Chameleons (Chamaeleonidae) wakilai ne masu zurfin nazari, waɗanda suka dace daidai da salon rayuwar arboreal, kuma suna iya canza launin jikinsu.
Kwatancen hawainiya
Chameleons sanannu ne sanannu saboda iyawar canza launi da yanayin jikin mutum, wanda wasu sifofin suka bayyana a tsarin fata.... Ana rarrabe murfin mai zurfin da zurfin waje ta gaban kasancewar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyi na musamman waɗanda ke da launuka masu launin launuka masu launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, baƙi, rawaya da launuka ja.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ya kamata a lura cewa launuka masu launi a cikin launin hawainiya suna bayyana ƙari sakamakon ƙarancin hasken wuta a cikin layin fatar saman tare da lu'ulu'u na guanine.
Sakamakon ƙarancin tafiyar matakai na chromatophores, sake rarraba hatsi da canza launi na fata yana faruwa. Dangane da haɗuwar launuka a cikin yadudduka biyu, launuka iri-iri suna bayyana.
Bayyanar
Yawancin jinsunan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da tsayin jiki a tsakanin 30 cm, amma mafi girman mutane sun kai girman 50-60 cm. Tsawon jiki na ƙananan hawainiya bai wuce 3-5 cm ba.Kawan yana da siffa da hular kwano, tare da ɗaga gefen occipital. Wasu daga cikin wadannan wakilai na dangin kadangaru suna da halarar kasancewar karami ko kasa da kari, tsaunuka ko tsayi, kaho mai tsayi. Sau da yawa irin waɗannan tsarin ana haɓaka su ne kaɗai a cikin maza, kuma a cikin mata ana samun wakilcinsu ta siffofin da ba su dace ba.
Afafun dabbobi masu rarrafe dogaye ne, sun dace sosai don hawa. Yatsun dabbobin suna girma tare zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu masu adawa da juna biyu da uku, saboda su suna da kamannin wani nau'in "pincers" da ke iya riƙe rassan itacen sosai. Wutsiya tana da kauri a gindi, a hankali tana juyawa zuwa karshen, wani lokacin tana karkata kasa yana juyawa kusa da rassan. Wannan karfin jelar ya saba wa yawancin dangi, amma hawainiya ba su san yadda za su maido da wutsiyar da aka rasa ba.
Hawainai suna da gabobin gani na musamman. Idon idanun wani mai rarrafe mai ƙyalƙyali ya cika kuma ya rufe idanunsa har abada, amma tare da buɗewa ga ɗalibin. A wannan yanayin, idanun dama da na hagu na iya aiwatar da ƙungiyoyi marasa haɗin kai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Matsayin da ake kira "rashin aiki" na harshe yana tare da riƙe shi a cikin ƙananan muƙamuƙi tare da taimakon ƙashi na musamman, kuma an kame ganima mai nauyi ko gaske sosai da baki.
A lokacin farautar, irin waɗannan dabbobi suna iya zama marasa motsi a kan rassan bishiyoyi na dogon lokaci, suna bin ganima kawai da idanunsu. Dabbar tana kama kwari da harshenta sanye da kayan shan farauta. Irin waɗannan halittun basu da kunnuwa na tsakiya da na tsakiya, amma jinsu yana iya ɗaukar raƙuman ruwa a hankali cikin sautin 250-650 Hz.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Kusan duk rayuwar hawainiya tana faruwa ne a kan rassan dazuzzuka ko kuma a kan rassan bishiyoyi, kuma mai rarrafe mai rarrafe ya fi so ya sauka da wuya zuwa saman duniya. Kuna iya samun irin wannan dabba a ƙasa, a matsayin ƙa'ida, yayin lokacin saduwa ko yayin farautar wasu farauta masu daɗi.
A saman ƙasa, hawainiya suna motsawa a kan ƙafafun kafa waɗanda suke da sifa mai kama da kamannun abubuwa. Wannan tsari ne na gabobin jiki, wanda aka samar da wata wutsiya, wanda ya dace da zama cikin rawanin bishiyoyi. Halittu masu rarrafe waɗanda ba su da girma a cikin girma suna da laulayi da phlegmatic, suna jagorancin salon rayuwa kuma sun fi son motsawa a wuri kaɗan, mafi yawan lokuta suna zaune ne kawai a wurin da aka zaɓa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Duk da cewa wani muhimmin bangare na jinsin yana rayuwa akan rassa, wasu suna iya rayuwa cikin yanayin hamada, haƙa ramuka na ƙasa ko neman mafaka a cikin ganyen da ya faɗi.
Koyaya, idan ya zama dole da kuma bayyanar da haɗari na gaske, dabbar tana iya gudu da sauri kuma ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba yana tsalle akan rassan.... Iyakar lokacin hawainiya yana aiki ne a lokacin da ya fi kyau, kuma da daddare, dabbar ta fi son yin bacci. A lokacin bacci, dabbobi masu rarrafe ba su iya sarrafa canjin launi na jikinta, saboda haka yana iya zama mai sauƙin ganima ga kowane nau'in masu farauta.
Har yaushe hawainiyar ke rayuwa?
Matsakaicin rayuwar hawainiya a cikin yanayin yanayi ya kai kimanin shekaru huɗu, amma a tsakanin membobin gidan akwai waɗanda ake kira masu shekaru ɗari da ɗari. Misali, manyan hawainiya suna iya rayuwa a cikin yanayi na kimanin shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma yanayin rayuwar wasu wakilan jinsin Furcifer galibi bai fi watanni biyar ba.
Jima'i dimorphism
Tabbatar da jima'i na babban hawainiya babba ba shi da wahala, ko da na 'yan mata. Idan mai rarrafe ya sami damar canza launi, to yakamata a binciki hanyoyin tarsal, wadanda suke zagaye kusa da kafafun dabbar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Halin jima'i na dabba yana da yiwuwar ƙayyadewa a ranar 14th ta launi, da kuma tushe mai kauri wanda ya fara daga shekara biyu da watanni.
Maza suna da ƙananan ci gaba a bayan kafafu. Rashin irin wannan girma ya zama na mata ne kaɗai. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ana rarrabe maza da launi mai haske da girman jiki.
Jinsi kamar hawainiya
Adadin jinsin hawainiya yana canzawa sakamakon gano sabbin rabe-raben, da kuma dangane da harajin zamani da bai daidaita ba. Iyalin sun hada da nau'ikan 2-4 da nau'ikan kadangaru 80 masu kamanninsu na musamman, daga cikinsu shahararrun sune:
- Hawainiyar Yemen (Chamaeleo kalyptratus) - yana daya daga cikin mafi girman yan uwa. Maza suna da launi mai launin kore mai launin rawaya da ja a gefen. An kawata kai da babban duwaiwan fata, kuma an rufe wutsiyar da ratsi-rawaya-kore. Jiki ya kife ta gefe, kuma an yi wa ado baya tare da dodo kuma an santa sosai;
- Hawainiya mai panther (Furcifer ya yafe) Kyakkyawan dabbobi masu rarrafe ne, wanda yanayin yanayin su da tasirin wasu launukan sa suke shafar launin sa. Tsawon babban mutum ya banbanta tsakanin 30-40 cm Ba za a iya amfani da kayan lambu ba. Mata na tona gidaje kuma suna yin ƙwai;
- Hawainiya - daya daga cikin nau'in hawainiyar da aka samu a tsibirin Madagascar da kuma kan tsibirin makwabta. Dabbar tana da halaye masu kyau da kuma launi mai launuka iri-iri masu kyau. Wani sabon abu a jiki yana wakiltar rawanin tsayi, da kuma ɗumbin gefen gefe;
- Hawainiya mai ƙaho huɗu - ma'abocin ƙahonin halayya uku zuwa hudu waɗanda suke a yankin kai. Dabbar ta kasance mazauniyar yankunan dajin Kamaru, inda ta fi son zama a wuraren da ba sa shiga. Tsawon babban mutum ya banbanta tsakanin 25-37cm. Ana rarrabe wakilan wannan nau'in ta dogon ciki da babban dorsal crest;
- Chameleon jackson (Trioceros jacksonii) Jinsi ne mai ban sha'awa, maza wadanda suke kishin kan iyakokin yankinsu, ana nuna bambancinsu da halaye na gaba da gaba, kuma yayin fada ko fada suna cizon juna. Maza suna da ƙahoni uku da wutsiya mai ɓarna, yayin da mata ke da ƙaho ɗaya ta hanci. Fata kamar fatacin dinosaur ne, mai kauri kuma mai kama da itace, amma mai taushi da mai daɗin taɓawa. Launi ya bambanta daga rawaya-kore zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu har ma da baƙi;
- Hawainiya gama gari (Chamaeleo chamaeleon) Shine mafi yawancin jinsunan da ke zaune a hamada da gandun daji da ke cikin yankunan arewacin Afirka, Indiya, Siriya, Sri Lanka da Arabiya. Tsawon jiki ya kai 28-30 cm, kuma ana iya ganin launi na fata ko kuma ɗaɗowa;
- Duba Calumma tarzan - na cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan. An gano shi a yankin arewa maso gabashin Madagascar kusa da ƙauyen Tarzanville. Tsawon baligi, tare da jela, ya bambanta tsakanin 11.9-15.0 cm;
- Duba Furcifer labour na musamman ne a cikin nau'ikansa, kuma jariran da aka haifa suna iya haɓaka cikin sau biyar a cikin 'yan watanni, saboda haka suna cikin nau'ikan masu riƙe da rikodi dangane da ƙimar girma;
- Babban hawainiya (Furcifer oustaleti) - yana daya daga cikin manyan hawainiya a duniya. Matsakaicin tsayin jiki na baligi ya kai cm 50-68. A jikin launin ruwan kasa na jiki, akwai rawaya mai launin rawaya, kore da ja.
Tare da sauran kadangaru, wani muhimmin bangare na sanannun jinsin hawainiya yana sanya kwai a lokacin kiwo, amma kuma akwai wasu kananan rabe-raben da ke ba da 'ya'ya masu rai a cikin jakunkunan kwakwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mafi ƙanƙanta hawainiya ce mai ganye wacce za ta iya dacewa a kan kai, tun da girman irin wannan ƙaramin mutum bai wuce santimita ɗaya da rabi ba.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Yankin raba hawainiyar Yamen shine jihar Yemen, manyan tsaunuka na yankin Larabawa da yankuna masu zafi na gabashin Saudi Arabia. Hawainiyar Panther mazauna Madagascar ne da ma tsibirai makwabta, inda suka fi son wurare masu dumi da danshi, yanayin yanayi na wurare masu zafi.
Hawainon Jackson yana zaune a yankin gabashin Afirka, ana samunsa a shiyyoyin daji na Nairobi a tsawan mita 1600-2200 a saman teku. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna rayuwa sama da matakin ƙasa, suna zaune a kan rawanin bishiyoyi ko shrubs. Hawainiya na iya zama a cikin kowane yanki na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, savannas, wasu matattakalai da hamada. Ana samun yawan namun daji a Hawaii, Florida da California.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sau da yawa, sauye-sauye a launin hawainiya na iya zama wata alama ce ta barazanar, wanda ke nufin tsoratar da abokan gaba, kuma ana saurin saurin canza launi ga samarin da suka manyanta a lokacin kiwo.
Endemic zuwa tsibirin Madagascar wata katuwar hawainiya ce da ke rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka masu danshi da yawa, inda irin waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe da yardar rai suke cin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye masu matsakaici, ƙadangare da kwari. An gano ƙaramin Brookesia micra a tsibirin Nosu Hara a 2007. Hawainiyar hamada na zaune ne kawai a Angola da Namibia.
Abincin hawainiya
Tabbas duk hawainiyar da take wanzu a yau, gami da mafi girma a cikin Mellery da ƙaramar Brookesia, waɗanda ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin kariyar ganyayen da aka faɗo, sune masu farauta iri-iri, amma wasu nau'ikan suna da ƙarfin shayar da abinci asalinsu. Yawancin abinci na tsire-tsire suna wakiltar ganyayen tsire-tsire, 'ya'yan itatuwa,' ya'yan itace, har ma da bawon wasu bishiyoyi.
Babban abincin da ake yiwa dukkan hawainiya ana daukar shi kowane nau'in kwari mai rarrafe da rarrafe, gami da matakin larva.... Mai yuwuwa, hawainiya na iya cin kowace kwari mara guba a cikin sigar gizo-gizo, beetles, butterflies, kwari da mazari. Tun daga haihuwar dabbobi masu rarrafe, suna iya rarrabe kwarin da ake ci daga masu guba, saboda haka, ba a rubuta yanayin cin naman jeji ko ƙudan zuma ba. Ko da hawainiya masu yunwa sun yi biris da irin wannan "abinci" mai rai.
Mafi yawan nau'ikan hawainiya mafi yawa a wasu lokuta suna cin kananan kadangaru, gami da kananan dangi, beraye, har ma da kananan tsuntsaye. A hakikanin gaskiya, abin da suka fi mayar da hankali a kansa yana wakiltar da kowane irin “mai rai” da za a iya kama shi da dogon harshe sannan a hadiye shi. Dole ne a ciyar da abincin hawainiyar Yaman tare da abincin tsirrai. A cikin gida yanayi, dabbobi masu rarrafe za a iya ciyar da su:
- inabi;
- ceri;
- tangerines;
- lemu;
- kiwi;
- farimmon;
- ayaba;
- apples;
- latas da latas;
- ganyen dandelion;
- ba kayan lambu masu tauri ba.
Hakanan Panther Chameleon, Parsoni da Smallananan suna cinye abincin shuke-shuke, saboda buƙatar sake cika danshi da samun adadin bitamin.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Chameleons galibi suna zuwa kamar dabbobi masu sihiri kuma suna jin yunwa koyaushe, amma irin waɗannan kadangaru ba su da wata ma'ana ta yanayi, saboda haka, idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe, abinci kaɗan zai iya sha.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Mafi yawan nau'ikan hawainiya da ke rayuwa a wannan duniyar tamu a yanzu suna da dumu dumu kuma suna samun wakilcin wasu sanannun nau'ikan kamar su Yemen, Panther, Small da Parsoni. A ka’ida, bayan saduwa, mace na kwai ƙwai har tsawon wata ɗaya ko biyu. 'Yan kwanaki kafin kwanciya, mata za su fara ƙin cin abinci, amma suna cinye ɗan ruwa kaɗan. A wannan lokacin, rarrafe mai rarrafe ya zama mai tsananin tashin hankali da nutsuwa sosai, yana iya ɗaukar launi mai haske mai wahala kuma yana iya firgita har ma da sauƙaƙan hanyoyin kusancin namiji mai girma da jima'i.
A ƙarshen ciki, yawancin mata suna da ƙwai waɗanda za a iya sauƙaƙa su ji a ciki. A wasu nau'ikan halittu, ciki na bayyane ga ido mara kyau. Kusa da lokacin shimfidawa, dabbar tana yawan saukowa kasa domin neman wurin da yafi dacewa don tsara kabarin. Mata yawanci suna yin ƙwai masu fata goma zuwa sittin, ya danganta da nau'in. Adadin yawan kame-kame ya kan kai uku a cikin shekara guda, amma yawan daukar ciki na matukar illa ga lafiyar mace, don haka irin wadannan dabbobi suna rayuwa cikin rabin girman na maza.
Mata daga nau'ikan halittu daban-daban, koda babu namiji da ya balaga, suna sanya ƙwai da ake kira "mai ƙwai" a kowace shekara. Kubiyoyi daga irin waɗannan ƙwai ba sa bayyana, kuma rashin hadi yana sa su lalacewa a cikin mako ɗaya har ma a baya.
Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ya danganta da yanayin halittar hawainiya, tsawon lokacin ci gaban amfrayo a cikin kwan zai iya bambanta, daukar daga watanni biyar zuwa wasu shekaru. 'Ya'yan da aka haifa suna da ci gaba sosai, kuma bayan an' yanta su daga ƙwarjin ƙwai nan da nan sai su ruga zuwa ga ciyayi mafi kusa, wanda ke taimakawa ɓoye daga masu farauta.
Yawancin lokaci, jariran hawainiya suna fara cin abinci a ranar haihuwar su ko kuma washegari kawai. Baya ga dabbobi masu rarrafe, akwai 'yan jinsunan da yawa wadanda suke dabbobin hawainiya. Galibi a cikin rukuninsu akwai nau'ikan tsaunuka masu rarrafe, gami da ƙahonin hawayen Jeson da Verneri. Koyaya, irin waɗannan hawainiyar ba za a iya sanya su a matsayin masu rai ba. Embryos, kamar yadda yake a cikin halittar halittar oviparous, suna bunkasa a cikin kwan, amma hawainiya mace ba ta binne abin a karkashin kasa, amma har sai an haife su ana sa su a cikin mahaifar.
A yayin haihuwa, mata galibi sukan sa jarirai da aka haifa daga ƙarami zuwa ƙasa. Bugawa ba ta da ƙarfi sosai, a matsayinka na ƙa'ida, ta zama alama ce ta musamman ga jarirai don samun amintaccen masauki da abinci. Mafi yawanci, irin waɗannan "masu rayayyun halittu" masu rarrafe suna haihuwar 'ya'ya goma zuwa ashirin, kuma ba a haifi' ya'ya fiye da biyu a cikin shekarar ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Chameleons mummunan iyaye ne, sabili da haka, nan da nan bayan haihuwa, ana barin ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe zuwa dabarun su har sai sun sami zuriya ko kuma sun zama ganima ga masu farauta.
Bakar launi ta hawainiya tana iya tsoratar da wasu abokan gaba, amma irin wannan launin makokin ana samun sa ne ta maza, waɗanda mata suka ƙi, da kuma waɗanda aka kayar ko tilasta wa yin ritaya a wulakance.
Makiya na halitta
Abokan hamayyar hawainiya a cikin yanayin yanayi sune manyan macizai, dabbobi masu lalata da tsuntsaye. Lokacin da abokan gaba suka bayyana, kadangaren yakanyi kokarin tsoratar da abokin karawar sa, yayi kumbura, ya canza launi kuma yayi tsawa sosai.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Chameleons sun cancanci cika cikakkun jagororin sake kamanni, amma wannan ikon ba zai iya cetarsu daga cikakkiyar halaka ba. A kudancin Spain, ana amfani da dabbobi masu rarrafe azaman mazaunan gida na gari marasa cutarwa, masu matukar amfani a rayuwar yau da kullun. Irin waɗannan dabbobin gida na musamman suna cin kudaje, waɗanda ke da matukar damuwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Skinks
- Axolotl
- Trionix na kasar Sin
- Masu sallama
Babban dalilin lalacewar shine fadada kowane irin kasar noma, gami da sare dazuzzuka sosai... A yau, tuni wasu jinsuna goma na irin wadannan dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da matsayin "Ba a cikin hadari ba", kimanin nau'ikan arba'in sun kusa samun wannan matsayin, kuma ashirin na iya bacewa nan gaba kadan.
