Wannan sanannen sanannen sananne ne saboda tsananin rashin rarrabuwa - manul ba shi da laushi, yana rayuwa kusa da mutum tsawon shekaru. Koda kyanwan kifin Pallas da aka haifa a cikin bauta bai zama mai ɗoki ba.
Bayanin manul
Wani bajamushe dan asalin kasar nan Peter Palass ne ya gano shi kuma ya gabatar da shi ga duniya, wanda ya gano mai farautar a shekarar 1776 kusa da Tekun Caspian, godiya ga abin da dabbar ta samu sunansa na tsakiya - Kwarjin Pallas (pallas cat). Daga cikin sunaye biyu na kimiyya Felis manul da Otocolobus manul, na biyun shine mai rikitarwa, ma'ana "mummunan kunne" a Girkanci (otos - kunne, da kolobos - mummuna).
Bayyanar
An san kyanwar Pallas a matsayin ƙaramar kyanwar daji da ke zaune a sararin Soviet bayanta... Tare da tsayin rabin mita da nauyin kilogiram 2-5, zai yi kama da kyanwa na yau da kullun, idan ba don halayenta mai tsananin gaske da furcin ciyawa ba, wanda ke ba ta girma da yawa. Gabaɗaya, kyanwar Pallas da alama tana da girma sosai: ra'ayi yana cike da gaɓoɓi masu kauri da ƙarfi, ba doguwa ba musamman (23-31 cm). Yatsun kafafu suna da karfi.
Dangane da ɗayan maganganun, kyanwar Pallas tana da alaƙar kut da kut da kuliyoyin Farisa, waɗanda ke da tsari iri ɗaya, gashi mai laushi da siffar kai (baƙuwa). A gefen gefenta akwai kunnuwa masu fadi da dogon gashi masu gudu zuwa ga bangarorin.
Kyanwar Pallas ba ta da 30 (kamar yawancin felines), amma hakora 28, inda canines suka ninka na cat na gida sau uku. Idanun suna sanye da ingantattun membran jiki masu narkewa: suna aiki azaman fatar ido na uku, suna kiyaye gabobin jiki daga bushewa da rauni. Kyanwar Pallas ta shahara saboda kallon manyan idanun rawaya-kore, wanda a karkashinta aka shimfida ratsi biyu na baki a gefen kunci. Endsaya ya ƙare a gindin kunnen, ɗayan kuma ya ƙare a wuya (a ƙarƙashin kunnen).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kyakkyawan lalatacciyar kwalliyar Pallas, idan aka kwatanta da sauran kyanwan, ana bayanin ta girman gashi (7 cm) da kuma yawan tsironsu - dubu 9 akan 1 sq. cm
Kuliyoyin Pallas sun ɗan bambanta da girma da launi, gwargwadon ƙananan (ɗaya daga cikin uku) da mazauninsu:
- Otocolobus manul manul - yana da launi iri ɗaya (yana zaune mafi yawan zangon, amma ya fi yawa a Mongolia da yammacin China);
- Otocolobus manul ferruginea - ya yi fice tare da launin ja-ocher mai launuka masu launuka ja (rayuwa a Uzbekistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan da Pakistan);
- Otocolobus manul nigripecta - yana nuna launi mai launin toka, yana samun launin shuɗi mai launin toka a lokacin hunturu (mazaunan Kashmir, Tibet da Nepal).
An kafa daidaitaccen launi na hunturu ta launuka masu launin toka mai haske da kodadde, inda furfura masu launin toka suna da fari fari. Gabobin da ciki sun fi jan launi fiye da na baya, a faɗin inda aka shimfiɗa ratsi na baƙi 6-7, yana sauka zuwa tarnaƙi. Hakanan ana ringin wutsiya tare da layuka masu wucewa (har zuwa 7) kuma ya ƙare da bakin baƙi.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Kyanwar Pallas, kamar kuliyoyi da yawa, suna rayuwa dabam kuma suna zaman kashe wando, ba tare da komawa ga ƙaura ba. Namiji ya mallaki filayen farauta har zuwa murabba'in mita 4. km., Inda yake tanadi kogon, yana zaɓan keɓaɓɓun wurare tsakanin duwatsu ko cikin rami. Yawanci yakan mamaye buhunan marmot (tarbagans) da dawakai, ko tono nasa, a cikin kwazazzabai masu nisa da ƙasan tsaunuka. Wani ɓangare na dare yana hutawa a cikin kogon, yana ɗaukar lokacin duhu na yini don farauta.
Yana bayyana sau da yawa bayan faduwar rana, da sanyin safiya, ko kuma da rana idan hakan ta faru a lokacin rani. Don neman abinci, kyanwar Pallas ta bar kogon da bai wuce kilomita 0.1-1 ba, yana duba filayen da ke kusa, steppe da duwatsu. Hanyar motsi tana kama da fox, a madaidaiciya layi da waƙa a waƙa, amma tare da tazara daban tsakanin waƙoƙin zagaye (12-15 cm).
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin tasoshin siginar sauti na manul - kaifin kaɗawa da gurnani mai ƙarfi. Kyanwar Pallas, ba kamar sauran kuliyoyi ba, ba ta san yadda za ta yi dariya ba sam.
Mai farauta ba ya jure mamayewar sararin mutum - a wannan yanayin, ya zama mai tsananin tashin hankali kuma yana amfani da dogayen dogaye.
Mutane nawa ne suke rayuwa
Dangane da ƙididdiga masu kauri, a cikin daji, kyanwar Pallas ba koyaushe ke rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 11-12 ba, amma tana da damar dawwama idan ta shiga gidan shakatawar. Don haka, a cikin gidan Zoo na Moscow, ɗayan kuliyoyin pallas ya rayu har zuwa shekaru 18. Bugu da kari, kyanwar Pallas wata alama ce ta gidan zoo na babban birnin kasar daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 2014, kuma hoton kyanwa ya yi fice a babbar kofar shiga. Amma tarihin jinsuna a gidan zoo ya faro tun da wuri, tun a 1949, lokacin da kyanwar Pallas ta farko ta bayyana a nan.
Tun daga 1957, dabbobi suna kan dindindin, kuma tun daga 1975, masu farauta sun fara haifuwa a kai a kai. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an haifi kittens sama da 140 a gidan ajiyar namun daji, ba duk waɗanda suka rayu har zuwa girma ba, amma kyanwar "Moscow" Pallas ce ta ƙara tarin tarin gidajen namun Amurka da na Turai. Gidan Zoo na Moscow ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin jagora a yawan haihuwar haihuwar Pallas, duk da matsalolin haifuwa da tsare su a cikin fursuna.
Mahimmanci! Lokacin da mazaunin suka canza, kyanwar Pallas na fuskantar tsananin damuwa, wanda ke shafar tsarin rigakafi da lafiyar gaba ɗaya. Mutane da yawa, shiga cikin yanayin da ba a sani ba, suna mutuwa saboda cututtukan cututtuka.
Lokaci ya yi da za a yi magana game da ci gaba da haihuwar kyanwar Pallas a cikin gidan namun daji, kodayake wasu daga cikinsu ba su da nisa da ƙarni na farko na maharan da aka haife su a cikin fursuna. Akwai wasu jarumai waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kiyaye kyanwar Pallas a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu da kuma gidaje, yaudarar su da kamanninta na waje da kyanwa. Amma akwai dalilai da yawa da suka sa tsare gida ba zai yiwu ba:
- rashin haƙuri ga yanayin zafi mai ɗumi (an tsara ulu mai kauri don tsananin sanyi, har zuwa ƙasa da digiri 50);
- ƙi abinci wanda ba a sani ba;
- raguwa sosai a cikin rigakafi da saukin kamuwa da cuta.
Kuma mafi mahimmanci, manul yana da taurin kai da wadatar kansa. Ba zai taɓa zama da ladabi ba kuma ba zai iya tuntuɓar mutane ba koda bayan shekaru masu yawa.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Pallas cat ya yadu sosai - a Tsakiya da Tsakiyar Asiya, a kudancin Siberia (daga bakin tekun Caspian zuwa Transbaikalia). Kyanwar Pallas tana zaune a Transcaucasia, Mongolia, Western China da Tibet, da Afghanistan, Iran da Pakistan.
Mahimmanci! A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yankin kyanwar Pallas, kusan an gama da shi a cikin gangaren buɗaɗɗen fili, ya zama ɓarke, ya zama yankuna masu keɓewa.
A kasarmu, akwai irin wadannan yankuna uku (gabas, trans-Baikal da Tuva-Altai), kuma babu tazara tsakanin na biyu da na uku:
- gabas - tuddai na yankin Chita (tsakanin Shilka da Argun) zuwa Onon ta yamma;
- Transbaikal - a cikin iyakokin gandun daji-steppe da steppe yankuna na Buryatia (Dzhida, Selenginsky da Ivolginsky) zuwa latitude na Ulan-Ude;
- Tuva-Altai - yankin kudu maso gabashin Tyva da Altai.
Kyanwar Pallas na neman tsaunukan dutse da yankuna masu fadi da shuke-shuken daji, inda zai iya buya da rana, wanda hakan ne ya sa aka daure shi da wasu shimfidar wurare - kananan tsaunuka, duwatsu (tare da filaye masu hade) da tsaunukan tsaunuka, tsaunuka da tuddai. Duk inda kyanwar Pallas ta sauka, akwai yanayin yanayi mai tsananin yanayi tare da yanayin ƙarancin hunturu (har zuwa -50 ° C) da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara.
Pallas cat abinci
Kayan abincin kifin pallas baya mamakin ire-irensu - waɗannan ƙananan beraye ne kuma lokaci-lokaci ƙananan tsuntsaye. Nitsar da gangaren ƙasar noma (dangane da kamun dabbobi) ya ninka biyu: a gefe ɗaya, beraye suna ƙoƙari su bar waɗannan wurare, a gefe guda kuma, suna fara tarawa kusa da sansanonin dabbobi kuma da sauri kifin Pallas ya gano su.
Kayan gargajiya na Pallas sun hada da dabbobi kamar:
- voles da ƙwayoyin cuta;
- hamsters da gophers;
- tolai hares;
- marmots (matasa);
- pikas;
- jaka da jaka;
- larks da sauran tsuntsayen da ke yin sheƙarsu a ƙasa;
- kwari (a lokacin rani).
Kyanwar Pallas tana jiran wanda aka azabtar a kusa da burbushin dutse ko duwatsu: idan burrow din ba shi da zurfi, sai ta fitar da abin takaici tare da tafin hannunta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Zuwa kaka (a cikin Oktoba - Nuwamba), sha'awar kwalliyar Pallas tana girma. Suna cinye ninki ɗaya da rabi kuma suna yin kiba mara iyaka. A lokacin hunturu (Disamba - Janairu), sha'awar abinci takan ɓace, kuma dabbobi suna cin kowace rana.
A gidajen namun daji, ana ba kuliyoyi nama tare da koren hatsi da cin kashi, amma gawarwaki / kwarto, musamman don wannan, ana amfani da shi azaman abincin da aka fi so. Ana ciyar da kyanwar Pallas da yamma.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Kyanwar Pallas takan hayayyafa sau daya a shekara... Rut ɗin ya faɗi a watan Fabrairu - Maris. Kiran auren miji yayi kama da gicciye tsakanin ɗan haushi da kukan mujiya. Estrus din mace ba ya dadewa, kimanin awanni 42. A farkon rututun, abokan hulɗa da yawa suna nuna sha'awar mace mai shirin saduwa, lokaci-lokaci suna fara faɗa mai ƙarfi. Gestation yana ɗaukar kwanaki 66 zuwa 75 (60 a matsakaici), kuma an haifi kittens masu tabo a watan Afrilu - Mayu ko ƙarshen Mayu - Yuni. Akwai yawanci blindan ƙura makafi 3-5 a cikin layin, amma maiyuwa ɗaya ne ko bakwai.
Kowane ɗayan da aka haifa ya kai nauyin 0.3 zuwa 0.4 tare da tsawon kusan cm 12. Kittens suna buɗe idanunsu bayan kwanaki 10-12 kuma suna canza gashinsu a watanni 2 da haihuwa, lokacin da suka riga sun auna nauyin 0,5-0.6. Bayan sun kai watanni 3-4, dabbobi dabbobi fara farauta. Ba duk kuruciyar Pallas ke rayuwa har zuwa lokacin haihuwa ba, wanda zai fara a watanni 10. Yawancin kittens suna mutuwa tun suna ƙuruciya daga ƙananan cututtukan cututtuka.
Makiya na halitta
Katar ta Pallas tana da ƙaunatattun mutane da yawa, duka abokan buɗewa da masu gasa abinci. Na karshen sun hada da tsuntsaye masu ganima, corsac, polecat mai haske, da kuma fox gama gari.
Abokan gaba na Pallas sun hada da:
- Wolves (kwanan nan bred);
- karnuka (ɓatattu da makiyayi), suna jiran kyanwar Pallas a kusa da alƙalumma don dabbobi;
- tsuntsayen falcon;
- mujiya;
- mafarauta.
Katar Pallas tana da nauyi kuma ba ta isa da sauri don kauce wa bin manufa ba. Yana ƙoƙari ya gudu don zuwa cikin ramin ajiya ko ɓoye tsakanin duwatsu, amma idan abin ya motsa, sai ya juya fuska ga abokan gaba (ya zauna ko ya kwanta). A wannan matsayin, mai farautar ya zama saukakken ganima ga babban kare ko mafarauci. Za a iya ɗaukar kyanwar Pallas ba zato ba tsammani a tsakiyar dare, ta makantar da fitilun mota: kyanwar ba ta taɓa gudu ba, amma tana ƙoƙari ta ɓoye, wanda yawanci yakan jawo masa rayuwarsa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Kyanwar Pallas maigidan gaskiya ne na ɓoyewa da neman ɓoyewa a ƙasa. Sensing mutum, ya daskarewa kuma ya zauna na tsawon sa'o'i ba tare da motsawa ba, yana haɗuwa da launi tare da yanayin kewaye.
Mahimmanci! Samun damar juyawa zuwa rashin ganuwa ya yiwa kyanwar Pallas aiki da rashin amfani, hakan yasa karatun / kariya daga jinsunan ya kasance aiki mai wahalar gaske. Pallas cat har yanzu ba a yi nazari sosai ba, kuma ba a san ainihin adadin nau'in ba.
A farkon wannan karnin, kamar yadda masana kimiyyar halittu suka nuna, jimillar kuliyoyin Pallas a kasarmu ta kasance daga mutane dubu 3 zuwa 3.65. Yawan kuliyoyin na ci gaba da raguwa, gami da wuraren da aka kiyaye: a wasu wuraren, ya bace kusan gaba daya.
A wasu yankuna, matsakaicin yawan masu farauta shine dabbobin da suka balaga 2.5-3 a kowace kilomita 10². Raguwar yawan mutane yana da tasirin tasirin anthropogenic da wasu dalilai:
- farauta don fur;
- yawan amfani da madaukai / tarko don kama dodonni da zomaye;
- sako-sako da karnuka;
- raguwa cikin wadataccen abinci (saboda rage haifuwa na rodents, gami da marmots);
- lokacin sanyi mai kankara da kankara mai tsayi;
- mutuwa daga cututtuka.
Shekaru biyar da suka wuce, "Daursky" ajiyar ajiyar halittu ta karɓi tallafi daga Geoungiyar Ra'ayoyin Russianasa ta Rasha, wanda aka ware don shirin "kiyayyar kuliyoyin Pallas a Transbaikalia. Manufarta ita ce samun bayanai na yau da kullun game da wuraren zama da motsi na kifin Pallas, don tantance yanayin rayuwar samari da dabbobi manya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mutum bai riga ya isa wuraren da aka fi so da kyanwar Pallas ba, waje da duwatsu masu duwatsu, wanda ke ba da ƙaramar fata don kiyaye nau'in.
A halin yanzu, Felis manul yana cikin littafin Red Data na Tarayyar Rasha, kuma an saka shi a Shafi na II na Yarjejeniyar CITES (1995) da IUCN Red List a cikin “kusa da barazanar”. An hana farautar Manul ko'ina.
