Ana kiran wannan ɗan sandar Kudancin Amurka da berayen daji. Paka da gaske yana kama da babban bera, an rina shi kamar barewar sika - an ja jan gashi tare da layuka marasa tsari na farin ɗigon.
Bayanin fakitin
Jinsi Cuniculus paca daga dangin Agoutiaceae shine kadai a cikin jinsi guda sunan... Paca ana ɗaukarsa a matsayi na shida mafi girma a cikin fauna a duniya. Ga wasu yana kama da alade mai alade, ga wasu - kitse, zomo marar kunne. Dangane da ilimin paleogenetics, dabbobi sun bayyana bai wuce Oligocene ba.
Bayyanar
Yana da wani babban rodent mai nauyi pear mai nauyi kamar baya da gajere, girma zuwa 32-34 cm a bushe da kuma 70-80 cm a tsawon. Ba a faɗar da dimorphism na jima'i, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa mace za ta iya rikicewa cikin sauƙi da namiji. Manya suna da nauyin kilo 6 zuwa 14. Kunshin yana da kunnuwa masu kyau, idanu masu duhu masu haske, kumatun kunci halayyar agouti da dogon vibrissae (wani nau'in abin taɓawa).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Akwai rami a cikin kokon kai tsakanin bakunan zygomatic, saboda haka sai a kanyi birgeshi, hakora hakora ko hayaniyar pac sau da yawa kuma da alama (a kwatanta shi da launin fuskarsa) da ƙarfi sosai.
Rodarfin yana da ƙaramin gashi (ba tare da sutura ba) ja ko launin ruwan kasa, an yi masa ado da layuka masu tsayi 4-7, waɗanda suka ƙunshi farar fata. Fatar kananan dabbobi an rufe ta da sikeli masu sihiri (kusan 2 mm a diamita), wanda ke basu damar kare kansu daga kananan masu farautar su. Gaban goshin, sanye da yatsu huɗu, sun fi guntu baya, da yatsu biyar kowannensu (biyu daga cikinsu ƙanana ne da wuya su taɓa ƙasa). Paka na amfani da kaɓuranta masu kauri da ƙarfi don haƙa ramuka, yayin amfani da haƙoranta masu kaifi wajen cizon sabbin hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Paka mai gamsarwa ne wanda bai yarda da kungiyoyin aure da manyan kungiyoyi ba. Koyaya, beraye suna jituwa da juna koda a cikin wata maƙwabta mai ƙima, lokacin da wakilai kusan dubu na jinsunan ke kiwo a yankin 1 km². Paka ba zai iya tunanin rayuwarta ba tare da tafki ba - kogi ne, rafi ko tafki. An tsara mazaunin kusa da ruwa, amma don kada ambaliyar ta share layar. Anan yakan ɓuya daga abokan gaba da mafarauta, amma wani lokacin yana iyo zuwa ƙetaren banki don rikitar da hanyoyin.
Mahimmanci! Galibi suna aiki ne a lokacin faduwar rana, da dare da kuma wayewar gari, musamman a wuraren da akwai masu cutar farauta da yawa. Da rana suna barci a cikin ramuka ko ɓoyayyen rami, suna ɓoyewa daga hasken rana.
Paka ba koyaushe yake haƙa ramin kansa ba - sau da yawa yakan ɗauki na wani, wanda wani magini "magini" ya gina a gabansa. Tona rami, ya gangara 3 m kuma cikin hikima ya shirya ƙofar da dama: don ƙauracewar gaggawa da amfani gama gari. Duk ƙofofin suna rufe da busassun ganye, waɗanda ke yin ayyuka biyu - sake kamanni da gargaɗin farkon lokacin da ake kokarin mamaye ramin daga waje.
A cikin motsinsu na yau da kullun, da kyar suke juyawa hanyar da aka buge, suna sanya sababbi kawai lokacin da tsofaffin suka lalace. Wannan yakan faru ne bayan tsananin ruwan sama ko zaizayar ƙasa kwatsam. Paka yana alamta kan iyaka da fitsari, kuma yana tsoratar da waɗanda suka tozarta yankinsa tare da haɓakar 1 kHz (wanda aka samar da shi ta ɗakunan ƙofofin kunci).
Har yaushe Paka ke rayuwa
Masana ilmin halitta sun kiyasta yawan rayuwar jinsin zuwa kashi 80%, suna kiran rashin abinci na yanayi babban abinda ke iyakance yanayin. A cewar lura, wani bangare na dabbobin suna mutuwa daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, tun da beraye ba su iya wadatar da kansu abinci. Idan akwai wadataccen abinci kuma babu wata barazana daga masu farauta, paca a cikin daji yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 12.5.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Paca ɗan asalin Kudancin Amurka ne, a hankali yana sauka a cikin yankuna masu zafi / yankunan tsakiyar Amurka... Beraye sun fi zaɓar gandun dajin ruwa kusa da jikin ruwa na halitta, da gandun daji na mangrove da gandun daji masu hotuna (koyaushe da tushen ruwa). Hakanan ana samun Pakas a wuraren shakatawa na gari tare da rafuka da tabkuna. An ga dabbobin a wuraren tsaunuka sama da kilomita 2.5 na matakin teku kuma da ɗan ƙasa kaɗan a yankuna makiyaya (wanda ke tsakanin mita 2,000-3,000 a saman tekun) a arewacin Andes.
Beraye sun dace da rayuwa a cikin ciyawar tsaunuka masu danshi, rami da tsaunuka na Kudancin Amurka na Andes, inda akwai tabkuna da yawa na halitta. Wannan tsarin halittar, wanda ake kira páramo ta wurin yan asalin ƙasar, yana tsakanin layin daji na sama (tsayin kilomita 3.1) da kuma iyakar dusar ƙanƙara ta dindindin (tsayin kilomita 5) An lura cewa dabbobin da ke zaune a tsaunuka sun bambanta da sutura mai duhu fiye da mazaunan filayen da ke kan tsauni tsakanin kilomita 1.5 da kilomita 2.8.
Abincin Pak
Dabba ce mai shayarwa wacce abincin ta yakan canza tare da yanayi. Yawanci, abubuwan da ake so na gastronomic sun fi karkata ne game da albarkatun 'ya'yan itace da yawa, mafi kyawunsu shine itacen ɓaure (mafi daidai,' ya'yan itacen da aka sani da itacen ɓaure).
Manhaja mai sanyawa shine:
- 'ya'yan itacen mango / avocado;
- buds da ganye;
- furanni da tsaba;
- kwari;
- namomin kaza.
Ana neman abinci, gami da 'ya'yan itace da suka faɗi, a cikin dajin daji, ko kuma ƙasa ta tsage don cire asalinsu masu gina jiki. Kujerun fakitin wanda ya ƙunshi tsaba wanda ba a lalata shi ba ya zama kayan shuka.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ba kamar agouti ba, paca ba ya amfani da ƙafafuwan gabanta don ɗaukar 'ya'yan itace, amma yana amfani da maƙogwaronsa mai ƙarfi don buɗe baƙon' ya'yan itace mai wuya.
Paca ba mai kyamar najasa bane, wanda ya zama tushen mahimmanci na furotin mai narkewa da carbohydrates. Bugu da kari, dabbar tana da wani fasali mai ban mamaki wanda ya banbanta shi da agouti - paca na iya tara kitse domin ciyar da ita a lokutan sirara.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Tare da wadataccen kayan abinci, paca yana haifuwa duk shekara, amma sau da yawa yakan kawo zuriya sau 1-2 a shekara... Yayinda ake saduwa, dabbobi suna zama kusa da tafkin. Maza, ganin mace mai ban sha'awa, suna tsalle zuwa wurinta da ƙarfi, galibi suna tashi sama da mita a tsalle. Aringaukewar yana ɗaukar kwanaki 114-119, tare da tazara tsakanin odaruruwa na aƙalla kwanaki 190. Mace tana haihuwar ɗa guda, an rufe shi da gashi kuma an buɗe ido. Paca tana cinye duk wata najasar data rage daga haihuwa don kawar da ƙamshin halayyar da ke iya jawo hankalin masu farauta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kafin fara shayarwa, uwa tana lasar da jariri don motsa hanji da fara fitsari / bayan gida. Theayan da sauri ya girma kuma ya sami nauyi, yana samun kimanin 650-710 g a lokacin da zai bar burrow.
Tuni ya iya bin mahaifiyarsa, amma da kyar ya rarrafe daga cikin ramin, kofar fita wacce ke cike da ganye da rassa. Don tsunduma ɗiyan cikin aiki, mahaifiya tana kunna sautukan da ba su da ƙarfi, tana ɗaukar matsayi daga gefen burrow na waje.
An yi imanin cewa ƙaramin paca ya sami cikakken 'yanci ba da wuri ba da shekara ɗaya. Ba'a ƙayyade ikon haifuwa ba da shekaru da yawa kamar nauyi na fakitin. Haihuwa na faruwa ne bayan watanni 6-12, lokacin da maza suka sami kusan kilogiram 7.5, mata kuma aƙalla kilo 6.5.
Dangane da abubuwan da masana kimiyyar dabbobi suka yi, dangane da hayayyafa da shayar da zuriya, Paka ya bambanta da sauran beraye. Paca yana haihuwar ɗiya ɗaya, amma yana kulawa da shi sosai fiye da yadda danginsa da ke nesa ke yi wa 'ya'yansu da yawa.
Makiya na halitta
A dabi'a, maƙiya da yawa sun kama tarkon beraye, kamar su:
- kare kare;
- ocelot;
- puma;
- margai;
- jaguar;
- caiman;
- boa.
Manoma sun hallaka Paka yayin da beraye ke lalata amfanin gonarsu. Kari akan haka, paca ta zama abin farautar farauta saboda dandanon naman ta da kuma dasashi mai karfi. Ana amfani da na karshen don bukatun gida daban-daban, gami da matsayin kayan aiki don bugun tashoshi a cikin bama-bamai (waɗanda Indiyawan Amazon ke amfani dasu don farauta).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Labarin bincike na Cibiyar Smithsonian Institute for Tropical Research (Panama) ya kirkiro wata fasaha don sarrafa naman pak don karin amfani da shi a cikin abinci mara kyau.
Suna zuwa kama dabbobi da daddare ko wayewar gari, suna tafe da karnuka da fitilun wuta don su nemo kunshin ta fiskar idanun.... Aikin kare shi ne fitar da bera daga ramin da yake ƙoƙarin ɓoyewa. Yin tsalle daga ƙasa, paka yana rugawa zuwa gaɓar teku don saurin isa ruwa da ninkaya zuwa gefen kishiyar. Amma a nan mafarauta cikin kwalekwale suna jiran waɗanda suka tsere. Af, Paka bai taɓa yin kasa a gwiwa ba kuma ya yi faɗa da ƙarfi, yana tsalle a kan mutane kuma yana ƙoƙari ya ji rauni da maƙarƙashiya mai kaifi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A halin yanzu, ana rarraba nau'ikan 5 na pak, waɗanda aka rarrabe da mazauni da waje:
- Cuniculus paca paca;
- Cuniculus paca guanta;
- Cuniculus paca mexicanae;
- Cuniculus paca nelsoni;
- Cuniculus paca virgata.
Mahimmanci! A cewar ƙungiyoyi masu martaba, babu ɗayan nau'ikan fakitin da ke buƙatar kariya. Jinsunan gabaɗaya, kamar yadda Internationalungiyar Internationalasa ta Duniya ta Kula da Dabi'a da Albarkatun Kasa ta bayyana, suna cikin matsayin mafi ƙarancin damuwa.
A wasu yankuna, an rubuta ɗan ragi kaɗan na yawan jama'a, abin da ke haifar da shi shine harbin dabbobi da yawa da kuma raba su da muhallansu. Koyaya, kamawa tarko baya tasiri ga yawan jama'a, kuma beraye cikin adadi da yawa suna zaune, musamman wuraren kariya.
