Buffalo - wannan shine yadda mutanen Arewacin Amurka suke kiran bison. An yarda da wannan ɗan bijimin mai ƙarfi a hukumance azaman dabbobin daji da na gida a cikin ƙasashe uku - Mexico, Amurka da Kanada.
Bayanin bison
Bisocin Ba'amurke (Bison bison) na dangin bovids ne daga umarnin artiodactyls kuma, tare da bishiyar Turai, na jinsi Bison (bison).
Bayyanar
Bisan Amurkawa ba zai iya bambanta da bison ba idan ba don kaskantar da kai ba da kuma dusar kankara, wanda ke kau da idanuwa kuma ya haifar da gemu a hanji (tare da kusantar makogwaro) Mafi tsawo gashi yana girma akan kai da wuya, ya kai rabin mita: gashi ya ɗan fi guntu, yana rufe hump, kafadu da wasu ƙafafun gaba. Gabaɗaya, gaba dayan jikin (a bayan bango) an rufe shi da dogon gashiYu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Matsayi mai ƙanƙan kai, haɗe da man goshi, ya ba bison girma na musamman, kodayake tare da girmansa ba shi da buƙata - mazan da suka girma sun girma zuwa 3 m (daga muzzle zuwa wutsiya) a 2 m a ƙeƙasasshe, suna samun kimanin tan 1.2-1.3 na nauyi.
Saboda yalwar gashi a kan babban goshin-faffadan goshi, manyan idanu masu duhu da kunnuwa kunnuwa da wuya a iya gani, amma an ga kaho masu kauri masu gajarta, sun karkata zuwa bangarorin kuma sun juye saman zuwa ciki. Bison ba shi da madaidaiciyar jiki, tunda ɓangaren gabansa ya fi na baya baya. Scruff ya ƙare da hump, ƙafafun ba su da tsawo, amma suna da ƙarfi. Wutsiya ta fi guntu fiye da ta bishiyar Turai, kuma an yi mata ado a ƙarshen tare da burushi mai gashi mai kauri.
Gashi yawanci launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ne ko launin ruwan kasa, amma a kan kai, wuya da gabanta yana yin duhu sosai, har ya kai launin baƙar fata. Yawancin dabbobi masu launin ruwan kasa ne da launuka masu haske, amma wasu bison suna nuna launuka marasa kyau.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Tunda an lalata bison Ba'amurke kafin a fara nazarinsa, yana da wuya a yanke hukuncin salon rayuwarsa. Misali sananne ne, misali, bison ya kasance yana aiki tare a cikin manyan al'ummomi har zuwa kawunan dubu 20. Ana ajiye bison zamani a ƙananan garken dabbobi, bai wuce dabbobin 20-30 ba. Akwai shaidar cewa bijimai da shanu tare da maruƙa suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, kamar yadda suke faɗa, ta hanyar jinsi.
Hakanan ana karɓar bayanai masu saɓani game da tsarin garken garken: wasu masanan kimiyyar dabbobi sun yi iƙirarin cewa gogaggen saniya tana kula da garken, wasu kuma suna da tabbacin cewa ƙungiyar tana ƙarƙashin kariyar tsofaffin bijimai da yawa. Bison, musamman ma matasa, suna da sha'awar gaske: kowane sabon abu ko wanda ba a sani ba yana jan hankalin su. Manya suna kare ƙananan dabbobi ta kowace hanya, suna karkata zuwa wasannin waje a cikin iska mai kyau.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Bison, duk da karfin jikinsu, suna nuna saurin tashin hankali a cikin hadari, suna shiga tsere a cikin saurin har zuwa 50 km / h. Ba shi da kyau, amma bison yana iyo sosai, kuma yana fitar da ƙwayoyin cuta daga ulu, suna hawa cikin yashi da ƙura lokaci-lokaci.
Bishon yana da ƙamshin ƙamshi, wanda ke taimakawa hango abokan gaba a nisan kusan zuwa kilomita 2, da kuma jikin ruwa - a nesa har zuwa kilomita 8... Ji da gani ba su da kaifi, amma suna aiwatar da rawar su a cikin hudun. Kallo ɗaya a bison ya isa a yaba ƙarfin da yake da shi, wanda ya ninka lokacin da dabbar ta ji rauni ko kuma ta yi tuntuɓe.
A cikin irin wannan halin, dabi'a ba mummunan bison da sauri ya zama mai fushi, ya fi son hari zuwa gudu. Za a iya fahimtar wutsiya madaidaiciya da ƙamshi, ƙamshi mai ƙyalli alama ce ta tsananin tashin hankali. Dabbobi kan yi amfani da muryar su sau da yawa - suna yin wauta a fusace daban-daban, musamman lokacin da garken ke motsi.
Har yaushe buffalo yake rayuwa
A cikin daji da kuma wuraren kiwon Arewacin Amurka, bison yana rayuwa kimanin shekaru 20-25.
Jima'i dimorphism
Ko a gani, mata sun fi na maza mahimmanci, kuma, ƙari, ba su da wata al'aura ta waje, wacce ake ba dukkan bijimai. Za a iya gano wani bambanci mafi mahimmanci a cikin jikin mutum da fasalin rigar na ƙananan ƙananan bison Amurka, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin Bison bison bison (steppe bison) da Bison bison athabascae (bison daji).
Mahimmanci! An gano ragi na biyu a ƙarshen karni na sha tara. A cewar wasu masanan kimiyyar dabbobi, bison dajin ba wani abu ba ne face wasu nau'ikan bison na baya (Bison priscus) da ya wanzu har zuwa yau.
Cikakkun bayanai game da tsarin mulki da sutura da aka lura a cikin bison steppe:
- ya fi sauƙi kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta (tsakanin shekarun / jinsi ɗaya) fiye da bison itacen;
- babban kai yana da “murfin” gashi mai yawa tsakanin ƙahonin, kuma ƙahonin da kansu ba safai suke fitowa sama da wannan “murfin” ba;
- kafaffen ulu mai kyau, kuma launi ya fi na bison kurmi haske;
- an tsayar da ƙwanƙolin ƙwanƙolin goshin goshin goshi, an tsayar da gemun da aka bayyana a makogwaro fiye da haƙarƙarin.
Nuances na jiki da gashi, waɗanda aka ambata a cikin bison daji:
- ya fi girma da nauyi (tsakanin shekaru da jinsi) fiye da bison steppe;
- kai mara ƙarfi sosai, akwai ɗamarar igiyoyin da suka rataye a goshin da ƙahonin da ke fitowa sama da shi;
- karamin fur din fur mai gashi, kuma ulu ya fi na bison steppe duhu;
- saman dutsen yana faduwa zuwa gaban goshi, gemu siriri ne, kuma motsin makogwaro yana da wuyar sha'ani.
A halin yanzu, ana samun bison gandun daji ne kawai a cikin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka na kurmi masu girma a cikin kogunan Buffalo, Peace da Birch (waɗanda ke kwarara zuwa cikin kogin Bolshoye Slavolnichye da Athabasca).
Wurin zama, mazauni
Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, dukkanin bison din, yawan mutanen da suka kai dabbobi miliyan 60, an same su kusan ko'ina cikin Arewacin Amurka. Yanzu zangon, saboda yadda ba a kashe jinsin ba (wanda aka kammala shi a shekarar 1891), ya rage zuwa yankuna da dama yamma da arewacin Missouri.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A lokacin, adadin bison gandun daji ya ragu zuwa mahimmin ƙima: dabbobi 300 ne kawai suka rayu waɗanda ke rayuwa a yamma da Kogin Slave (kudu da Babban Kogin Babban Slave).
An tabbatar da cewa tun da daɗewa bison ya yi rayuwa irin ta makiyaya, a jajibirin lokacin sanyi, zuwa kudu da dawowa daga can tare da farawar dumi. Yanzu, ƙaura mai nisa na bison ba zai yiwu ba, tunda iyakokin kewayon an iyakance su da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, waɗanda ke kewaye da filayen gonaki. Bison zaɓi shimfidar wurare daban-daban don rayuwa, gami da dazuzzuka, buɗe filaye (kan tudu da shimfiɗa), da kuma gandun daji, an rufe su zuwa ɗaya ko wata.
Abincin bison Amurka
Bison kiwo safe da yamma, wani lokacin ciyarwa da rana har ma da daddare... 'Yan itako suna dogaro a kan ciyawa, suna dibar kimanin kilo 25 a kowace rana, kuma a lokacin sanyi sukan sauya zuwa ciyawar ciyawa. Gandun daji, tare da ciyawa, suna rarraba abincin su tare da wasu ciyayi:
- harbewa;
- ganye;
- lichens;
- gansakuka;
- rassan bishiyoyi / bishiyoyi.
Mahimmanci! Godiya ga ulu mai kauri, bison ya haƙura da sanyi na digiri 30, da kyau a ƙwanƙolin dusar ƙanƙara har zuwa mita 1. Suna zuwa ciyarwa, suna neman wuraren da ba su da dusar ƙanƙara a inda suke jefa dusar ƙanƙara tare da kofato, suna zurfafa rami lokacin da kai da muziki suke juyawa (kamar yadda bison suke yi).
Sau ɗaya a rana, dabbobin suna zuwa rami mai shayarwa, suna canza wannan ɗabi'a ne kawai a cikin tsananin sanyi, lokacin da wuraren sanyi suka daskare da kankara kuma bison dole ne ya ci dusar ƙanƙara.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Ruttukan yana farawa daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, lokacin da bijimai da shanu aka haɗa su zuwa cikin manyan garkunan a cikin matsayi mai kyau. Lokacin da lokacin kiwo ya zo karshe, babban garken ya sake sake rabuwa zuwa cikin kungiyoyi. Bison sunada aure fiye da daya, kuma mazan maza basu gamsu da mace daya ba, amma suna tattara kurege.
Farauta a cikin bijimai tare da hayaniya, wanda ana iya ji a cikin yanayi mai tsafta na tsawon kilomita 5-8. Morearin bijimai, ƙarancin muryar waƙoƙin su. A cikin rikice-rikice game da mata, masu neman takaddama ba su takaita da serenades ba, amma galibi suna shiga cikin faɗa mai ƙarfi, wanda lokaci-lokaci ke kawo mummunan rauni ko mutuwar ɗayan duelists.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Haihuwa na daukar kimanin watanni 9, bayan haka saniya ta haifi maraki daya. Idan ba ta da lokaci don neman ɓoyayyen ɓoye, jariri zai bayyana a tsakiyar garken. A wannan yanayin, duk dabbobi sun zo wurin maraƙin, suna hurawa suna lasar shi. Maraƙi suna shan nono (har zuwa 12%) madara nono na kusan shekara guda.
A wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi, bison yana da ma'amala ba kawai tare da wakilan jinsinsu ba, har ma da bison. Kyakkyawan alaƙar maƙwabta yakan ƙare da soyayya, ma'amala da bayyanar ƙaramar bison. A karshen advantageously bambanta daga hybrids da dabbobi, kamar yadda suke da babban haihuwa.
Makiya na halitta
An yi imanin cewa kusan babu irin wannan a cikin bison, idan bakayi la'akari da kerkecin da ke yanka maraƙi ko tsoffin mutane ba. Gaskiya ne, Indiyawa sun yi barazanar bison, wanda salon rayuwarsa da al'adunsa suka dogara da waɗannan dabbobi masu ƙarfi. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Amurkawa suna farautar bison a kan doki (wani lokacin a cikin dusar ƙanƙara), tare da mashi, baka ko bindiga. Idan ba a yi amfani da doki don farauta ba, ana garken bauna a cikin duwatsu ko kuma murjani.
Harshen da danshi mai cike da mai an yaba musamman, da busasshen nama da nikakken nama (pemmican), wanda Indiyawan suka adana don lokacin sanyi. Fatar ɗan bison ta zama kayan kayan sawa na fata, fatu masu kauri sun juye zuwa lalataccen ɗanyen fata da na fata, wanda daga ciki aka yanke tafin kafa.
Indiyawa sun yi ƙoƙarin amfani da dukkan ɓangarorin da kyallen takarda na dabbobi, suna samun:
- fata na bison - sirdi, tepe da bel;
- daga jijiyoyi - zare, kirtani da ƙari;
- daga kasusuwa - wukake da jita-jita;
- daga hooves - manne;
- daga gashi - igiyoyi;
- daga dung - mai.
Mahimmanci! Koyaya, har zuwa 1830, mutum ba shine babban makiyin bauna ba. Yawan jinsin bai rinjayi ko dai farautar Indiyawa ba, ko kuma ta hanyar harba bison da fararrun yan mulkin mallaka wadanda ke da bindiga suke yi ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Halin da ke tsakanin mutum da dabi'a ya shafar wasu shafuka masu ban tausayi, daya daga ciki shine sakamakon buffalo... A wayewar gari na ƙarni na 18, garken tumaki marasa adadi (kusan kawuna miliyan 60) sun yi yawo a kan filayen Arewacin Amurka marasa iyaka - daga tafkunan arewacin Erie da Babban Bawa zuwa Texas, Louisiana da Mexico (a kudu), da kuma daga tsaunukan yamma na tsaunukan Rocky zuwa gabashin gabashin Tekun Atlantika.
Rushewar bison
Babban kisan bison ya fara ne a cikin shekaru 30 na karni na 19, ya sami sikelin da ba a taba yin irinsa ba a cikin shekaru 60, lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da aikin gina hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta tsallaka zuwa ƙasashen waje. An yi wa fasinjojin alkawarin jan hankali - harbi da bauna daga tagogin jirgin da ke wucewa, ya bar daruruwan dabbobi masu zub da jini.
Bugu da kari, an ba ma'aikatan titi abinci da naman bauna, kuma an aike da fata don sayarwa. Akwai bauna da yawa wadanda mafarauta sukan ƙi kula da naman su, suna yanke harsunansu kawai - irin waɗannan gawarwakin sun bazu ko'ina.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Rukunin masu harbi da aka horar sun bi bison babu kakkautawa, kuma a cikin shekarun 70 yawan dabbobin da ake harbawa a kowace shekara ya zarce miliyan 2.5. Shahararren mafarautan, wanda ake yi wa laƙabi da Buffalo Bill, ya kashe bison 4280 a cikin shekara ɗaya da rabi.
Bayan 'yan shekaru kaɗan, ana buƙatar ƙasusuwan bison, warwatse cikin tan a ƙetaren filaye: kamfanoni sun bayyana don tattara wannan ɗanyen, wanda aka aika zuwa samar da baƙar fenti da takin mai magani. Amma an kashe bison ba kawai don nama don cin abincin ma'aikata ba, har ma don sanya ƙabilun Indiya yunwa, waɗanda ke tsananin adawa da mulkin mallaka. Burin ya cimma lokacin hunturu na shekarar 1886/87, lokacin da dubban Indiyawa suka mutu saboda yunwa. Maganar ƙarshe ita ce 1889, lokacin da 835 kawai daga cikin miliyoyin bison suka rayu (gami da dabbobi ɗari biyu daga Yankin Kasa na Yellowstone).
Tarurrukan Bison
Hukumomi sun ruga don ceton dabbobi lokacin da nau'ikan ke kan gaba - a cikin hunturu na shekarar 1905, an ƙirƙiri theungiyar Cutar Bison ta Amurka. Byaya bayan ɗaya (a Oklahoma, Montana, Dakota da Nebraska) an kafa keɓaɓɓun tanadi na aminci wurin zama na bauna.
Tuni a cikin 1910, dabbobin suka ninka, kuma bayan wasu shekaru 10, yawansu ya ƙaru zuwa mutane dubu 9... Yunkurin ta na ajiye bison ya fara ne a Kanada: a cikin 1907, jihar ta sayi dabbobi 709 daga masu mallakar su, suna jigilar su zuwa Wayne Wright. A cikin 1915, Wood Buffalo National Park (tsakanin tabkuna biyu - Athabasca da Great Slave) an ƙirƙira shi, an yi niyya ne don bison gandun daji mai tsira.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A 1925-1928. an kawo bison sama da dubu 6 a can, wanda ya kamu da tarin fuka daji. Kari kan haka, baki wadanda suka dace da wadanda suka hadu da gandun daji kuma kusan sun “hadiye” na karshen, sun hana su matsayinsu na kananan kabilu.
An samo bison gandun daji mai tsabta a cikin waɗannan wurare a cikin 1957 kawai - dabbobi 200 sun yi kiwo a cikin yankin arewa maso yamma na wurin shakatawa. A cikin 1963, an cire bison 18 daga garken garken kuma aka aika zuwa wurin da ke hayin kogin. Mackenzie (kusa da Fort Providence). Hakanan an kawo ƙarin bison gandun daji 43 zuwa Filin shakatawa na Elk Island. Yanzu a Amurka akwai bison daji sama da dubu 10, kuma a Kanada (tanadi da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa) - fiye da dubu 30, waɗanda aƙalla 400 gandun daji ne.
