafafun tsoka da ƙananan makamai. Kodayake tuni a waccan lokacin, wasu masana burbushin halittu sunyi tunanin da gaske cewa dabba mai irin wannan kasusuwan kasusuwa dole ne ya motsa akan gabobi hudu, kamar sauran tetrapods.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Wannan ya nuna ta manyan fannoni na gaba fiye da na sauran dangin theropod, wanda aka danganta spinosaurus. Babu wadatattun burbushin halittu da zasu iya tantance tsayi da nau'in ƙafafun bayan kafa na spinosaurus. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a cikin 2014 ya ba da dama don ganin cikakken wakilcin jikin dabba. An sake gina mace da tibia tare da yatsun kafa da sauran kasusuwa.
Sakamakon aikin hakar ya kasance ana bincikar su sosai yayin da suke nuna cewa ƙafafun baya sun fi guntu. Kuma wannan na iya nuna abu daya - dinosaur din ba zai iya tafiya a kan doron kasa ba, sai gaɓoɓin baya suka zama aikin iyo Amma wannan gaskiyar har yanzu ana tababa, domin ra'ayoyi sun banbanta. Ganin cewa samfurin na iya kasancewa ya kasance ƙarami ne, ba za a iya tabbatar da cewa ƙafafun ba su ƙara haɓaka zuwa wani daban, matakin girma ba, wanda a cikin sa akwai yiwuwar ƙafafun ƙafafun na dogaro. Sabili da haka, har zuwa lokacin da sauran burbushin zasu sami "farfajiya" zai wanzu ne kawai da ra'ayin ƙarshe.
Bayyanar
Wannan dinosaur din yana da "jirgin ruwa" mai ban mamaki wanda yake saman dutsen saman baya. Ya ƙunshi kasusuwa masu ƙayoyi wanda aka haɗa da fatar fata. Wasu masana burbushin halittu sunyi imanin cewa akwai wata mai mai mai a jikin tsarin dutsen, tunda a yanayin da wannan jinsin ya rayu ba zai yuwu a rayu ba tare da samar da makamashi a cikin hanyar mai ba. Amma har yanzu masana kimiyya ba su tabbatar 100% dalilin da ya sa irin wannan tsutsar ya zama dole ba. Yana iya amfani da shi don sarrafa zafin jiki na jiki... Ta hanyar juya jirgin zuwa rana, zai iya dumama jininsa da sauri fiye da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe masu sanyi.
Koyaya, irin wannan babban jirgi mai ƙayayuwa mai yuwuwa shine mafi kyawun sanannen wannan mai farautar Cretaceous kuma ya sanya shi sabon abu mai ban mamaki ga dangin dinosaur. Bai yi kama da jirgin Dimetrodon da ya rayu a duniya ba shekaru miliyan 280-265 da suka wuce. Ba kamar halittu kamar stegosaurus ba, wanda faranti ke tashi daga fata, an kafa jigon spinosaurus ta hanyar faɗaɗa kashin baya tare da bayan jikinsa, yana ɗaure su gaba ɗaya ga kwarangwal. Wadannan kari na bayanan na baya, a cewar wasu kafofin, sun girma har zuwa mita daya da rabi. Tsarin da ya haɗasu wuri ɗaya kamar fata ce mai kauri. A cikin bayyanar, mai yiwuwa, irin waɗannan haɗin suna kama da membran tsakanin tsakanin yatsun wasu amphibians.
Shakka babu cewa jijiyoyin baya suna hade kai tsaye da kashin baya, amma, ra'ayoyin masana kimiyya sun banbanta game da abubuwan membran din da kansu, suna hada su zuwa garesu daya. Duk da yake wasu masana binciken burbushin halittu sun yi amannar cewa filawar spinosaurus ta fi ta jirgin Dimetrodon, akwai wasu kamar Jack Boman Bailey, wanda ya yi imanin cewa saboda kaurin kashin baya, wataƙila ya fi ta fata ta al'ada yawa kuma ya yi kama da membrana ta musamman. ...
Bailey ya ɗauka cewa garkuwar Spinosaurus kuma tana ƙunshe da mai mai mai, duk da haka, ainihin abin da ya ƙunsa har yanzu ba a san abin dogara ba saboda rashin samfuran samfuran.
Dangane da maƙasudin irin wannan fasalin ilimin halittar jiki kamar jirgi a bayan spinosaurus, ra'ayoyi kuma sun sha bamban. Ana gabatar da ra'ayoyi da yawa akan wannan maki, wanda yafi kowa shine aikin thermoregulation. Tunanin karin inji don sanyaya jiki da dumama abu ne gama gari. Ana amfani dashi don bayyana yawancin tsarin ƙashi na musamman akan dinosaur daban-daban, gami da Spinosaurus, Stegosaurus, da Parasaurolophus.
Masana burbushin halittu sunyi tunanin cewa jijiyoyin jini akan wannan tudu suna kusa da fata ta yadda zasu iya saurin daukar zafi don kar suyi daskarewa yayin yanayin sanyi na dare. Sauran masana kimiyya suna da ra'ayin cewa an yi amfani da kashin baya na spinosaurus don zagaya jini ta hanyoyin jini kusa da fata don samar da sanyaya cikin sauri a cikin yanayi mai zafi. A kowane hali, duka "ƙwarewar" za su kasance masu amfani a Afirka. Thermoregulation yana kama da bayani mai gamsarwa don jigilar spinosaurus, kodayake, akwai wasu ra'ayoyin waɗanda suke daidai da sha'awar jama'a.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Duk da cewa har yanzu ana tababa game da dalilin da ke tattare da jirgin spinosaurus, tsarin kwanyar - babba, mai tsayi, a bayyane yake ga duk masu binciken burbushin halittu. Ta hanyar kwatankwacin, an gina kwanyar wani kada mai zamani, wanda yake da kumbura da yawa wadanda suka mamaye mafi yawan kwanyar. Kwanyar spinosaurus, har ma a wannan lokacin, ana ɗaukar shi mafi tsayi a cikin duk dinosaur ɗin da ya wanzu a duniyarmu.
Wasu masanan burbushin halittu sunyi imanin cewa jigon kashin baya na spinosaurus yayi aiki iri daya da labulen manyan tsuntsaye a yau. Hakanan, an buƙata don jawo hankalin abokin tarayya don haifuwa da ƙayyade farkon balagar mutane. Kodayake har yanzu ba a san kalar wannan fanka ba, akwai rade-radin cewa ya kasance mai haske, sautunan daukar hankali wadanda suka ja hankalin kishiyar jinsi daga nesa.
Hakanan ana yin la'akari da sigar kare kai. Zai yiwu ya yi amfani da shi don ya bayyana da kyau a fuskar abokin hamayya. Tare da fadada jirgin ta bayan fage, spinosaurus yayi kyau sosai kuma yana iya zama barazana a idanun waɗanda suka kalle shi a matsayin "cizon saurin." Don haka, yana yiwuwa abokan gaba, ba tare da son shiga yaƙi mai wahala ba, suka ja da baya, suna neman sauƙin ganima.
Tsawonsa ya kusan santimita 152 da rabi. Babban muƙamuƙin, waɗanda suka mamaye yawancin wannan yanki, sun ƙunshi hakora, galibi masu kamanni iri-iri, waɗanda suka dace musamman don kamawa da cin kifi. An yi amannar cewa Spinosaurus yana da hakora kusan dozin huɗu, duka a cikin babba da ƙananan muƙamuƙi, da kuma canines manya manya biyu a kowane gefen. Muƙamuƙin spinosaurus ba shine kawai shaidar dalilin cin naman ta ba. Hakanan yana da idanun da suke cikin dangantaka mai girma da bayan kwanyar, yana mai da shi kamar kyanwa ta zamani. Wannan fasalin yayi daidai da ka'idar wasu masana binciken burbushin halittu cewa aƙalla yana cikin duka lokacin sa a cikin ruwa. Tunda ra'ayoyi game da ko dabbobi masu shayarwa ne ko dabbobin ruwa, sun bambanta sosai.
Girman girman spinosaurus
Bayyanar kai da dokin spinosaurus ba cikakken jerin abubuwa ne masu rikitarwa ga masana binciken burbushin halittu ba. Har yanzu akwai tattaunawa mai yawa tsakanin masana kimiyya game da girman wannan babban dinosaur din.
Bayanai na yanzu suna nuna cewa sun auna kimanin kilogram 7,000-20,900 (tan 7 zuwa 20.9 tan) kuma zasu iya girma daga mita 12.6 zuwa 18 a tsayi.... Koko daya ne kawai aka samu a wurin hakar ya kai mita 1.75. Spinosaurus, wanda ya mallaka, mafi yawan masana burbushin halittu sunyi imanin cewa ya auna kimanin mita 46 a tsayi kuma yana da matsakaita kimanin tan 7.4. Don ci gaba da kwatancen tsakanin Spinosaurus da Tyrannosaurus Rex, na biyu ya kai tsawon mita 13 kuma an auna shi a cikin kewayon tan 7.5. A tsayi, spinosaurus an yi imanin ya kai kusan mita 4.2; duk da haka, gami da babban jirgi, mai shinge tare da bayanta, tsayinsa ya kai mita 6. Misali, tyrannosaurus rex ya kai tsayin mita 4.5 zuwa 6.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Karatun baya-bayan nan da Romain Amiot da abokan aikinsa, wadanda suka yi nazarin hakoran spinosaurus dalla-dalla, sun gano cewa yawan isoshin oxygen a cikin hakora da kasusuwa na spinosaurus ya fi kusa da na kada da sauran dabbobi. Wato, kwarangwal dinsa ya fi dacewa da rayuwar ruwa.
Wannan ya haifar da ka'idar cewa spinosaurus dan damfara ne wanda ke iya canzawa da dabara tsakanin rayuwar duniya da ta ruwa. A sauƙaƙe, haƙoranta suna da kyau don kamun kifi kuma basu dace da farautar ƙasa ba saboda ƙarancin serration. Gano sikelin kifi wanda aka zana shi da sinadarin narkewa a kan hakarkarin samfurin spinosaur kuma yana nuna cewa wannan dinosaur din ya ci kifi.
Sauran masanan burbushin halittu sun kwatanta Spinosaurus da mai kama da irin wannan, Baronix, wanda yaci duka kifi da kananan dinosaur ko wasu dabbobin duniya. An gabatar da ire-iren wadannan sigar bayan an gano samfurin pterosaur daya kusa da hakori na spinosaurus wanda aka saka a cikin kwarangwal. Wannan yana nuna cewa Spinosaurus a zahiri shine mai ciyar da dama kuma yana ciyarwa akan abin da zai iya kamawa da haɗiye. Koyaya, wannan sigar tana da shakku saboda gaskiyar cewa baƙamuƙansa basu dace ba don kamawa da kashe manyan ganima.
Tsawon rayuwa
Ba a riga an tsawaita lokacin rayuwar mutum ba.
Tarihin ganowa
Mafi yawan abin da aka sani game da Spinosaurus, da rashin alheri, abin ƙyama ne na jita-jita, tun da rashin cikakken samfuran bai bar wata damar bincike ba. An gano farkon ragowar spinosaurus a cikin kwarin Bahariya a Misira a cikin 1912, kodayake ba a sanya su ga wannan nau'in ba kamar haka. Bayan shekaru 3 kawai, Bajamushe masanin burbushin halittu Ernst Stromer ya sanya su zuwa Spinosaurus. Sauran kasusuwan wannan dinosaur din suna cikin Bahariya kuma an gano su a matsayin na biyu a cikin shekarar 1934. Abin takaici, saboda lokacin gano su, wasu daga cikinsu sun lalace lokacin da aka mayar da su Munich, sauran kuma an lalata su yayin harin bam na soja a 1944. Zuwa yau, an samo wasu nau'ikan samfurin Spinosaurus guda shida, kuma ba a samu cikakke ko ma kusan cikakken samfurin ba.
Wani samfurin spinosaurus, wanda aka gano a 1996 a Marokko, ya kunshi tsakiyar mahaifa, da jijiyar jijiyar baya, da hakori na gaba da na tsakiya. Kari akan haka, wasu karin samfura guda biyu, wadanda suka kasance a 1998 a Algeria da 2002 a Tunisia, sun kunshi wuraren hakori na muƙamuƙan. Wani samfurin, wanda yake a Maroko a shekara ta 2005, ya ƙunshi kayan kwanciya mafi mahimmanci.... Dangane da sakamakon da aka samo daga wannan binciken, kokon dabbar da aka samo, bisa ga kimantawa da Museum of Museum of Natural History a Milan, ya kai kimanin santimita 183, yana yin wannan misalin na spinosaurus daya daga cikin mafi girma har zuwa yau.
Abin takaici, duka ga spinosaurus kanta da kuma masu binciken burbushin halittu, ba cikakkun kwarangwal din wannan dabbar ba, ko ma mafi kusa ko kusa nesa kusa da cikar sassan jikin da aka samu. Wannan rashin shaidar yana haifar da rudani a cikin ka'idojin ilimin halittar wannan dinosaur din. Ba a samo ƙasusuwan ƙarshen spinosaurus sau ɗaya ba, wanda zai iya ba masana burbushin halittu damar sanin ainihin tsarin jikinsa da matsayinsa a sarari. A ka'idar, gano kasusuwa na kashin baya ba kawai zai ba shi cikakken tsarin ilimin lissafi ba, amma kuma zai taimaka wa masana binciken burbushin halittu su hada tunanin yadda halittar take motsi. Wataƙila saboda rashin ƙasusuwan ƙafa ne ya sa muhawara ta kaure kan ko Spinosaurus mai ƙafafu biyu ne masu ƙafa biyu ko masu ƙafa biyu da ƙafa huɗu.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Don haka me yasa cikakken Spinosaurus ke da wahalar samu? Kusan komai ne game da abubuwa biyu waɗanda suka rinjayi wahalar neman kayan tushe - waɗannan lokaci ne da yashi. Bayan haka, Spinosaurus ya shafe mafi yawan rayuwarsa a Afirka da Misira, yana jagorantar salon ruwa-ruwa. Da wuya mu sami damar sanin samfuran da ke ƙarƙashin rairayin yashi na Sahara a nan gaba.
Har zuwa yanzu, duk samfuran Spinosaurus da aka samo sun ƙunshi abu daga kashin baya da kwanyar kai. Kamar yadda yake a mafi yawan lokuta, in babu cikakkun samfura, masu tilasta yin binciken halittu su gwada jinsunan dinosaur da dabbobi masu kama da juna. Koyaya, a game da spinosaurus, wannan aiki ne mai wahala. Saboda hatta wadancan dinosaur din wadanda masana binciken kasusuwan tarihi suka yi amannar suna da halaye irin na spinosaurus, babu wani a cikinsu da ya yi kama da wannan na musamman kuma a lokaci guda mai girman kan gado. Don haka, masana kimiyya sukan faɗi cewa Spinosaurus mai yiwuwa ne ya kasance mai ƙafa biyu ne, kamar sauran manyan masu farauta, kamar su Tyrannosaurus Rex. Koyaya, ba za'a san wannan ba tabbatacce, aƙalla har sai an sami cikakke, ko aƙalla ɓacewa, ragowar wannan nau'in.
Sauran mazaunin wannan babban mai farautar ma ana daukar su da wahalar samun damar hakowa a halin yanzu. Hamada mai sikari ta kasance wani yanki na babban bincike dangane da samfurin spinosaurus. Amma filin da kansa ya tilasta mana yin amfani da kokarin titan saboda yanayin yanayi, da kuma rashin dacewar daidaituwar kasar don kiyaye burbushin. Wataƙila duk wani samfurin da aka gano ba zato ba tsammani a lokacin mahaukaciyar iska ya gurɓata da yanayin yanayi da motsiwar yashi wanda hakan yasa kawai suka zama ba ruwansu da ganowa da ganowa. Sabili da haka, masana binciken burbushin halittu sun gamsu da dan abin da aka riga aka samo shi da fatan wata rana tayi tuntuɓe akan cikakkun samfuran da zasu iya amsa duk tambayoyin masu sha'awa kuma su tona asirin spinosaurus.
Wurin zama, mazauni
An sami kwarangwal a Arewacin Afirka da Masar. Abin da ya sa kenan, a ka'ida, ana iya ɗauka cewa dabbar ta rayu a waɗannan ɓangarorin.
Abincin Spinosaurus
Spinosaurus yana da dogayen, jazz masu ƙarfi tare da madaidaitan haƙori. Yawancin sauran dinosaur masu cin nama suna da ƙwararrun haƙoranta. Dangane da wannan, yawancin masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa wannan nau'in dinosaur dole ne ya girgiza abin da yake ganima domin ya cire sassan jikinsa ya kashe shi.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Stegosaurus (Latin Stegosaurus)
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- Pterodactyl (Latin Pterodactylus)
- Megalodon (lat.Carcharodon megalodon)
Duk da wannan tsarin bakin, ra'ayin da aka fi sani shi ne cewa dabbobi masu cin nama suna cin masu nama, sun fi son abincin kifi, tunda sun rayu ne a doron kasa da kuma ruwa (misali, kamar kadogon yau). Bugu da ƙari, su kaɗai ne dinosaur ɗin tsuntsaye.
Makiya na halitta
Ganin girman girman dabbar da mahalli masu yawan ruwa, yana da wuya a ɗauka cewa yana da aƙalla wasu abokan gaba.
