Kerkeci (lat. Cаnis lupus) dabba ce mai lalata daga dangin Canidae. Tare da kyankyasai (Cаnis latrаns) da dodanni na gama gari (Cаnis аureus), da kuma wasu nau'ikan da rabe-raben, launin toka ko na kyarketai suna cikin jinsin Wolves (Cаnis).
Bayani na launin toka mai launin toka
Dangane da sakamakon binciken kwayar halitta da kuma binciken kwayar halittar jini, kerkeci sune magabatan kai tsaye na karnukan cikin gida, wadanda galibi ana daukar su wani bangare ne na kerkeci. A halin yanzu, Cаnis lupus sune manyan membobin gidan su na zamani.
Bayyanar
Girman da nauyin jikin kerkeci an nuna shi da yanayin sauyin yanayin yanki kuma kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin yanayi, wasu abubuwan na waje. Matsakaicin tsayin dabba a bushe ya bambanta daga 66 zuwa 86 cm, tare da tsayin jiki a cikin kewayon 105-160 cm da nauyin kilogram 32-62. Kerkeci da ya zo ko shekara daya yana da nauyin da bai wuce kilogira 20-30 ba, kuma yawan kerkeci masu shekaru biyu da uku bai wuce kilogiram 35-45 ba. Kerkeci mai girma ya zama yana da shekara uku, lokacin da mafi ƙarancin nauyin jiki ya kai kilogiram 50-55.
A waje, kerkeci suna kama da girma cikin girma, karnuka masu kunnuwa masu kaifi da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, manya da ƙafafun kafa. Yatsun tsakiyar tsakiya guda biyu na irin wannan mai farautar suna da alamun motsi na gaba, saboda hanyar da take samun sauƙin musamman. Wolves suna da goshin goshi mai faɗin kai wanda yake da fadi da kuma tsawan tsaho, babban mulos, wanda ke rarrabe ta ƙara bayyana, wanda ke ba da damar rarrabe abubuwa fiye da dozin na fuskokin fuskokin fuskokin. Kokon kai yana da girma, yana da girma kuma yana da girma, tare da bude kofofin hancinsa yana fadada a kasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mahimmancin bambance-bambance tsakanin waƙar kerkeci da waƙar kare suna wakiltar babban rauni na baya na yatsun gefe, tare da ajiye ƙafafun “a cikin ƙwallo” da madaidaiciyar hanyar da dabbar ta bari.
Wutsiyar "siffa ce mai siffa", mai kauri, koyaushe tana faɗuwa. Tsarin hakora halayya ce mai mahimmanci ta mai cin naman daji. Babban muƙamuƙin na kerkolfci yana sanye da kayan ciki guda shida, canines biyu, premolar takwas da molar guda huɗu, kuma a kan ƙananan muƙamuƙin akwai wasu ƙarin molar. Tare da taimakon fang, mai farauta ba wai kawai yana riƙe da kyau ba, har ma yana jan ganima, saboda haka asarar hakora ta zama dalilin yunwa kuma mafi tsananin mutuwar kerkeci.
Jawo mai lakabi biyu-Layer zai bambanta cikin isasshen tsayi da yawa... Gashi mara kariya na ruwa ne mai ƙyamar ruwa da datti, kuma rigar ƙasa tana da mahimmanci don dumi. Dabbobi daban-daban sun bambanta cikin launi wanda yayi daidai da yanayin. Masu cin gandun daji masu launin launin toka-launin ruwan kasa, masu launin tundra suna da haske, kusan fari a launi, kuma mutanen hamada suna da launin toka-ja. Thea Thean suna da launi mai duhu iri ɗaya, wanda yake yin haske yayin da dabbar take girma. A tsakanin mutane ɗaya, launin rigar mutane daban-daban na iya samun sanannun bambance-bambance.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Wolves suna aiwatar da ayyukansu na yau da kullun a cikin dare, suna tare da kasancewar su tare da kakkausar murya da tsawa, wanda ke matsayin hanyar sadarwa koda a nesa mai mahimmanci. A yayin farautar farauta, kerkuku, a ƙa'ida, baya yin sautin da ba dole ba kuma yayi ƙoƙarin motsawa cikin nutsuwa kamar yadda ya kamata.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wuraren da ke da launin toka mai launin toka sun banbanta sosai, wanda hakan ya faru ne sakamakon tsarewar irin wannan dabban mai shayarwa zuwa kusan kowane yanki.
Dabba mai shayarwa yana da ingantaccen ji... Gani da jin ƙamshi sun ɗan fi muni a cikin irin wannan dabbar. Dangane da ingantaccen aikin firgita, ƙarfi, gudu da saurin aiki, damar kerkeci na rayuwa yana da yawa. Mai farautar yana iya haɓaka saurin gudu har zuwa 60 km / h kuma ya rufe nisan 75-80 a cikin dare ɗaya.
Kerkeci nawa ke rayuwa
Manyan alamun rayuwar kerkeci mai ruwan toka a cikin yanayin yanayi a mafi yawan lokuta sun dogara ne da ayyukan mutane. Matsakaicin tsaran rayuwar irin wannan mai farautar a yanayi shine shekaru goma sha biyar ko kuma fiye da haka.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Ana samun kerkeci a mafi yawancin sassan Turai da Asiya, da kuma Arewacin Amurka, inda suka zaɓi taiga, yankunan gandun daji masu haɗari, kankara tundra har ma da hamada. A halin yanzu, iyakar arewacin ƙauyuka tana wakiltar bakin tekun Arctic Ocean, kuma na kudu yana wakiltar Asiya.
Sakamakon kwazo da kwazo na mutane, yawan wuraren da ake rarraba mai farauta ya ragu sosai a thean shekarun da suka gabata. Mutane galibi suna kashe kayan kerkeci tare da kore su daga wuraren da suke zaune, don haka irin wannan dabba mai cin nama ba ta daɗa zama a Japan, Tsibirin Burtaniya, Faransa da Holland, Belgium da Denmark, da Switzerland.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Kerkeci mai launin toka na dabbobi ne na yankuna, suna mamaye kilomita 502 har zuwa kilomita dubu 1.52, kuma yankin yankin dangi kai tsaye ya dogara da siffofin shimfidar wuri a mazaunin mai farautar.
Yankin rarraba kerkeci ya ƙaddara ta isasshen adadin ganima, ba tare da la'akari da lokacin ba. Mai farautar yana ƙoƙari ya guji wuraren dusar ƙanƙara da ci gaba da gandun daji tare da farkon lokacin hunturu. Mafi yawan mutane ana lura dasu a yankin tundra da gandun daji-tundra, dajin-steppe da yankuna masu tsayi, gami da steppes. A wasu halaye, wani mai farautar daji ya zauna kusa da mazaunin dan adam, kuma yankuna taiga a halin yanzu ana nuna su da yaduwar kerkeci bayan faduwar taiga, wanda mutane ke aiwatar da shi sosai.
Abincin abinci na launin toka mai launin toka
Wolves suna ciyarwa kusan akan abincin asalin dabbobi, amma a yankin kudanci 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan itacen daji sukan cinye ta. Babban abincin yana wakilta ta gida da daji, hares da ƙananan ƙwayoyi, da tsuntsaye da gawar. Tundra Wolves suna ba da fifiko ga maruƙa da barewar mata, geese, lemmings da voles. Raguna da tarbagans, da kuma zomo, galibi suna zama ganima ga mafarautan da ke zaune a yankunan tsaunuka. Abinci ga kerkeci na iya zama:
- dabbobin gida, ciki har da karnuka;
- karnuka raccoon;
- dabbobin daji, gami da dabbobin daji da barewa;
- dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- beyar, Foxes da martens;
- Blackan baƙar fata na Caucasian;
- ƙasa squirrels da jerboas;
- bushiya;
- dabbobi masu rarrafe;
- manyan kwari;
- berayen ruwa;
- kifi, gami da irin kifi;
- kadangaru da wasu nau'ikan kunkuru;
- ba manyan nau'in macizai ba.
Mahimmanci! Wolves suna ɗaya daga cikin dabbobi masu wahala, saboda haka suna iya sauƙaƙewa ba tare da abinci ba har tsawon makonni biyu ko ma ƙari kaɗan.
Wolves suna da halaye daban-daban na farauta, ya danganta da dalilai da yawa, gami da yanayin ƙasa, halaye nau'ikan kayan ganima, har ma da kasancewar kwarewar mutum a cikin mutum ko kowane ɗayan fakiti.
Manya suna cin ɗan ƙasa da kilogram biyar na nama a rana, amma mafi ƙarancin abincin asalin dabbobi bai kamata ya gaza kilogram ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu a kowace rana ba. Duk kayan ganimar da aka cinye rabin an raba su kuma a ɓoye su a hankali.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Kerkerai masu farautar mace daya ne, kuma haifuwa halayyar mutum biyu ne kacal cikin dangin da suka riga suka kafu. Tare da farkon lokacin saduwa, halayyar alpha mace da alpha alifa suna canzawa sosai kuma suna zama masu tashin hankali, amma bayan rutsi, yanayin cikin garken ya canza zuwa mafi dacewa don kiwon zuriya.
An kafa kogon a cikin matsugunai masu kariya, amma galibi galibi burbushin da wasu manyan dabbobi suka watsar ana amfani da shi azaman masu cinye ta. Baya ga kariya daga makiya da mutane, daidai wurin da kogon yake ba mace da namiji damar gano haɗari a cikin lokaci.
Lokacin haihuwa shine wata biyu a matsakaita. A cikin yankunan kudanci, ana haihuwar yara a ƙarshen Fabrairu ko a tsakiyar Afrilu, kuma a tsakiyar da arewacin latitude - daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu. Adadin yaran cikin leda na iya bambanta daga uku zuwa goma sha biyu. An haifi ppan kwikwiyo a cikin kogo, kuma a kwanakin farko kerkeci baya barinsu, kuma maza ne kawai ke da cikakken alhakin ciyar da iyali.
Ciyar da madara na 'ya'yan kuran yana daukar kimanin wata daya da rabi.... Daga shekara biyu da haihuwa, yaran sun koma cin nama. Saƙan kerkeci na iya zama su kaɗai na dogon lokaci, yayin da kerkeci ke farauta tare da kayan duka. Idan akwai shakku game da haɗari, sai mace ta canza ɗiyan ta wani wuri, inda za a tabbatar da zuriyar cikakkiyar aminci.
Maza sun balaga a lokacin da suke da shekaru biyu zuwa uku, kuma mata - sun kai kimanin shekaru biyu, amma galibi suna shiga cikin haihuwar ne kawai daga shekara uku zuwa biyar. Koyaya, kamar yadda lura ya nuna, shekarun da aka fara yin jima'i a cikin kerkeci mai ruwan toka ya dogara da dalilai da yawa na muhalli. Tare da isasshen abinci ko kuma a ƙarƙashin yanayin raguwar yawan kerkeci, dokokin ƙa'idodin yanayi na yawan mutane masu farauta suna aiki.
Makiya na halitta
Kerkeci mai launin toka yana da 'yan kaɗan na gaba tsakanin dabbobi. A yau, rabe-raben talatin na wannan mai haɗari, mai lalata da ƙarfi mai sananne sananne ne. Tsarin halittar da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba mutane ne kawai ke lalata su ba da tausayi ba, wanda hakan ke shafar yawan masu farautar kuma yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da barkewar annoba iri-iri a tsakanin dabbobi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Yawan kerkeci mai launin toka a wasu ƙasashe yana cikin barazanar hallaka gaba ɗaya a mafi yawan lokuta saboda tsoron mutane na rasa duk dabbobinsu. Guba ta kashe mahaukacin ba tare da tausayi ba, kuma a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, maharba ne suka harbe shi da yawa. Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haifar da raguwar adadin kerkeci, saboda haka, alal misali, a cikin Minnesota, dabba mai farauta an kiyaye ta azaman nau'in haɗari fiye da shekaru arba'in.
A yau, ana lura da daidaitaccen yanayin yawan jama'a a Kanada da Alaska, a cikin Finland, Italiya da Girka, Poland, a wasu ƙasashen Asiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Raguwar yawan jama'a da aka haifar ta hanyar farauta da lalacewar wuraren zama na barazana ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan Hungary, Lithuania da Latvia, Portugal da Slovakia, da Belarus, Ukraine da Romania. An sanya kerkeci a matsayin jinsin kare a kasashe irin su Croatia, Macedonia da Czech Republic, Bhutan da China, Nepal da Pakistan, da kuma Isra’ila. Wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na yawan launin fata wolf an haɗa su a Shafi II na Yarjejeniyar CITES.
