Ofayan manyan macizai masu haɗari da ɓatanci a cikin sararin Soviet bayan-nan shine gyurza. Ba ta jin tsoron mutum kuma ba ta ɗauki abin da ya wajaba don tsoratar da shi ba, kai hari ba zato ba tsammani da haifar da cizo da mummunan sakamako, wani lokacin sakamakon mutuwa.
Bayanin gyurza
Sunan tsakiya mai rarrafe Leperine viper... Ita, hakika, ta fito ne daga jinsin manyan macizai, wanda wani ɓangare ne na dangin viper. A cikin Turkmenistan an san shi da macijin doki (at-ilan), a Uzbekistan - a matsayin koren maciji (kok-ilan), kuma sunan "gyurza", wanda ya saba da kunnen Rasha, ya koma cikin gurz na Farisa, ma'anar "mace". Masanan ilimin herpeto suna amfani da kalmar Latin Macrovipera lebetina.
Bayyanar
Babban maciji ne mai kanannin mashi da bakin fuska, wanda ba safai ya wuce mita 1.75 ba. Maza sun fi mata tsayi kuma sun fi girma: na biyun suna nuna matsakaicin tsayi na 1.3 m, yayin da na farkon ba su gaza m 1.6 ba. Ana rarrabe su da ƙananan ma'aunan supraorbital. Fentin gyurza an zana shi monochrome (ba tare da tsari ba) an kuma rufe shi da sikeli mai yatsu. Launin dabbobi masu rarrafe ya bambanta ta mazauninsu, yana ba shi damar haɗuwa da yanayin wuri kuma ya zama ganuwa ga ganima / makiya.
Guntataccen jiki mai launi sau da yawa launin ja-kasa-kasa ko launin toka-mai-toshira, an tsarma shi da ɗigon ruwan kasa masu gudana a baya. Spotsananan wurare suna bayyane a tarnaƙi. Undersasan jikin mutum koyaushe yana da haske kuma yana cike da tabo mai duhu. Gabaɗaya, "kwat da wando" na gyurza an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar ire-irensa da haɗuwa da yankin yanki. Daga cikin vipers na Levantine, ba duka aka zana su ba; akwai kuma masu amfani da monochromatic, launin ruwan kasa ko baƙi, sau da yawa tare da shunayya mai laushi.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Macizai suna farkawa a cikin bazara (Maris - Afrilu), da zaran iska ya ɗumi har zuwa +10 ° C. Maza sun fara bayyana, kuma mata suna rarrafe bayan mako guda. Gyurzas ba sa zuwa wuraren farautar da aka saba da su nan da nan, suna ragargajewa a rana na ɗan lokaci ba kusa da hunturu "gidaje" ba. A watan Mayu, Vipers na Levantine galibi suna barin duwatsu, suna saukowa zuwa ƙasan tsaunuka masu dausayi. Anan macizai suna rarrafe a kan wuraren farautar mutum.
A al'adance ana lura da abubuwa masu rarrafe a cikin oases, kusa da rafuka da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa - gyurzas suna shan ruwa da yawa kuma suna son yin iyo, lokaci guda suna samun tsuntsayen. Da farkon zafin rana (har zuwa karshen watan Agusta), macizai suna canzawa zuwa yanayin dare kuma suna farauta da yamma, haka kuma da safe da farkon rabin daren. Kyakkyawan gani da jin ƙamshi suna taimakawa wajan farauta cikin duhu. Suna ɓoyewa daga zafin rana tsakanin duwatsu, a cikin ciyawa mai tsayi, a bishiyoyi da cikin kwazazzabai masu sanyi. A lokacin bazara da kaka, gyurza suna aiki a lokutan hasken rana.
Mahimmanci! Ta yanayin sanyi, Leipers vipers suna komawa mafakarsu ta hunturu, suna yin ɗaiɗai ɗaiɗai ko kuma a haɗe (har zuwa mutane 12). Don lokacin sanyi suna zama a cikin ramuka da aka watsar, a cikin raƙuman duwatsu da duwatsu. Hawan ciki yana farawa wani wuri a watan Nuwamba kuma zai ƙare a cikin Maris - Afrilu.
Gyurza yana da kamannin yaudara (mai kauri, kamar wanda aka yanketa daga jiki), saboda wannan ana ɗaukar macijin a hankali da rashin nutsuwa. Wannan ra'ayin na karya ya saukar da yan koyo fiye da sau daya, kuma har ma gogaggen masu kama macizai ba koyaushe suke kaifin jifar gyurza ba.
Masana ilimin herpeto sun san cewa dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da kyau wajen hawa bishiyoyi, tsalle da kuma tafiya cikin sauri a cikin ƙasa, da sauri da rarrafe daga haɗari. Ganin barazanar, gyurza ba koyaushe yake yin nasara ba, amma sau da yawa yakan kai hari nan da nan, yin jifa daidai da tsawon jikinsa. Ba kowane mai kamawa bane zai iya riƙe babban gyurza a hannunsa, yana mai yankan kansa sosai. A yunƙurin tserewa, macijin bai ko ɗan ɓoye ɗan kuncin sa ba, yana cizon ta don ya cutar da mutum.
Yaya tsawon lokacin gyurza
A cikin daji, macizai na Levantine suna rayuwa na kusan shekaru 10, amma ninki biyu, zuwa shekara 20 - a cikin yanayin wucin gadi... Amma komai tsawon rayuwar gyurza, sai ta zubar da tsohuwar fatarta sau uku a shekara - bayan da gabanin zama, da kuma tsakiyar lokacin bazara (wannan molt din yana da zabi). Dabbobi masu rarrafe na sabuwar haihuwa suna zubar da fatarsu yan kwanaki kadan bayan haihuwa, da dabbobi masu rarrafe har sau 8 a shekara.
Dalilai daban-daban suna shafar canji a lokacin narkewar allon:
- rashin abinci, wanda ke haifar da karancin maciji;
- rashin lafiya da rauni;
- sanyaya daga-lokacin-yanayi, wanda ke danne ayyukan gyurza;
- rashin isasshen zafi.
Yanayin ƙarshe na kusan kusan mahimmanci ga molt mai nasara. Saboda wannan dalili, a lokacin rani / kaka, dabbobi masu rarrafe sukan zubar da su sau da yawa da safe, kuma su rabu da fata bayan ruwan sama.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Idan ba a sami ruwan sama ba na dogon lokaci, ana yin gyurza a cikin raɓa, a kwance a ƙasa mai ɗumi ko kuma a nitsar da ita cikin ruwa, bayan haka sai ma'aunin ya yi laushi kuma ya bambanta daga jiki.
Gaskiya ne, har yanzu dole ne ku yi ƙoƙari: macizai suna rarrafe a kan ciyawa, suna ƙoƙarin zamewa tsakanin duwatsu. Ranar farko bayan narkewar, gyurza ya kasance a cikin mafaka ko kwance mara motsi kusa da rarrafe (fatar da aka watsar).
Gyurza guba
Ya yi kama da juna a cikin aiki / aiki zuwa dafin sanannen ɗan macijin Russell, wanda ke haifar da daskarewar jini (DIC), tare da yawan zubar jini. Gyurza tare da dafi mai ƙarfi, ba kamar yawancin macizai ba, baya jin tsoron mutane kuma galibi yakan kasance a wurin, ba yawo cikin ɓoye. Ba ta cikin hanzarin guduwa, amma a ƙa'ida ana daskarewa kuma tana jiran ci gaban al'amuran. Matafiyin da bai lura da macijin ba da gangan kuma ya sha kan haɗarin wahala daga saurin jefawa da ciza.
Kamar dai sauri kuma ba tare da jinkiri ba, macizan Levantine suna cizon masu tsaro da dabbobi a kan kiwo. Bayan gyurza ya cije ku, dabbobi kusan basa rayuwa. Ta yaya guba za ta shafi lafiyar wanda ya cije ya dogara da dalilai daban-daban - a kan yawan guba da aka shigar a cikin rauni, kan yadda ake cizon, a kan zurfin shigar hakora, amma kuma a jiki da lafiyar lafiyar wanda aka azabtar.
Hoton maye alama ce ta dafin macizan macizai kuma ya haɗa da alamun cututtuka masu zuwa (an lura da biyun farko a cikin larura masu sauƙi)
- ciwo mai tsanani;
- tsananin kumburi a wurin cizon;
- rauni da jiri;
- tashin zuciya da gajeren numfashi;
- ciwon sikeli mai girma;
- yaduwar jini ba tare da kulawa ba;
- lalacewar gabobin ciki;
- necrosis na nama a wurin cizon.
A halin yanzu, guba ta gyurza tana cikin ƙwayoyi da yawa. Viprosal (sanannen magani ne na rheumatism / radiculitis) ana samar da shi daga guba ta gyurza, da kuma magani mai saurin kumburi na Lebetox. Na biyu yana yaduwa don buƙatar hemophilia kuma a cikin aikin tiyata don aiki akan ƙwanƙwasa. Zub da jini bayan an yi amfani da Lebetox yana tsayawa a cikin minti ɗaya da rabi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yawan mace-mace daga cizon Transurucasian gyurz ya kusa zuwa 10-15% (ba tare da magani ba). A matsayin maganin guba, an gabatar da kwayar maganin maciji da aka shigo da ita ko kuma kwayar antigurza da aka shigo da ita (ba a sake samar da ita a Rasha ba). An hana shan magani kai-tsaye.
Nau'in gyurza
Tsarin haraji mai rarrafe ya sami canje-canje masu mahimmanci, farawa da zato cewa dukkanin kewayon yana dauke da nau'ikan nau'ikan manyan macizai. A cikin ƙarni na XIX-XX. masu ilimin kimiyyar halitta sun yanke shawara cewa ba daya ba, amma nau'ikan da suka danganci hudu - V. mauritanica, V. schweizeri, V. desertti da V. lebetina - suna rayuwa a Duniya. Bayan wannan rarrabuwa, Vipera lebetina ne kawai ake kira gyurza. Kari akan haka, masu biyan haraji sun yi maciji daga jinsin macizai masu sauki (Vipera), kuma gyurza ta zama Macrovipera.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin 2001, bisa ga nazarin kwayar halitta, wasu nau'ikan ghurz na Arewacin Afirka guda biyu (M. deserti da M. mauritanica) an sanya su zuwa jinsin Daboia, ko kuma a ga sarkokin sarkoki (D. siamensis da D. russeli) da na Palasdinawa (D. palestinae).
Har zuwa kwanan nan, masana ilimin herpeto sun amince da ƙananan nau'ikan gyurza 5, 3 daga cikinsu ana samun su a cikin Caucasus / Central Asia (a yankin tsohuwar Soviet Union). A cikin Rasha, gyurza na Transcaucasian yana rayuwa, tare da garkuwar ciki da yawa da rashi (ƙaramin lamba) na wuraren duhu a cikin ciki.
Yanzu al'ada ce ta magana game da ƙananan ƙananan 6, ɗayan ɗayan har yanzu ana tambaya:
- Macrovipera lebetina lebetina - yana zaune a tsibirin. Cyprus;
- Macrovipera lebetina turanica (Asiya ta Tsakiya gyurza) - yana zaune a kudancin Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Western Tajikistan, Pakistan, Afghanistan da Northwest India;
- Macrovipera lebetina obtusa (Transcaucasian gyurza) - yana zaune a Transcaucasia, Dagestan, Turkey, Iraq, Iran da Syria;
- Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea;
- Macrovipera lebetina cernovi;
- Macrovipera lebetina peilei ƙananan rukuni ne da ba a sani ba.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Gyurza yana da yanki mai yawa - ya mamaye yankuna da yawa a Arewa maso Yammacin Afirka, Asiya (Tsakiya, Kudu da Yamma), Larabawan Larabawa, Siriya, Iraki, Iran, Turkiya, Yammacin Pakistan, Afghanistan, Arewa maso Yammacin Indiya da tsibirin Bahar Rum.
Hakanan ana samun Gyurza a cikin sararin Soviet bayan-a Asiya ta Tsakiya da Transcaucasia, gami da Yankin Absheron (Azerbaijan). Yawan mutanen Gyurza da ke ware suma suna zaune a Dagestan... Saboda kashe-kashen da aka yi niyya, kadan daga cikin macizai suka rage a kudancin Kazakhstan.
Mahimmanci! Gyurza ya fi son biotopes na ɓangaren hamada, hamada da yankuna masu tsaunuka, inda akwai wadataccen abinci a cikin hanyar voles, gerbils da pikas. Tana iya hawa duwatsu har zuwa kilomita 2.5 (Pamir) da zuwa kilomita 2 sama da matakin teku (Turkmenistan da Armenia).
Macijin yana bin bushewar tuddai da gangara tare da dazuzzuka, ya zaɓi gandun daji na pistachio, bankunan magudanan ruwa, duwatsu da kwarin kogi, kwazazzabai tare da maɓuɓɓuka da rafuka. Sau da yawa rarrafe zuwa gefen gari, da ƙanshin beraye da kasancewar mafaka.
Gyurza rage cin abinci
Kasancewar takamaiman nau'in halittu masu rai a cikin abincin yana shafar yankin na gyurza - a wasu yankuna yana dogaro da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, a wasu kuma ya fi son tsuntsaye. Misali na Gyurzes na Asiya ta Tsakiya, wanda ba ya raina kowane tsuntsu kamar girman kurciya, ya nuna sha'awar wani na ƙarshe.
Abincin yau da kullun na gyurza ya ƙunshi dabbobi masu zuwa:
- gerbils da voles;
- beraye da beraye;
- hamsters da jerboas;
- ƙananan hares;
- busassun bushe-bushe da 'ya'yan alade;
- kananan turtles da geckos;
- launin ruwan hoda, mangwaro da macizai.
A hanyar, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna afkawa galibi matasa da masu fama da yunwa gyurza, waɗanda basu sami abubuwa masu ƙayatarwa da mai yawan kalori ba. Macijin yana neman tsuntsayen da suka yiwo rami, suna ɓuya a cikin dazuzzuka ko tsakanin duwatsu. Da zarar tsuntsun ya rasa wayewar kansa, sai gyurza ta kama shi da haƙoranta masu kaifi, amma ba za su bi ta ba idan matar da ba ta da sa'a ta yi nasarar tserewa. Gaskiya ne, jirgin ba ya daɗewa - a ƙarƙashin tasirin guba, wanda aka azabtar ya faɗi ya mutu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Macijin da ya hadiye abin da yake cinyewa ya sami inuwa ko matsuguni mai dacewa, kwance don wani sashi na jikin tare da gawa a ciki ya kasance ƙarƙashin rana. Cikakken gyurza baya motsawa tsawon kwanaki 3-4, yana narkar da abinda ke ciki.
An tabbatar da cewa gyurza yana taimaka wajan adana albarkatu a cikin filayen, yana kashe horan kwari masu yawa na kwari masu aikin gona, ƙaramin rodents.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Farkon lokacin saduwa na gyurza ya dogara da kewayon ƙananan ra'ayoyi, yanayi da kuma yanayi: misali, macizan da ke zaune a tsaunuka kan fara soyayya daga baya. Idan bazara ta daɗe kuma ta yi sanyi, macizai ba su da hanzarin barin filayen hunturu, wanda ke shafar lokacin ɗaukar ciki na zuriya. Yawancin wakilan jinsunan suna yin aure a cikin watan Afrilu zuwa Mayu a cikin yanayi mai kyau.
Yana da ban sha'awa! An fara yin jima'i ta hanyar wasannin soyayya, lokacin da abokan hulɗa suke cudanya da juna, suna miƙawa kusan rubu'in tsayinsu.
Ba duk leffin na Levantine bane ke da ruwa ba - a yawancin zangon suna da ovoviviparous. Gyurza fara saka ƙwai a watan Yuli - Agusta, kwanciya 6-63, ya danganta da girman mace. Kwan kwan yana da nauyin 10-20 g tare da diamita na 20-54 mm. Clutaramar kama (ƙwai 6-8 a kowannensu) ana lura dasu a arewacin kewayon, inda ake samun ƙaramin gyurzy.
Abubuwan da aka watsar da duwatsu da duwatsu suka zama incubators, inda ƙwai (gwargwadon yanayin iska) ya girma na kwanaki 40-50. Wani muhimmin ma'auni don ci gaban amfrayo shine danshi, tunda ƙwai na iya ɗaukar danshi, yana ƙaruwa cikin taro. Amma tsananin zafi yana lahani ne kawai - siffofin siradi akan harsashi, amfanina kuwa ya mutu... Mass hatching daga ƙwai yana faruwa a ƙarshen watan Agusta - Satumba. Haihuwa a cikin gyurz baya faruwa a baya sama da shekaru 3-4.
Makiya na halitta
Lian kadangaren ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin maƙiyi mafi haɗari na gyurza, tunda ba shi da kariya daga guba mai guba mai guba. Amma dabbobi masu dabbobi masu rarrafe ma farautar dabbobi masu shayarwa, wadanda ba a hana su ko da damar cizon su ne - kuliyoyin daji, kerkeci, diloli da dila. Ana kai wa Gyurza hari daga iska - an ga marasa kuda da masu cin maciji a cikin wannan. Hakanan, dabbobi masu rarrafe, musamman matasa, galibi suna kan teburin wasu macizan.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Kungiyoyin kiyayewa na duniya ba su nuna wata damuwa ba game da macizai na Levant, idan aka yi la'akari da yawan mutanen duniya yana da yawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Figuresarshe yana da goyan baya ta hanyar adadi: a cikin mazaunin gurz akwai macizai 4 a kowace kadada 1, da kuma kusa da wuraren ajiyar ruwa (a watan Agusta zuwa Satumba) har zuwa mutane 20 da suka tara a kowace kadada.
Koyaya, a wasu yankuna (gami da yankin Rasha na kewayon), dabbobin Gyurza sun ragu sosai saboda ayyukan tattalin arziƙin ɗan adam da kame dabbobi masu rarrafe. Macizai sun fara ɓacewa gaba ɗaya daga mazaunansu, dangane da wannan nau'in Macrovipera lebetina ya kasance cikin littafin Red Book of Kazakhstan (II category) da Dagestan (II category), haka kuma an haɗa shi a cikin sabunta littafin Red Book na Tarayyar Rasha (III rukuni).
