A cikin kukan bakin cikin tsuntsayen, Slav sun ji kukan uwaye da zawarawa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ake girmamawa da kariya sosai. An haramta shi ba kawai a kashe su ba, amma har da lalata nests.
Bayanin kwalliya
Vanellus (lapwings) wani nau'in tsuntsaye ne wanda yake na dangin dangi kuma ya kunshi sama da dozin biyu wadanda suke rayuwa kusan a duk duniya. A cikin dangin plover, lapwings ya fito waje don girmansu da babbar murya.
Bayyanar
Mafi sananne a cikin yanayin farfajiyar fata shine Vanellus vanellus (lapwings), sananne a ƙasarmu ƙarƙashin suna na biyu na alade... Mazauna ƙasashen Turai suna kiranta ta hanyarsu: don Belarusians wannan kigalka ce, ga Yukreniyanci - pigichka ko kiba, ga Jamusawa - kiebitz (kibits), da na Burtaniya - peewit (pivit).
Wannan babban sandpiper ne (wanda yayi daidai da kurciya ko jackdaw), tare da wani bayyanannen bayani dalla-dalla a bayan kai - dogo mai matsattsen baƙar fata. Kurciya tana girma har zuwa 30 cm tare da nauyin 130-330 g da fuka-fuki na 0.85 m. A cikin gudu, siffar murabba'i mai fuka-fuki mai fadi ta zama sananne.
Kwancen baƙar fata a sama, mai launin shuɗi da shuɗi mai haske, a ƙasa ya yi fari, ƙasa zuwa baƙar fata "gaban riga" a kan amfanin gona da kirji, ƙarƙashin ƙarƙashin lalataccen tsatsa ne. Zuwa lokacin hunturu, ɓangaren ɓangaren plumage gaba ɗaya ya yi fari. Bakin tsuntsun da idanunsa baƙi ne, gaɓoɓin ruwan hoda ne.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Lapwallon da sojan ya fi girma ya ɗan girma fiye da na pigalica (yana da nauyin 450 g mai tsawon 35 cm) kuma ya bambanta da shi a launi - ɓangaren saman labulen yana da launi mai zaitun mai duhu, ɓangaren ƙasa fari ne. Tsuntsun ba shi da wata alaƙa ta halayya, kuma bakin da ɓangaren kai zuwa ido rawaya ne mai haske.
Launin ruwan toka mai ruwan toka mai launin toka mai launin toka da kuma launin toka mai toka, ɗan fari fari a ƙasa kuma ɗan baƙi kaɗan tare da gefunan jelar, a kan kirji da kuma a bakin baki. Bayanin gamsassun bayanan an shafe shi da launin rawaya na gaɓoɓi, baki da zane a kan idanuwa.
An zana hoton pegmy (lapwing) a cikin sautunan launuka masu ƙyama, an haɗa su da baƙi a baki, kan kai, kan jela da gefen fukafukan. Yunkurin da aka yi ba ya girma fiye da cm 27 kuma yana kusa da launi mai launi, kodayake ba zai iya yin alfahari da abin da yake da kyau ba, amma yana da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar baƙar da ta sauko daga baki zuwa tsakiyar kirji.
Ofaya daga cikin mafi ma'anar jinsin shine ƙwanƙwasa mai ado, wanda saman ruwan kasa mai haske (tare da ƙararren ƙarfe mai haske) an haɗa shi da rawanin baki, fuka-fukan kirji / gaban goshi, da gashin fararen jelar fari masu kaifi. Tsuntsun yana da dogayen dogayen kafafu masu kalar rawaya da kayoyi masu kauri suna gudu daga tushe zuwa baki zuwa idanuwa.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Ana rarraba lapwings a matsayin hemerophiles, ma'ana, ga waɗancan dabbobin da aikin ɗan adam yana da fa'ida kawai. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, suna karɓar wasu fa'idodi daga canjin yanayin yanayi, wanda shine dalilin da yasa basa jin tsoron bin mutum.
Lapwings yana natsuwa da kusancin mutane da son ƙasar noma da yardar rai, yana gina gida gida a filayen ban ruwa da makiyaya, inda akwai aikin yau da kullun.
Idan wani ya kusanci gidansa, sai cincin ya fara (kokarin nitsar da mutum) sai ya yi ihu da karfi, amma ba ya barin gida.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Lapwings suna rayuwa ne a cikin nau'i-nau'i masu zaman kansu ko kuma a cikin ƙananan yankuna da aka warwatse, inda kowane ɗayan tsuntsaye yake da nasa filin. Ba duk ayyukan laɓɓai ne na diurnal ba, misali, kayan kwalliyar da aka kawata sune ke kula da dare.
Kamar sauran masu tsalle-tsalle, cin dusar ƙanƙara yana da motsi da amo. Shahararren "kuka" na cin durin ba wani abu bane face sigina na kararrawa, wanda yake kokarin korar masu kutse wadanda suka isa kusa da gida bisa kuskure ko kuma da gangan suka firgita da kajin.
Lapwings na da wata hanyar tashi ta daban da yadda duk tsirrai da ciyayi suke: dabbar ba zata iya tashi ba, koyaushe tana kada fuka-fukansa... Af, a cikin lapwings suna da tsayi da tsawa a ƙarshen, yayin da a yawancin galibi ana nuna su. Idan ana kadawa, fuka-fukai kamar tawul suke: idan kwankwaso ya sauya yanayinsa, sai ya fara juyawa sama da kasa da hagu da dama, kamar yana kwankwasa. Saboda rawar jikin plumage, sautunan "cosmic" sun bayyana akan fuka-fukan, wadanda ake ji da su a fili da muryar maraice.
Yaya tsawon lokacin da ake yin lapwings?
Arar da aka yi wa ƙirar ya nuna cewa a cikin daji galibi suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 19.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sunan "lapworm" (asali "kibitz") an ba shi alade ne na Rasha godiya ga masanan harsunan Jamusawa, waɗanda Catherine II ta ba su amanar kirkirar kalmomin yaren Rasha.
Kunnen gida da aka gane a cikin tsuntsu mai firgitarwa ya yi tambayar "Wanene ku, aljanu?", Da alama sosai game da sunan zamani na jinsi - lapwings. Ya zama kamar ga mutanenmu cewa tsuntsayen suna magana da wannan magana ne ga masu baƙuwar baƙi, waɗanda suka saba da tattara ƙwai tsuntsaye a cikin bazara.
A cikin Jamus, ana ɗaukar ƙwan da ake amfani da shi a matsayin abinci mai ɗanɗano kuma ana ba da shi ne kaɗai ga masu martaba, ba kamar ƙwai kajin da aka yi niyya ga burgere ba. Sananne ne cewa Otto von Bismarck ya karɓi ƙwai 101 na daga daga Jever (Lower Saxony) don kowace ranar haihuwa. Da zarar Kansila ta godewa mutanen gari ta hanyar basu gilashin giya na azurfa tare da murfi mai kama da kan cincin cinya.
Jima'i dimorphism
Abubuwan halayen jima'i a yawancin galibi ba a bayyana su da kyau. Don haka, matan pygaly ba su da tsawo kamar na maza, ƙirar ƙarfe da ƙarancin ƙarfen fuka-fukan. A wasu nau'ikan, kamar su launin toka mai launin toka, maza sun fi mata girma sosai.
Nau'ukan fatawa
A halin yanzu, jinsi Vanellus (lapwings) yana da nau'ikan 24:
- Alade na Andean - Vanellus ya sake bayyana;
- farin alade mai laushi - Vanellus albiceps;
- alade mai laushi - Vanellus leucurus;
- rawanin kambi - Vanellus coronatus;
- dogon-yatsan kafa - Vanellus crassirostris;
- cayenne piglet - Vanellus chilensis;
- dabbar da aka yi da jan - Vanellus superciliosus;
- cayenne plover - Vanellus cayanus;
- gyrfalcon - Vanellus gregarius;
- Malabar alade - Vanellus malabaricus;
- lapirƙira daban-daban - Vanellus melanocephalus;
- maƙerin alade - Vanellus armatus;
- ruwan toka mai toka - Vanellus cinereus;
- soja lapwing - Vanellus mil;
- Alade na Senegal - Vanellus senegallus;
- zaman makoki - Vanellus lugubris;
- kwalliyar da aka kawata - Vanellus indicus;
- Launin baƙar fata mai baƙin ciki - mai tricolor na Vanellus;
- baƙar fata mai fuka-fuka - Vanellus melanopterus;
- baƙar fata mai ƙwanƙwasa - Vanellus tectus;
- lapwing - Vanellus vanellus;
- clawed lapwing - Vanellus spinosus;
- Vanellus macropterus da Vanellus duvaucelii.
Wasu nau'ikan lapwings sun kasu kashi biyu.
Wurin zama, mazauni
An rarraba Lapwings a duk duniya, daga Atlantic zuwa Tekun Pacific (kudu da Arctic Circle). A wasu sassa na kewayon tsuntsu ne mai nutsuwa gabaɗaya, amma a yankin ƙasar Rasha (kuma ba kawai a nan ba) tsuntsu ne mai ƙaura. Don hunturu, '' Rashanci '' ya tashi zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, zuwa Indiya da Asiaananan Asiya.
Gyrfalcon yana rayuwa ne a cikin manyan makiyayan Kazakhstan da Rasha, yana zuwa hunturu a Isra'ila, Sudan, Habasha, arewa maso yammacin Indiya, Pakistan, Sri Lanka da Oman. Sojan yana yin sheka gida-gida a Tasmania, Ostiraliya, New Zealand da New Guinea, yayin da launin toka mai launin toka a Japan da arewa maso gabashin China.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yunkurin da ake yi yana rayuwa a cikin Turkiya, a gabas da arewacin Siriya, a Isra'ila, Iraki, Jordan, har ma da Afirka (Gabas da Yamma). An ga waɗannan matakan a Gabashin Turai, gami da Jamus da Spain.
Lapwings suna zaɓar wuraren kiwo, filaye, ciyawar ciyawa a cikin filayen ruwa, fadada kuri'a mara kyau, makiyaya a cikin matattakala (kusa da tafkuna da tsibirai) da filayen gishiri tare da shuke-shuke da ba safai ba. Lokaci-lokaci sukan zauna a cikin ciyawar ciyawar-ciyawar ciyawa, da kuma cikin taiga - tare da gefunan ciyawar ciyawa ko kan buɗaƙen buke. Yana son wuraren rigar, amma kuma yana faruwa a wuraren bushe.
Lapwings abinci
Kamar sauran masu narkar da sandp, ana sanya fatawowi da dogayen kafafu wadanda ke taimakawa yin tafiya a wuraren da ruwa ke ciki - makiyaya mai danshi da fadama.
A gefe guda kuma, cincin cinya yana da bakin da bai kai na na masu ruwa a jallo ba, shi ya sa tsuntsaye ke iya samun abinci daga zurfin ciki ko kuma a saman. Lapwings, masu aiki da safe, suna fita neman abinci a wayewar gari don kama ƙwarƙwaron dare (kafin su ɓuya a mafaka da rana).
Tsarin abinci na yau da kullun na lapwings ya hada da kwari (kuma ba wai kawai ba):
- ƙwayoyin ƙasa, mafi sau da yawa ƙasa beetles da weevils;
- slugs da tsutsotsi;
- larvae na danna ƙwaro (wireworms);
- filly da ciyawa (a cikin steppe).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yunkurin da ake yi, baya ga ƙwaro, yana cin tururuwa da sauro tare da tsutsa. Ba ya ƙin tsutsotsi, gizo-gizo, tadpoles, mollusks har ma da ƙananan kifi. Lawanin da aka kawata yana farauta ne da daddare yana neman kwari, ciki har da tururuwa, ƙwaro, fara da tururuwa. A hanyar, ana yin liyafa akan tsutsotsi, molluscs da crustaceans.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Lapwings suna sauri tare da jima'i, tunda dole ne a ɗaga kajin kafin zafi ya shiga, yayin da ƙasa take da ruwa: akwai tsutsotsi / tsutsa da yawa a ciki kuma, mafi mahimmanci, suna da sauƙin samu. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa fatawa suke ƙoƙarin dawowa daga kudu da wuri, tare da taurari da larks, galibi zuwa farkon Maris.
Ranakun kiwo suna hade da ƙarshen babban ruwa, wanda aka lura dashi a watan Afrilu. Yanayin har yanzu yana da karko sosai, kuma kamun na farko galibi suna mutuwa ne daga sanyi ko ruwa mai yawa, amma ba a taɓa yin fatawowi da zafin rana ba. Kusan nan da nan da isowar su, tsuntsayen sun kasu kashi biyu, suna mamaye shafukan mutane daban-daban.
Namiji ya tsunduma cikin zaɓin rukunin yanar gizon, yana haɗa binciken ƙasa tare da yanayin kiwo. Tafiya a yanzu yana buɗe fukafukinsa da ƙarfi, ba zato ba tsammani ya canza yanayin jirgin, ya sauka kuma ya hau sama, yana ta jujjuyawa daga gefe zuwa gefe kuma yana rakiyar dukkan aikin tare da kira mai kira.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Bayan ya gama kaidin, sai namijin ya tona ramuka da yawa, wanda ya nuna wa wanda aka zaba. Yana tsaye kusa da fossa da aka nuna, yana daga bayan jikin kuma yana juya shi da kyau. Idan amarya tana kusa, namiji yana jagorantar wutsiya zuwa inda take.
Wasu mazan suna da karamin kurege na mata biyu ko uku. Idan akwai wadatattun abubuwa da yawa, sai su samar da matsugunan mulkin mallaka wanda kusan duk kusancinsu yake da juna.
Lapwing gurbi yana ƙasa / low hummock kuma yana da bakin ciki mai layi tare da busasshiyar ciyawa: shimfidar ciyawar na iya zama mai yawa ko gaba ɗaya baya rashi. A cikin kama yawanci yawanci akwai ƙwai 4 mai kama da kama-zaitun mai launin ruwan-kasa mai dunƙulen duhu, an kafa shi da kunkuntun saman ciki.
Mace ta fi zama a kan gida - miji yana maye gurbin ta sau da yawa. Babban aikinta shine kare zuriya ta gaba (idan barazanar tayi tsanani, mace ma tana zuwa don taimakon namiji). Kajin suna kyankyasar kwan a cikin kwanaki 25-29, kuma da farko mahaifiya tana dumama su cikin sanyi da daddare, kuma ta dauki wadanda suka balaga da ita don neman abinci. Mace takan ɗauki zuriya daga makiyaya da filaye, tana neman wuraren da ke da ruwa tare da wadataccen abinci.
Kajin, godiya ga launin kawunansu, ba a ganuwa da bangon tsirrai masu kewaye, kuma, ƙari ma, sun san yadda za su ɓoye cikin fasaha (daskarewa mai ban dariya a cikin "ginshiƙai", kamar penguins). Tsintsin ya girma cikin sauri kuma bayan wata ɗaya ya riga ya ɗauki fukafukinsa. A ƙarshen lokacin rani, dabbobin suna zuwa cikin garken tumaki (har zuwa tsuntsaye da yawa), suna fara yawo a kewayen, daga baya su tashi zuwa hunturu.
Makiya na halitta
Kasancewar ana yin fatawar fatawa da yawa daga tsoffin ƙasashe da masu fuka-fukai, musamman waɗanda ke samun damar kama tsuntsaye cikin haɗari. Abokan gaba na lapwings sune:
- jackals;
- kerkeci;
- karnukan feral;
- tsuntsayen dabbobi, musamman shaho.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Lapwings a sauƙaƙe yana sanin matakin haɗari - suna zagaye da kururuwa lokacin da hankaka, karnuka ko mutum ya bayyana, amma suna kwance a ƙasa, suna tsoron motsawa lokacin da suka lura da goshawk a cikin sama.
Croanƙara, magi, gull, jays da ... mazaunan Turai sun lalata gidajen lapwings. EUasashen EU sun hana lalata cinya: tattara ƙwai na hukuma na ƙarshe don teburin masarauta ya gudana a 2006 a arewacin Netherlands. Manoman Jamusawa ba sa yin biyayya ga doka kuma a lokacin bazara suna ci gaba da bincika filayen da ke kewaye da su, suna neman ƙwai masu cinya. Wanda ya fara ganowa an bayyana shi sarki kuma ya tafi gidan shaƙatawa mafi kusa don yin biki, tare da 'yan ƙauye masu farin ciki.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Dangane da Lissafin Lissafin IUCN, mafi yawan nau'ikan da ake fama da shi shine Vanellus gregarius (alade mai tsalle), wanda yawansa a 2017 bai wuce kawunan dubu 11.2 ba. Sauran ayyukan sawa ba sa haifar da damuwa ga kungiyoyin kiyayewa, duk da ɗan raguwar jama'a tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20.
Masana kimiyyar gargajiya sun bayyana wannan ta hanyar lalacewar filayen noma da rage dabbobi a kan kiwo, wanda ke haifar da yawan ciyawar ciyawa da ciyawa da shuke-shuke, inda filawings ba za su iya zama gida ba. Wasannin farautar su, ba ayi su a cikin Rasha ba, amma an shirya su, misali, a Spain da Faransa, shima yana haifar da raguwar yawan cincin. Kari kan hakan, galibi ana lalata gidajen da ake yin cinya a yayin aikin gona da sauran ayyukan noma.
