Katuwar sauropod diplodocus, wacce ke zaune a Arewacin Amurka shekaru miliyan 154-152 da suka wuce, an san ta, duk da girman ta, dinosaur mafi haske dangane da tsayi zuwa nauyi.
Bayanin difloma
Diplodocus (diplodocus, ko dioeses) wani ɓangare ne na babban sauropod infraorder, wakiltar ɗayan jinsi na dinosaur dinosaur, wanda masanin burbushin halittu Otniel C. Marsh (Amurka) ya bayar da sunansa. Sunan ya haɗu da kalmomin Helenanci biyu - double "biyu" da be "katako / katako" - wanda ke nuna tsarin jela mai ban sha'awa, wanda ƙasusuwa na tsakiya suka ƙare da haɗin gwal biyu.
Bayyanar
Jurassic Diplodocus yana alfahari da taken sarauta da yawa ba izini ba... Ita (tare da ƙafafunta masu ƙarfi, mai tsayi a wuya da siririyar wutsiya) ana ɗauka ɗayan ɗayan dinosaur mafi sauƙin ganewa, watakila mafi tsayi da aka taɓa samu, da kuma dinosaur mafi girma da aka dawo da shi daga cikakkun kwarangwal.
Tsarin jiki
Diplodocus din yana da fasali mai ban mamaki - kasusuwa na wutsiya da wuya, wanda ya taimaka wajen rage kayan da ke jikin tsarin musculoskeletal. Wuyan ya kunshi kasusuwan kasusuwa 15 (a matsayin katako biyu), wanda, a cewar masana binciken burbushin halittu, sun cika da jakunkunan iska masu sadarwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wutsiyar da ba a raba ta yadda ya dace ta hada da kashin baya 80: kusan ninki biyu kamar yadda yake a sauran sauropods. Wutsiya ba kawai ta yi aiki azaman ma'aunin nauyi zuwa dogon wuya ba, amma an yi amfani da ita don kariya.
Hanyoyi biyu masu jujjuyawa, wanda ya baiwa diflodocus sunan sa na gama gari, a lokaci guda ya goyi bayan wutsiya kuma ya kare jijiyoyin sa daga matsewa. A cikin 1990, an samo alamun fata na diflomasiyya, inda, a kan bulalar wutsiya, masanan burbushin halittu sun ga spines (kama da girma a cikin iguanas), mai yiwuwa suma suna tafiya tare da baya / wuya kuma sun kai santimita 18. Diplodocus din yana da hannaye da yatsu biyar (na baya sun fi na baya tsayi) tare da gajerun fika-fika da ke ratsa yatsun ciki.
Siffar kai da tsari
Kamar yawancin dinosaur, shugaban diflomasiyyar ya kasance abin ban dariya ƙarami kuma yana ƙunshe da isasshen ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa don tsira. Bude kofar hanci kawai (ba kamar wadanda aka hada su ba) ba a karshen bakin bakin ba, kamar sauran dabbobi, amma a saman kokon kai a gaban idanuwa. Hakoran, masu kama da kunkuntun turaku, suna cikin keɓaɓɓen yankin na bakin kogon.
Mahimmanci! A 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, bayanai masu ban sha'awa sun bayyana a shafukan Jaridar Vertebrate Paleontology cewa shugaban diflomasiyya ya canza tsari yayin da yake girma.
Tushen kammala shi ne binciken da aka gudanar tare da kwanyar wani karamin jami'in diflomasiyya (daga Carnegie Museum of Natural History), wanda aka samo a 1921. A cewar daya daga cikin masu binciken, D. Whitlock (Jami'ar Michigan), idanun saurayin sun fi girma kuma bakin bakin ya fi na babban jami'in diflomasiyya, wanda, amma, ya saba da kusan dukkanin dabbobi.
Wani abu kuma ya ba masana kimiyya mamaki - sifar da ba a tsammani na kai, wanda ya zama kaifi, kuma ba murabba'i ba, kamar a cikin ɗakunan diflomasiyya. Kamar yadda Jeffrey Wilson, daya daga cikin marubutan jaridar da aka buga a cikin Jaridar Vertebrate Paleontology, ya ce, "Har yanzu, mun dauka cewa jami'an diflomasiyyar samari suna da kawunan kansu daidai da na manyan danginsu."
Girman Diplodocus
Godiya ga lissafin David Gillette, wanda aka yi a 1991, diflodocus asalinsa yana cikin manyan colossi na marigayi Jurassic... Gillette ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi yawan dabbobi sun girma har zuwa mita 54, suna samun nauyin tan 113. Alas, lambobin sun zama ba daidai ba saboda lambar da aka nuna ba daidai ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Hakikanin girman aikin difloma, wanda ya samo asali daga sakamakon binciken zamani, ya fi kyau - daga 27 zuwa 35 m a tsayi (inda aka ba da kaso mai yawa ta wutsiya da wuya), kazalika da tan 10-20 ko 20-80 na taro, gwargwadon kusancin da ma'anar.
An yi amannar cewa mafi kyawu kuma ingantaccen samfurin na Diplodocus carnegii yakai nauyin tan 10-16 tare da tsayin jikinsa na mita 25.
Salon rayuwa, hali
A shekara ta 1970, duniyar kimiyya ta amince da cewa dukkanin sauropods, gami da Diplodocus, dabbobi ne na doron kasa: a da anyi zaton cewa diplodocus (saboda budewar hanci ta saman kai) yana rayuwa ne a cikin yanayin ruwa. A cikin 1951, masanin burbushin halittar Birtaniyya Kenneth A. Kermak ya karyata wannan zato, wanda ya tabbatar da cewa sauropod baya iya numfashi lokacin da yake ruwa saboda tsinkayen ruwa a kirji.
Hakanan, ra'ayoyin farko game da matsayin diflomasiyya, wanda aka nuna a cikin shahararren sake gina Oliver Hay tare da miƙaƙƙun kafafu (kamar ƙadangare), suma sun sami canji. Wasu sun yi imanin cewa diflomasiyya na buƙatar tare maɓuɓɓugar a ƙarƙashin babbar cikin ta don ci gaba cikin nasara kuma kullun jan wutsiyar sa a ƙasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sau da yawa ana zana Diplodocus tare da kawunansu da wuyansu sama, wanda ya zama karya - wannan ya kasance a cikin samfurin kwamfuta, wanda ya nuna cewa matsayin da aka saba na wuya ba a tsaye yake ba, amma a kwance.
An gano cewa diflomasiyyar ta raba kashin baya, wanda aka samu goyan bayan wasu jijiyoyi na roba, saboda hakan ne ya sanya kansa hagu da dama, kuma ba sama da kasa ba, kamar dinosaur mai kashin baya. Wannan binciken ya tabbatar da kammalawar da wani masanin burbushin halittu Kent Stevens (Jami'ar Oregon) ya yi a baya, wanda ya yi amfani da fasahohin dijital don sake fasaltawa / hangen nesa da kwarangwal din diflodocus. Ya kuma tabbatar da cewa tsarin wuyan Diplodocus ya dace da motsinta na ƙasa / dama-hagu, amma ba sama ba.
Babbar jami'ar diflomasiyya mai nauyi, wacce ke tsaye a kan ginshikai hudu-da-gabobi, ya yi matukar jinkiri, tunda tana iya daga kafa daya a kasa lokaci guda (sauran ukun sun tallafawa jiki mai karfi). Masana burbushin halittu sun kuma bada shawarar cewa yatsun sauropod an dan daga sama don rage tashin hankali yayin tafiya. Jikin diflomasiyyar, a bayyane yake, yana da ɗan karkata gaba, wanda mafi girman ƙafafunsa na baya ya bayyana.
Dangane da sawun rukunin, masana kimiyya sun yanke shawarar cewa diplodocus ya bi salon rayuwar garken dabbobi.
Tsawon rayuwa
Ta mahangar wasu masana binciken burbushin halittu, tsawon rayuwar diflomasiyya ya kusa zuwa shekaru 200-250.
Jinsi na Diplodocus
Yanzu akwai wasu sanannun nau'ikan da suke na jinsi Diplodocus, dukkansu suna da ciyayi:
- Diplodocus longus shine farkon jinsin da aka samo;
- Diplodocus carnegii - Wanda John Hetcher ya bayyana a shekarar 1901, wanda ya sanya wa jinsunan suna Andrew Carnegie. Nau'in jinsin ya shahara sosai don kusan kwarangwal, wanda yawancin gidajen tarihin duniya suka kwafa;
- Diplodocus hayi - wani kwarangwal ne wanda aka samo a cikin 1902 a Wyoming, amma kawai an bayyana shi a cikin 1924;
- Diplodocus hallorum - Da farko kuskuren da David Gillette ya bayyana a cikin 1991 a ƙarƙashin sunan "seismosaurus".
Dukkanin nau'ikan jinsi na Diplodocus (ban da na ƙarshe) an rarraba su a cikin lokacin daga 1878 zuwa 1924.
Tarihin ganowa
Burbushin farko na diplodocus ya fara ne tun daga 1877, saboda kokarin Benjamin Mogge da Samuel Williston, wadanda suka sami kasusuwa kusa da Canon City (Colorado, USA). Shekarar mai zuwa, farfesa a jami'ar Yale Othniel Charles Marsh ya bayyana dabbar da ba a sani ba, yana ba wa jinsunan sunan Diplodocus longus. Yankin tsakiyar wutsiyar ya banbanta da kasusuwan kasusuwa, saboda wanda jami'in diflomasiyyar ya sami sunansa na yanzu "katako biyu".
Daga baya, wani kasusuwan (ba tare da kwanyar kai) ba, wanda aka samo shi a 1899, da kuma kwanyar, wanda aka gano a cikin 1883, an danganta shi da jinsin Diplodocus longus. Tun daga wannan lokacin, masana binciken burbushin halittu suka ci gaba da gano burbushin diflodocus, gami da su a nau'ikan halittu daban-daban, mafi shahara daga cikinsu (saboda mutuncin kwarangwal) shi ne Diplodocus carnegii, wanda Jacob Wortman ya samo a 1899 Wannan samfurin, mai tsawon mita 25 kuma yana da nauyin kimanin tan 15, ya sami laƙabin Dippy.
Yana da ban sha'awa! An maimaita Dippy a duk duniya tare da kwafin simintin guda 10 da aka ajiye a manyan gidajen tarihi da yawa, gami da gidan adana kayan tarihin dabbobi na St. Andrew Cornegie ya gabatar a cikin 1910 kwafin "Rashanci" na Diplodocus ga Tsar Nicholas II.
An samo ragowar farko na Diplodocus hallorum a 1979 a New Mexico kuma David Gillett ya kuskure shi da ƙashin seismosaur. Misalin, wanda ya kunshi kwarangwal tare da gutsuttsun kashin baya, haƙarƙari da ƙashin ƙugu, an yi kuskuren bayyana shi a cikin 1991 a matsayin Seismosaurus Halli. Kuma kawai a cikin 2004, a taron shekara-shekara na logicalungiyar logicalasa ta Amurka, wannan seismosaur an rarraba shi azaman diflomasiyya. A cikin 2006, D. longus ya daidaita da D. hallorum.
'Ya'yan masanin burbushin halittar Raymond Albersdorfer ne suka samo kwarangwal din "sabo" a shekarar 2009 kusa da garin Ten Slip (Wyoming). Tona rarar difloma, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Misty (gajere ne ga Mysterious don "sirrin"), Dinosauria International, LLC ce ta jagoranci shi.
Sai da aka kwashe makonni 9 kafin a kwashe burbushin, bayan an tura su babban dakin bincike don sarrafa burbushin, wanda ke cikin Netherlands. Kwarangwal din, wanda aka tattara daga kashi 40% na asalin kashin jakadancin diplodocus mai tsawon mita 17, sannan aka tura shi Ingila don yin gwanjon sa a Summers Place a Yammacin Sussex. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Misty ta sami for 488,000 ta Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Naturalabi'a na Denmarkanmark a Jami'ar Copenhagen.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Diplodocus ya rayu a lokacin ƙarshen zamanin Jurassic inda Arewacin Amurka ta yanzu yake, galibi a ɓangaren yamma... Sun zauna cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi tare da yalwar ciyawar budurwa.
Abincin Diplodocus
Ka'idar cewa diplodocus sun cire ganye daga saman bishiyoyi sun dushe a baya: tare da ci gaba har zuwa mita 10 da kuma wuyan da aka miƙa a kwance, ba za su iya hawa babba (sama da alamar mita 10) na ciyayi ba, suna iyakance kansu zuwa tsakiya da ƙananan.
Gaskiya ne, wasu masana kimiyya sun gamsu cewa dabbobin suna yanke ganyen da ke kwance ba sosai saboda wuya ba, a'a sai dai da karfin tsokoki na baya, wanda hakan ya ba da damar daga kafafuwan gaba daga kasa, suna dogaro da kafafun baya. Diplodocus ya ci daban da sauran sauropods: wannan yana bayyane ta duka tsari irin na tsefe na hakora masu kamannin fegi, sun mai da hankali a farkon muƙamuƙi, da takamammen suturar su.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Jaanƙara mara ƙarfi da haƙoran haƙora ba su dace da taunawa sosai ba. Masana burbushin halittu sun tabbatar da cewa yana da wahala ga diplodocus cire ganye, amma abu ne mai sauki a iya cinye tsire-tsire marasa kyau.
Hakanan, abincin diplodocus ya haɗa da:
- fern ganye / harbe;
- allurai / cones na bishiyun coniferous;
- ruwan teku;
- kananan molluscs (ingesed tare da algae).
Duwatsu na Gastrolith sun taimaka wajen niƙa da narkar da ciyayi mara kyau.
Wakilan samari da manya na jinsin halittar basuyi gogayya da juna ba yayin zabar abinci, saboda suna cin sassa daban daban na tsirrai.
Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa samari suna da matsakaiciyar muzzles, yayin da manyan abokan su suka kasance murabba'i. Matasa Diplodocus, godiya ga faɗin ra'ayi, koyaushe yana samun labarai.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Wataƙila, jami'ar difloma ta sa ƙwai (kowannensu yana da ƙwallon ƙafa) a cikin ramuka marasa zurfin da ta haƙa a gefen dazuzzuka. Bayan da ta kama, sai ta jefa ƙwai da yashi / ƙasa kuma ta yi natsuwa ta tafi, ma'ana, ta yi kamar baƙon kunkuru.
Gaskiya ne, ba kamar turan kunkuru ba, sabon jakadan diflodocus ya yi hanzari ba zuwa ruwan ceto ba, amma zuwa wurare masu zafi don ɓoyewa daga masu farauta a cikin daskararrun daji. Ganin abokan gaba, 'ya'yan sun daskare kuma kusan sun haɗu da daji.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Daga nazarin tarihin tarihin kasusuwan kasusuwa, ya bayyana karara cewa diplodocus, kamar sauran sauropods, ya bunkasa cikin sauri, yana samun tan 1 a kowace shekara kuma ya kai ga haihuwa bayan shekaru 10.
Makiya na halitta
Girman das hi na Diplodocus ya sa wasu damuwa a cikin mutanen zamaninsa, Allosaurus da Ceratosaurus, waɗanda aka samo ragowar su a cikin yadudduka kamar kwarangwal din Diplodocus. Koyaya, waɗannan dinosaur ɗin masu cin nama, waɗanda nan adon gargajiya zasu iya haɗuwa da su, suna farautar san diflomasiyyar diflomasiyya. Matasan sun kasance cikin aminci a garken balaga na Diplodocus.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Spinosaurus (lat.spinosaurus)
- Velociraptor (mai watsa shirye-shiryen bidiyo)
- Stegosaurus (Latin Stegosaurus)
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
Yayin da dabbar take girma, yawan makiyanta na raguwa a hankali.... Ba abin mamaki bane, a ƙarshen zamanin Jurassic, diflomasiyya ta zama babba a cikin dinosaur na tsire-tsire. Diplodocus, kamar manyan dinosaur da yawa, ya bace bayan faduwar Jurassic, kimanin shekaru miliyan 150 da suka gabata. n Dalilan da suka rasa rayukan jinsin na iya zama canjin yanayin muhalli a wuraren zama na yau da kullun, raguwar wadataccen abinci, ko bayyanar wasu sabbin dabbobin farauta da ke cinye kananan dabbobi.
