Ma'anar mafi sauki wacce za'a iya bawa kadangaru dukkansu abubuwa ne daga yankin masu rarrafe, banda macizai.
Bayanin kadangaru
Tare da macizai, dangin su na kusa kuma a lokaci guda zuriyarsu, kadangaru suna kirkirar wani tsari na daban na halittu masu rarrafe... Lizards da macizai ɓangare ne na umarnin squamata saboda sikeli (daga Latin squama "Sikeli") wanda ke rufe jikinsu daga bakinsa zuwa ƙarshen wutsiya. Kadangaru da kansu, wadanda suka canza sunan Latin na farko Sauria zuwa Lacertilia, suna wakiltar kungiyoyi daban-daban na masanan daban daban, wadanda suka hada kai da juna - ragi ko kuma rasa gabbai da yawa.
Kusan dukkanin kadangaru suna da girare masu motsi, bayyane na hanyoyin can waje na jiji da kuma gaɓoɓin 2, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa waɗannan alamun na iya zama ba su nan, likitocin herpeto sun fi so su mai da hankali kan fasalin tsarin ciki. Don haka, duk kadangaru (gami da mara ƙafafu) suna riƙe da aƙalla rudun bakin ƙwarya da na ɗamarar kafaɗa, waɗanda babu su a cikin macizai.
Bayyanar
Babu wata daidaituwa a waje na kadangaru, sai dai bango na baya na jiki, wanda aka tsara don musanya dabbobi masu rarrafe tsakanin yankuna na asali. Mafi yawan kadangaru an zana su kore, launin toka, launin ruwan kasa, zaitun, yashi ko baƙi, waɗanda ƙyalli iri daban-daban suke sanya su a haɗi (launuka, tabo, rhombuses, ratsi / tsinkaye masu tsayi).
Hakanan akwai kadangaru masu sananne - kai mai zagaye mai kunnuwa tare da janbaki bude, gemu mai gemu, motley (rawaya da lemu) dodannin da ke yawo. Girman Sikeli ya bambanta (daga ƙarami zuwa babba), kazalika da yadda aka ɗora su a jiki: ana yin juye-juye, kamar rufin da aka ruƙa, ko a bayanta, kamar tayal. Wasu lokuta Sikeli suna canzawa zuwa spikes ko ridges.
A cikin wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe, kamar su skinks, fata na samun karfi na musamman wanda osteoderms ya kirkira, faranti wadanda suke cikin sikeli. Muƙamuƙan kadangaru suna cike da hakora, kuma a cikin wasu nau'in, haƙoran har ma suna girma akan ƙasusuwan palatine.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hanyoyin gyaran hakora a cikin ramin baka sun bambanta. Hakoran Pleurodontium lokaci-lokaci suna canzawa sabili da haka suna zaune a gefen ciki na ƙashi cikin rauni, akasin haƙoran acrodontium, waɗanda ba za'a iya maye gurbinsu ba kuma gaba ɗaya an haɗasu da ƙashin.
Kawai nau'ikan kadangaru guda uku ne suke da haƙoran acrodont - waɗannan sune amphisbens (masu tafiya biyu), agamas da hawainiya. An kuma shirya gabobin dabbobi masu rarrafe ta hanyoyi daban-daban, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tsarin rayuwarsu, wanda ya dace da wani nau'in fuskar duniya. A yawancin jinsunan hawa, geckos, anoles, da sassan skinks, ƙasan yatsun ya canza zuwa pad tare da kwalliya (gashi mai kama da epidermis). Godiya a gare su, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna mannewa sosai a kowane wuri na tsaye kuma suna saurin juyewa da sauri.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Kadangarori galibi suna rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, suna iya binne kansu cikin yashi (zagaye-zagaye), rarrafe kan bishiyoyi / har ma suna rayuwa a can, lokaci-lokaci fara tashi sama. Geckos (ba duka ba) da agamas suna iya tafiya cikin sauƙi tare da saman dutse kuma galibi suna zama kan duwatsu.
Wasu nau'ikan da ke da tsawan jiki da rashin idanu sun dace da rayuwa a cikin ƙasa, wasu, alal misali, ƙadangaren teku, yana son ruwa, saboda haka suna rayuwa a bakin tekun kuma galibi suna shakatawa cikin tekun.
Wasu dabbobi masu rarrafe suna aiki a lokutan hasken rana, yayin da wasu (galibi tare da ɗalibin da ya tsattsage) - da yamma da kuma dare. Wasu mutane sun san yadda za a canza launinsu / haske saboda watsuwa ko natsuwa na alakan fata a cikin melanophores, ƙwayoyin fata na musamman.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yawancin kadangaru sun riƙe "ido na uku" na gado wanda suka gada daga magabatan su: baya iya tsinkayar sifa, amma ya bambanta tsakanin duhu da haske. Idon da ke kan rawanin kai yana da damuwa da hasken ultraviolet, yana daidaita awannin fitowar rana da sauran nau'ikan halaye.
Akasin yarda da yawancin mutane cewa yawancin kadangaru masu guba ne, kawai dabbobi masu rarrafe biyu masu dangin gila-suna da wannan karfin - escorpion (Heloderma horridum), wanda ke zaune a Mexico, da kuma mazaunin (Heloderma suspectum), wanda ke zaune a kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Duk kadangaru suna zubar lokaci zuwa lokaci, suna sabunta layin fatar su.
Gabobin ji
Idanun dabbobi masu rarrafe, gwargwadon jinsin, ana rarrabe su da mafi girma ko ƙarami na ci gaba: duk ƙadangrorin diurnal na da manyan idanu, yayin da burrowing jinsuna ƙananan ne, masu lalacewa kuma an rufe su da sikeli. Dayawa suna da fatar ido mai motsi (ƙasa), wani lokacin tare da "taga" a fili suna zaune a babban fatar ido, wanda ke girma zuwa gefen ido na sama (saboda abin da yake gani kamar ta gilashi).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wasu geckos, skinks da sauran kadangaru suna da irin wannan "tabarau", wanda idanuwansa marasa bayyana kamar maciji ne. Dabbobi masu jan ciki tare da fatar ido mai motsi suna da fatar ido na uku, membrane mai lalata, wanda yake kama da fim mai haske wanda ke motsawa daga gefe zuwa gefe.
Wadancan kadangaru wadanda suke da buhunan bude hanyoyin bude ido na waje tare da membran membrane suna kama igiyoyin ruwa tare da mita 400-1500 Hz... Wasu kuma, tare da marasa aiki (ma'aunin sikeli ko kuma ya ɓace gaba ɗaya) buɗe wuraren sauraro suna jin sautuka sun fi 'yan uwansu "kunnuwa".
Matsayi mai mahimmanci a rayuwar kadangaru yana gudana ne ta ɓangaren Jacobsonian wanda yake a gaban faɗin kuma ya ƙunshi ɗakuna 2 waɗanda aka haɗa da ramin baka ta ramuka biyu. Sashin jikin Jacobson yana gano abubuwan da ke shiga bakin ko kuma cikin iska. Harshen da ke fitowa yana aiki ne a matsakanci, wanda dabba mai rarrafe ta motsa zuwa gaɓar Jacobsonia, an tsara ta don ƙayyade kusancin abinci ko haɗari. Yanayin kadangaren ya ta'allaka ne kacokam kan hukuncin da sassan jikin Jacobson suka yanke.
Kadangare nawa ke rayuwa
Yanayi ya nuna rashin jin daɗin ma'amala da wasu nau'in dabbobi masu rarrafe (galibi kanana), suna ƙare rayuwarsu kai tsaye bayan sun ƙwai ƙwai. Manyan kadangaru suna rayuwa shekara 10 ko fiye. An kafa tarihi na tsawon rai a cikin bauta, a cewar mai shi, ta hanyar dunƙule-busasshen sanda (Anguis fragilis), ƙadangare mai ƙafafun karya wanda ya kai shekaru 54.
Amma wannan, ya bayyana, ba iyakance ba ne - Sphenodon punctatus, wakili ne kawai na tsoffin umarnin beakheads, wanda aka fi sani da tuatara, ko tuatara, ya rayu aƙalla shekaru 60. Wadannan kadangaru (har zuwa tsayi m 0.8 da nauyin kilogiram 1.3) suna zaune a tsibirai da yawa a cikin New Zealand kuma, a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, suna bikin cikarsu shekaru dari. Wasu masana ilimin herpeto sun hakikance cewa tuataras yana rayuwa sau biyu, kusan shekaru 200.
Jima'i dimorphism
Babban fasalin maza shine hemipenis, haɗuwa da gabobin haihuwa waɗanda ke gindin wutsiya a ɓangarorin biyu na dubura. Waɗannan su ne ƙwayoyin tubular da ke aiki don haɗuwar mace na ciki yayin saduwa, waɗanda ke iya juyawa zuwa ciki a lokacin da ya dace ko su koma ciki, kamar yatsun hannu a kan safofin hannu.
Lizard nau'in
Mafi dadaddun burbushin wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe sun samo asali ne daga Late Jurassic (kimanin shekaru miliyan 160 da suka gabata)... Wasu jinsunan da suka bace sun kasance manya-manya a cikin girma, misali, mafi girma daga cikin masallatan, dangi ne na kadangaru masu lura da zamani, ya kai tsayin mita 11.5. Mosasaurs ya rayu a gabar ruwan duniyarmu kimanin shekaru miliyan 85 da suka gabata. Kaɗan ƙanƙan da Mosasaurus shi ne Megalania, ya ɓace a cikin Pleistocene, wanda ya rayu kimanin shekaru miliyan 1 da suka gabata a Australia kuma ya girma har zuwa mita 6.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cewar The Reptile Database, wata cibiyar adana kayan kwalliyar kasa da kasa, a halin yanzu akwai sanannun nau'ikan kadangaru 6,515 (a halin yanzu ya zuwa watan Oktoba 2018).
Mafi ƙanƙanta shi ne gecko mai yatsan hannu (Sphaerodactylus elegans) da ke zaune a Yammacin Indiya, wanda tsawon sa ya kai 3.3 cm tare da nauyin 1 g. Komodos mai sa ido a kan ɓarnar (Varanus komodoensis), yana zaune a Indonesia kuma ya girma har zuwa 3 m da nauyin 135 kg
Wurin zama, mazauni
Lizards sun zauna ko'ina cikin duniya, ban da Antarctica. Suna zaune ne a sauran nahiyoyin, a kan Eurasia wanda ke kaiwa zuwa Arctic Circle, a wani bangare na shi inda yanayin ruwan danshi ya yi laushi.
Lizard ana samunsu a wurare daban-daban - ƙasa da matakin teku, misali, a cikin Kwarin Mutuwa (Kalifoniya) kuma mafi tsayi sosai, a kusan kilomita 5.5 sama da matakin teku (Himalayas). Dabbobi masu rarrafe sun saba da wuraren zama da shimfidar wurare daban-daban - mara zurfin bakin ruwa, rabin sahara, hamada, tuddai, dazuzzuka, tsaunuka, dazuzzuka, duwatsu da kuma kwari masu dausayi.
Lizard abinci
Kusan dukkan nau'ikan halittu masu cin nama ne. Zaramin tsaka-tsaka da ƙananan matsakaita suna cin ƙwayoyin invertebrates: kwari, mollusks, arachnids da tsutsotsi.
Manya, dabbobi masu rarrafe na gaske (masu lura da lizard da tegu) suna cin abinci a ƙwai na tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe, da kuma farautar ƙugiyoyin dabbobi:
- kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- kadangaru;
- tsuntsaye;
- maciji;
- kwadi.
Dodo na Komodo (Varanus komodoensis), wanda aka san shi a matsayin mafi ƙarancin ƙadangare na zamani, ba ya jinkirin kai wa irin waɗannan abubuwan birgewa kamar aladu na daji, barewa da bauna Asiya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wasu nau'ikan jinsin masu cin nama ana sanya su azaman abubuwa masu wahala saboda ƙarancin kwarewar abinci. Misali, Moloch (Moloch horridus) yana cin tururuwa kawai, yayin da skink mai launin ruwan hoda (Hemisphaeriodon gerrardii) ke bin sawun mollusc na kasa kawai.
Daga cikin kadangaru, akwai kuma nau'ikan nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire (wasu agamas, skinks da iguanas), suna ci gaba da zama a kan abincin tsire-tsire na ƙananan harbe-harbe, inflorescences, 'ya'yan itatuwa da ganye. Wasu lokuta abincin dabbobi masu rarrafe yakan canza yayin da suka girma: dabbobin dabbobi suna cin kwari, da tsofaffin mutane - akan ciyayi.
Kadangaru masu yawan gaske (agama da yawa da manyan skinks) suna cikin mafi kyawun matsayi, suna cin dabba da tsire-tsire.... Misali, geckos mai cinye kwari a ranar geckos yana jin daɗin ɗamarar juji da pollen / nectar tare da jin daɗi. Ko da daga cikin masu farautar gaskiya, saka idanu kan kadangaru, akwai wadanda suka sake komawa baya (Grey Monitor lizard, emerald Monitor lizard), lokaci-lokaci yana sauyawa zuwa 'ya'yan itace.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lizards suna da nau'ikan haihuwa guda 3 (oviposition, ovoviviparity and viviparity), kodayake da farko ana ɗaukarsu dabbobi ne masu haɗuwa, waɗanda zuriyarsu ke ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai da aka rufe waɗanda ke fitowa a wajen jikin uwa. Yawancin nau'ikan sun samar da ovoviviparity, lokacin da qwai da basu "girma ba" tare da bawo sun kasance a jikin (oviducts) na mace har zuwa haihuwar samari.
Mahimmanci! Kwallan fata na Kudancin Amurka ne kawai na jinsin Mabuya masu rai ne, wadanda kanana (ba tare da yolks ba) suna girma a cikin oviducts saboda abubuwan gina jiki da ke ratsa mahaifa. A cikin kadangaru, wannan gabobin amfrayo yana manne a bangon oviduct don tasoshin uwa da dan tayi su kasance a rufe, kuma amfrayo zai iya karbar abinci mai kyau / oxygen daga jinin uwa.
Adadin kwai / calves (ya danganta da nau'in) ya bambanta daga ɗaya zuwa 40-50. Skinks da wasu nau'ikan geckos na wurare masu zafi na Amurka "suna haihuwar" ɗiya ɗaya, kodayake yawancin sauran geckos koyaushe yana da consistsa offspringa biyu.
Balaga na jima'i na kadangaru galibi ana danganta shi da girmansu: a cikin ƙananan jinsuna, haihuwa tana faruwa har zuwa shekara 1, a cikin manya - bayan shekaru da yawa.
Makiya na halitta
Kadangare, musamman kanana da matsakaita, koyaushe suna ƙoƙari su kama manyan dabbobi - filaye da masu farauta, da macizai da yawa. Dabarar kare kariya ta kadangaru da yawa sanannu ne, wanda yayi kama da jefar da jelarsa, wanda ke dauke hankalin makiya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wannan lamarin, mai yuwuwa ne saboda matsakaicin rashi na kashin kashin baya (sai dai ga wadanda suke kusa da gangar jikin), ana kiransu da karfin gwiwa. Daga baya, wutsiyar ta sake sabuwa.
Kowane jinsi yana kirkirar dabarunsa ne na gujewa karo kai tsaye, misali, mai kunnen doki, idan ba zai iya nutsewa don buya ba, yana daukar abin tsoro. Theadangararren yana shimfida ƙafafuwanta yana huda jiki, yana kumbura, a layi daya, yana faɗaɗa bakinshi, wanda membraus ɗin sa ta cika da jini kuma ya zama ja. Idan makiya ba su tafi ba, zagayen zagaye na iya tsalle har ma ya yi amfani da haƙoransa.
Sauran kadangaru suma suna tsaye a cikin barazana yayin fuskantar hatsari mai zuwa. Don haka, Chlamydosaurus kingii (dan kadan daga Australiya) ya buɗe bakinsa, a lokaci guda yana ɗaga wata kwala mai haske wacce aka ƙirƙiro ta mai faɗaɗa wuya. A wannan yanayin, makiya suna jin tsoron tasirin mamaki.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Saboda yawan jinsuna, zamu maida hankali ne kawai ga waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha:
- matsakaiciyar ƙadangare - kafofin watsa labarai na Lacerta;
- kadangaru Przewalski - Eremias przewalskii;
- Haske mai nisa - Eumeces latiscutatus;
- gecko mai ruwan toka - Cyrtopodion russowi;
- kadangaru barbura - Eremias argus barbouri;
- gecko mai ban sha'awa - Alsophylax pipiens.
A cikin yanayi mafi haɗari akan yankin Tarayyar Rasha akwai gecko mai ruwan toka, tare da mazaunin St. Starogladkovskaya (Jamhuriyar Chechen). Duk da yawan da ake da shi a duniya, a ƙasarmu bayan 1935 ba a sami gecko mai launin toka ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ba da daɗewa ba a Rasha da cutar ƙafa-da-baki, duk da yawan da aka samu a wasu wuraren: kusa da Ivolginsk (Buryatia) a cikin 1971, a wani yanki na 10 * 200 m, an ƙidaya mutane 15. An kare jinsin a cikin Daursky State Reserve.
Yawan mutanen Gabas ta Tsakiya sun yi tsiri a tsibirin. Kunashir mutane dubbai ne. An kare jinsin a cikin Kuril Nature Reserve, amma wuraren da ke da matsakaitan adadin kadangaru suna wajen ajiyar. A cikin yankin Astrakhan, adadin geckos masu ƙuƙumi ya ragu. Ana samun bakin-kafar Przewalski lokaci-lokaci a cikin RF, galibi akan gefen kewayon. Kadan kadangaru ma ba su da yawa, wadanda al'ummomin Tekun Baƙin Fasha ke wahala da tsananin nishaɗin nishaɗi.
