Tapirs wakilai ne na shuke-shuke na tsari na tsari na dabbobi da dabbobi masu shayarwa. Duk da kamannin kamanninsu da aladu, tapirs suna da ɗan gajeren akwati, amma sun dace sosai don fahimta.
Bayanin kaset
Girman tapirs ya bambanta dangane da nau'in.... Mafi sau da yawa, matsakaiciyar tsaran balagaggun balagagge bai wuce mita biyu ba, kuma tsawon jelar yana da kusan 7 cm 73. Tsayin dabba a bushe yana da kusan mita, tare da nauyi a kewayon 110-300 kilogiram. Limafaffun ƙafafun kafa huɗu ne, yayin da ƙafafun kafa na baya na mai shayarwa suna da yatsu uku.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Lebban sama na tabir da kuma dogon hanci suna samar da ƙaramar proboscis ta hannu, wacce ta ƙare da sifofin halayyar da ke kewaye da ƙananan gajerun gashi da ake kira vibrissae.
Godiya ga ƙananan kofato, dabbar tana iya motsawa sosai a ƙasa mai laushi da danshi. Idanun ba su da yawa a cikin girma, wadanda suke a gefen kai.
Bayyanar
Wakilan kowane nau'in, na dangin Tapir da jinsi na Tapir, suna da halayyar bayanan mutum na waje:
- Takaddun fili suna da nauyi a kewayon kilogiram 150-270, tare da tsayin jiki har zuwa 210-220 cm da gajeren wutsiya. Tsayin babban mutum a bushewa yakai cm 77-108. Takassun bayyane suna da ƙaramin abin gogewa a bayan kai, gashi mai duhu mai duhu a baya, da kuma ciki mai ruwan kasa, kirji da ƙafafu. An bambanta kunnuwa da farin edging. Tsarin mulki na dabba mai karamin karfi ne, mai kafafuwa masu karfi;
- Tafukan dutse suna da nauyi a cikin zangon kilogiram 130-180, tare da tsawon jiki har zuwa 180 cm kuma tsayi a kafaɗun a kewayon 75-80 santimita. Launi mai gashi yakan bambanta daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa baƙi, amma akwai launi mai haske na leɓo da na kunnuwa. Jiki yana da girma, tare da siririn gaɓoɓi da ƙananan ƙarami, gajere;
- Jaridar Amurka ta Tsakiya, ko Tafiyar Byrd yana da tsawo a bushe har zuwa 120 cm, tare da tsayin jiki tsakanin 200 cm kuma nauyi ya kai 300 kg. Ita ce mafi girman dabbobin daji a yankin Amurka. Jinsin yana da alamun kasancewar gajeren occipital mane da gashi, mai launi a cikin sautunan launin ruwan kasa masu duhu. Wuya da kunci launin rawaya-launin toka;
- Irawataccen mai baƙar fata yana da nauyin jiki a cikin kewayon 250-320 kilogiram, tare da tsayin jikinsa na 1.8-2.4 m kuma tsayi a bushewar da bai wuce mita ba. Za a iya rarrabe zaren taƙar mai baƙar fata ta hanyar kasancewar babban tabo mai launin toka-toka (zane mai sirdi) a bayanta da gefenta. Sauran rigar baƙar fata ce ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, ban da farin iyaka a saman kunnuwan. Gashi na tapirs masu baƙar fata ba ta da yawa kuma gajere ne, kuma motar ba ta nan gaba ɗaya. Fatar da ke yankin kai da nape na da kauri 20-25 mm, wanda da kyau yake kiyaye wuyan mai shayarwa daga haƙoran kowane nau'in masu farauta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Daga cikin wakilan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan tabir mai dauke da Bakar fata, wadanda ake kira da mutane masu zafin nama galibi ana samunsu, wadanda ke da banbancin launin gashi gaba daya.
Wani rukunin masana kimiyyar kasar Brazil ne ya gano dabbar mai sanko-kofato mai sanko-kofato a karshen shekarar 2013. Daya daga cikin jinsunan zoben rayayyun halittu biyar masu karamin girma. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin baligi bai wuce cm 130 ba, tare da nauyin kilogiram 110. Dabbar tana da duhu mai duhu ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Jinsunan suna zaune a yankunan Colombia da Brazil.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Tapir na fili yana jagorantar salon rayuwa shi kaɗai, kuma mutane biyun da galibi suna da halin haɗama da juna. Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna yiwa wuraren zamansu alama da fitsari, kuma ana aiwatar da sadarwa tare da dangi da sautuka masu kama, kamar na busa. Masu tsalle-tsalle masu tsakar dare suna yin yini a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa, kuma da dare kawai suke fita neman abinci.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wasu nau'ikan tapirs ba ƙwararrun masu ninkaya ba ne kawai, har ma da masu hawa dutsen, kuma suna jin daɗin haƙawa da iyo a cikin laka tare da farin ciki sosai.
Duk da girman su da girman su, tapirs ba za su iya yin iyo sosai ba, amma kuma suyi zurfin isa sosai. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan wakilai masu ban mamaki na shuke-shuke, na umarnin Equid-kofato da ɗaliban dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna da kunya da taka tsantsan. A alamar farko ta barazanar, tapiers suna neman mafaka ko kuma suna gudu da sauri, amma idan ya cancanta, suna da ƙarfin kare kansu da cizon.
Har yaushe talifofi suke rayuwa
Matsakaicin rayuwar taɓar taɓi a cikin yanayi mai kyau bai wuce shekaru talatin ba.
Jima'i dimorphism
Mata na ƙasa mai ƙwanƙwasa da ƙwanƙun dutse yawanci suna da nauyin kilogram 15-100 fiye da mazan da ke waɗannan jinsunan. Babu bambance-bambance da ake furtawa a launi.
Ire-iren tapiers
A halin yanzu akwai nau'in:
- Tapir na fili (Tapirus terrestris) gami da ƙananan hukumomi T. t. aenigmaticus, T. colombianus, T. spegazzinii da T. terrestris;
- Tabon dutse (Tapirus pinchaque);
- Tapwararren Amurka ta Tsakiya (Tapirus bairdii);
- Irirƙiri mai baƙar fata (Tapirus indicus);
- Tapirus kabomani.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa gwangwanin gandun daji da ke zaune a Asiya da Amurka dangi ne na nesa da karkanda da dawakai, kuma, a zahiri, a zahiri suna kama da tsofaffin dawakai.
Bugun tapirs: Tapirus johnsoni; Tapirus mesopotamicus; Tapirus merriami; Tapirus polkensis; Tapirus simpsoni; Tapirus sanyuanensis; Tapirus sinensis; Tapirus haysii; Tapirus webbi; Tapirus lundeliusi; Tapirus veroensis; Tapirus greslebini da Tapirus augustus.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Ana samun tarkunan fili a yau a wurare da yawa na Kudancin Amurka, da kuma gabashin Andes. Babban zangon wakilan wannan nau'in a halin yanzu ya faɗo daga yankin Venezuela da Colombia zuwa kudancin Brazil, arewacin Argentina da Paraguay. Wurin da ke ƙasa na ƙwanƙolin ƙwallon ƙafa shine galibi yankuna masu zafi da ke kusa da jikin ruwa.
Wakilan jinsunan gwangwani na dutse suna da mafi ƙanƙan yankin rarrabawa da wurin zama tsakanin duk dangi... Irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa yanzu ana samunsu ne kawai a cikin Andes a Colombia, arewacin Peru da Ecuador. Dabbar ta fi son gandun daji da tsaunuka har zuwa kan iyakokin dusar ƙanƙara, saboda haka yana da matukar wuya kuma ba da son rai ba ya sauka zuwa ƙasa da ƙasa da 2000 m sama da matakin teku.
Ana samun nau'ikan itacen zaren Amurka a yankin da ya faro daga kudancin Mexico har zuwa Amurka ta Tsakiya zuwa yankunan bakin teku a yammacin Ecuador da Colombia. Wurin da yake zaune a yankin Amurka ta tsakiya shine yankuna na gandun daji na nau'ikan wurare masu zafi. A ƙa'ida, irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun fi son yankuna kusa da manyan ruwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Asiyawa sun kira tapir "mai cin mafarkai" kuma har yanzu suna da tabbaci cewa siffa ta wannan dabba da aka sassaka daga itace ko dutse tana taimaka wa mutum ya rabu da mafarki mai ban tsoro ko rashin barci.
Ana samun kaset masu baƙar fata a kudanci da tsakiyar yankin Sumatra, a wasu sassan Malaysia, a Myanmar da Thailand, har zuwa yankin Malacca. Masana kimiyya sun yarda cewa wakilan wannan nau'in na iya zama mafi yawan sassan kudancin Kambodiya, wasu yankuna na Vietnam da Laos, amma babu ingantaccen bayani game da wannan a yanzu. Gabaɗaya, har yanzu ana samun tapiers ne takamaimai a cikin iyakokin daɗaɗɗen tarihinsu, wanda ya rabu sosai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.
Abincin kaset
Wakilan nau'ikan tapirs suna cin abinci na musamman. Bugu da ƙari, irin waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun fi son sassaƙan sassa na shrubs ko ciyawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Abincin dabbobi masu shayarwa yana da wadata da yawa, kuma a yayin lura akwai yiwuwar a tabbatar da cewa fiye da nau'ikan nau'ikan shuke-shuke iri-iri suna zama abincin tarkunan.
Baya ga ganyaye, irin waɗannan dabbobi suna da ƙwazo sosai kuma suna da yawa suna cin algae da ƙaramar buds, kowane irin mosses, rassan bishiyoyi ko bishiyoyi, da furanninsu da anda fruitsan itacen su. Don neman wadataccen abinci wa kansu, masu tanti suna yawan tattake hanyoyin duka.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Wanda ya kirkiro kirkirar alakar iyali a tsakanin kaset din mace ce da ta balaga. Za a iya aiwatar da tsarin jima'i a cikin shekara. Sau da yawa, waɗannan dabbobin suna haɗuwa kai tsaye a cikin ruwa.
Ana rarrabe taɓaɓɓe ta hanyar wasannin mating masu ban sha'awa, yayin da namiji ya yi lalata da mace kuma ya bi ta na dogon lokaci, kuma nan da nan kafin aiwatar da aikin, ma'auratan suna da halayyar gaske kuma suna da sautuka masu ƙarfi, suna da ƙarfin tunawa da gurnani, ƙwanƙwasawa ko wani abu mai kama da busa. Kowace shekara masu yin tapi suna canza abokan jima'i, don haka waɗannan dabbobin ba za a iya sanya su a matsayin masu zaɓaɓɓu ko masu aminci ga abokin aurensu ba.
'Ya'yan suna ɗauke da ɗiyan ne fiye da shekara guda. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, bayan watanni goma sha huɗu na ciki, jariri ɗaya ne aka haifa. Wani lokaci ana haihuwar 'ya'ya biyu, amma irin waɗannan al'amuran ba su da yawa a yanayi da kuma lokacin da suke riƙe da tapir a cikin bauta. Matsakaicin nauyin kowane jariran da aka haifa ya kai kilogiram 5-9 ne kawai (ya bambanta sosai gwargwadon yanayin dabbobin). Dukkanin 'ya'yan suna kama da juna a launi, wanda ya ƙunshi launuka da ratsi. Mace takan ciyar da offspringa inanta a matsayi mafi kyau tare da madara a duk shekara.
Nan da nan bayan sun haihu, mace da jaririn sun gwammace su nemi mafaka a cikin daskararrun bishiyoyin shrub, amma yayin da zuriyarsu suka girma, dabbar za ta fara fita daga matsuguninta a hankali. A wannan lokacin, mace tana koyawa ɗanta sannu-sannu su ci abincin tsire-tsire. A kusan shekaru shida da haihuwa, zuriyar tapirs za ta fara samun launin ruwan mutum don jinsinsu. Dabbar ta kai shekarun balaga, a matsayinka na mai mulki, yana da shekara daya da rabi zuwa shekara hudu.
Makiya na halitta
Mafi yawanci makiya na tapirs a muhalli sun hada da cougars, tigers, jaguars, bears, anacondas da crocodiles, amma babban makiyinsu har yau shine mutum. Misali, a kimiyyance ya tabbatar cewa babban dalilin da yasa aka sami raguwar adadi mai yawa na Amurkawa tapirs shine rugujewar dazuzzuka masu zafi a Amurka ta tsakiya, yankin da ya ragu da kusan kashi 70% cikin karnin da ya gabata.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa ita ce, dogon bakin bakin da bututun numfashi suna ba da damar kashin ya zauna a cikin ruwa na mintina da yawa, don haka ya buya ga masu bin su.
Saboda mummunar lalacewar mazaunin da masanan tapi suka saba, wasu nau'ikan halittu sun mamaye gonakin noma a sarari, inda dabbobi ke lalata koko da tsire. Masu irin wannan gonakin galibi suna harbin dabbobin da suka mamaye kayansu. Farautar nama da fata mai tamani ma barazana ce ga mafi yawan kwandunan kwari.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
An haramta kaset ɗin farauta, saboda ƙarancin irin wannan dabbar... Misali, yanzu an tantance Mountain Tapir kamar yadda IUCN ke yi masa barazana, tare da jimillar mutane 2,500 kawai. Hakanan an bayyana matsayin Tapir na Amurka ta Tsakiya a matsayin "mai haɗari" Adadin irin wadannan kaset din bai wuce dabbobi 5000 ba.
