Salmon (lat. Salmonidae) wakilai ne na dangin kawai dangin umarnin Salmoniformes da kuma kifin Ray-finned.
Bayanin kifin
Duk salmonids suna cikin nau'in kifin da ke da sauƙin iya canza salon rayuwarsu, bayyanar su ta yau da kullun, da kuma manyan launuka masu alaƙa, dangane da halayen yanayin waje.
Bayyanar
Matsayin jikin manya na manya ya bambanta daga centan santimita zuwa kamar wata mita, kuma matsakaicin nauyi shine kilogiram 68-70... Tsarin jikin wakilan Salmoniformes tsari yayi kama da bayyanar kifin mallakar babban tsarin Herringiformes. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, har zuwa kwanan nan, an sanya dangin Salmon a matsayin abin kiwo, amma sai aka ware shi zuwa tsari mai zaman kansa gaba daya - Salmoniformes.
Jikin kifin yana da tsayi, tare da sanannen matsi daga bangarorin, an lullubeshi da cycloidal da zagaye ko sikeli mai kaifi, wanda sauƙin ya fadi. Fashin ƙugu yana da nau'ikan rayuka da yawa, wanda yake a tsakiyar ɓangaren ciki, kuma firam ɗin firam na babban kifi suna da nau'ikan zama ƙasa-ƙasa, ba tare da kasancewar hasken wuta ba. Insaurin ƙafafun ƙugu ya wakilta ta yanzu da ƙoshin lafiya na baya. Kasancewar karamin adipose fin alama ce ta halayya kuma ɗayan keɓaɓɓun sifofi na wakilan tsarin Salmoniformes.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wani fasali na ƙarshen dokin salmonids shine kasancewar haskoki goma zuwa goma sha shida, yayin da wakilai masu launin toka suna da haske 17-24.
Mafitsara daga cikin kifin, a matsayin ka’ida, an hada shi da esophagus ta wata hanya ta musamman, kuma bakin kifin yana da wata iyaka ta sama da kasusuwa hudu - premaxillary biyu da kuma kasusuwa biyu na maxillary. Mata sun bambanta a cikin oviducts na embryonic nau'in ko ba su da su kwata-kwata, sabili da haka, duk ƙwai da suka girma daga ƙwai suna iya fadowa cikin ramin jiki. Hanjin hanjin kifi yana da alamun kasancewar abubuwanda suka shafi pyloric da yawa. Yawancin jinsunan suna da fatar ido ta bayyane. Yawancin salmonids sun banbanta a wani bangare na kwarangwal wanda bai cika cika ba, kuma wani bangare na kokon kansa yana wakiltar guringuntsi da kuma hanyoyin da ba a yarda da su ba don kashin baya.
Nau'in, nau'ikan kifin kifi
Iyalan gidan Salmon suna da wakilai uku:
- jinsi uku na dangin Whitefish;
- jinsi bakwai na dangin salmonids masu dacewa;
- jinsi daya na gidan Grayling.
Duk membobin gidan Salmonidae suna da matsakaiciya zuwa babba, suna da ƙananan sikeli, da kuma babban baki tare da ingantattun hakora. Nau'in abinci na wannan gidan isan gauraye ne ko na lalata.
Babban nau'in kifin kifi:
- Amurkan Amurka da na arctic, kunja;
- Salmon ruwan hoda;
- Ishkhan;
- Chum;
- Kifin kifin, salmon na chinook;
- Kiristocin Arewacin Amurka;
- Kifin ruwan goro;
- Lenok;
- Salmon na Karfe, Clark;
- Jayen kifin;
- Kifin Salmon ko Mai Girma;
- Sima ko Mazu;
- Danube, Sakhalin Taimen.
Babban bambancin dake tsakanin igian gidan Sigi da na salmonids daidai yana wakiltar cikakkun bayanai a tsarin kwanyar, ƙaramin bakin da ƙananan sikeli. Grayling na dangi yana kasancewa da kasancewar doguwar doguwa mai tsayi, wanda zai iya samun fitowar jiki da launinsa mai haske. Duk launin ruwan toka shine kifin ruwa..
Hali da salon rayuwa
Kifin Salmon kifi ne na yau da kullun wanda ke rayuwa a cikin teku ko ruwan tafki, kuma yana hawa cikin koguna kawai don haifuwa. Muhimmin aiki na jinsuna daban-daban yayi kama, amma yana da wasu takamaiman fasali na musamman. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, lokacin da ya kai shekara biyar, kifin salmon ya shiga cikin ruwa mai sauri na hanzari da rafuka, wani lokacin yakan haura zuwa kilomita da yawa. Bayanai na ɗan lokaci game da shigar kifin kifin a cikin ruwan kogi ba iri ɗaya bane kuma yana iya bambanta sosai.
Don kafawa a cikin ruwan kogi a lokacin zamanin da aka fara haihuwa, yawancin kifin kifi ba shi da zurfin wuri kuma ba wuri mai sauri ba, wanda ya keɓance da kasancewar yashi-ƙanƙarar ƙasa ko ƙasan ƙasa. Mafi yawan lokuta, irin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon suna kusa da filayen samar da ɗiya, amma sama da hanzari ko hanzari.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin ruwan teku, kifin salmon na iya haɓaka isasshen saurin gudu yayin motsi - har zuwa kilomita ɗari a rana ɗaya, amma a cikin kogin saurin motsi na irin waɗannan kifin yana raguwa sosai.
A yayin zama a cikin irin waɗannan yankuna, kifin kifin "lag", saboda haka launinsu ya yi duhu sosai kuma an kafa ƙugiya a kan muƙamuƙin, wanda ke bayyana musamman ga maza na wannan dangin. A wannan lokacin, kalar naman kifin ya zama mai paler, kuma yawan kitsen yana raguwa a dabi'ance, wanda ke faruwa saboda rashin wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki.
Tsawon rayuwa
Adadin rayuwar salmonids bai wuce shekaru goma ba, amma wasu nau'in suna da karfin rayuwa kusan kwata na karni.... Taimi a halin yanzu yana riƙe da rikodin don girman jiki da matsakaicin rayuwa. Zuwa yau, kowane mutum daga wannan nau'in an yi masa rajista bisa hukuma, yana auna rakodi mai nauyin 105 tare da tsawon jiki 2.5 m.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Kifin Salmon ya mamaye kusan dukkan sassan arewacin duniya, wanda shine dalilin da yasa ake sha'awar kasuwancin irin wannan kifin.
Ishkhan, kifi mai daɗi mai kyan gani, yana rayuwa a cikin ruwan tafkin Sevan. Yawan kamun kifi na babban mai fada a ji na Pacific fadada - chum salmon ana gudanar da shi ba kawai a cikin ƙasarmu ba, har ma a Amurka.
Babban mahalli na launin ruwan goro sun hada da rafuka da yawa na Turai, da kuma ruwan White, Baltic, Black da Aral Teas. Mazu ko Sima mazaunin yankin Asiya ne na Tekun Fasifik, kuma babban kifin Taimen yana zaune a cikin duk kogunan Siberia.
Abincin Salmon
Abincin Salmonids ya bambanta. A matsayinka na mai mulki, a cikin cikin cikin manya, akwai ƙananan kifin da ba su da kyau da kuma yaransu, da kuma wasu ɓawon burodi, fuka-fuka masu fuka-fuka, yara masu juji da tsutsotsi. Da ɗan kaɗan sau da yawa, ana ciyar da ƙananan jellies da jellyfish ga kifin baligi.
Misali, babban abinci ga kifin kifi na yara yawanci ana wakiltar shi da tsutsa daga kwari daban-daban na cikin ruwa. Koyaya, parr yanada wadatar ciyarwa tare da sauran makunnin kifi, masu zane da kuma nau'ikan ƙananan kifi da yawa. Abincin salmonids na iya bambanta da alama gwargwadon yanayi da mazauninsu.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A arewacin ruwan kogin, lokacin yaduwar yana faruwa a rabin na biyu na Satumba ko Oktoba, tare da matsakaicin yanayin ruwa wanda ya fara daga 0-8 ° C. A cikin yankunan kudu, Salmonids sun tashi daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu, a zafin jiki na ruwa na 3-13 ° C. Ana ajiye Caviar a cikin rami da aka haƙa a ƙasan ƙasa, bayan haka ba a yayyafa shi da yawa tare da cakuda dangane da tsakuwa da yashi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Halin salmonids a lokacin ƙaura da lokacin haihuwa ya canza; sabili da haka, yayin hawan dutse, kifayen suna aiki sosai, suna wasa sosai kuma suna iya tsallakewa daga ruwa mai tsayi, amma kusa da tsarin haifar da irin waɗannan tsalle-tsalle sun zama ba safai ba.
Bayan an tsirar da shi, kifin ya yi sirara kuma ya yi rauni da sauri, sakamakon haka wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci daga ciki ya mutu, kuma duk mutanen da ke raye a wani ɓangare suna shiga cikin teku ko ruwan tafki, amma suna iya kasancewa a cikin kogunan har zuwa farkon bazara.
A cikin koguna, wadatattun kifin salmonids basa tafiya nesa da inda aka haifa, amma suna iya matsawa zuwa wurare masu zurfi da nutsuwa. A lokacin bazara, samari suna fitowa daga ƙwayayen da aka haifa, kwatankwacin kamannin kifin... A cikin kogin ruwa soya ciyar daga shekara ɗaya zuwa biyar.
A irin wannan lokacin, mutane na iya yin girman tsawon cm 15-18. Kafin su birgima cikin teku ko ruwan tafki, yaran sun rasa halayensu na daddawa masu launuka kuma sikeli sun sami launin azurfa. A cikin tekuna ne da tabkuna da kifin salmon ke fara ciyarwa cikin sauri kuma yana saurin samun nauyi.
Makiya na halitta
Eggswai da aka yiwa lakabi da yara suna da sauƙin isasshen ganima don launin toka, balagaggen ruwan kasa, pike da burbot. Yawan kwalliyar da ke kwarara daga kwarkwata ko wasu tsuntsayen da ke cin kifi. A cikin ruwan teku, abokan gaba na kifin kifin sun hada da kodin, kifin kifi da hatimin gemu, da kuma wasu masu cin abincin.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A halin yanzu, akwai wasu dalilai masu mahimmanci wadanda ke shafar yawan mutane da matsayin jinsin. Sakamakon farautar kifi a wuraren da ake haifar da fitina shi ne rikicewar noman, tare da lalata yawan jama'a.... An lura cewa farauta ba kawai yana lalata tsarin kwayar halitta da haihuwar kifin ba, amma kuma yana da damar da zai iya hana manyan koguna na duk yawan kifin irin wannan tsawon shekaru.
Yanayi marasa kyau sun hada da tsananin kwararar teku da igiyar ruwa, rashin abinci, yawaitar kamun kifi da gurbatar bakin kogi. Galibi ana lalata soyayyen Salmon ta gurɓatar aikin gona, birane da masana'antu. A halin yanzu, an jera waɗannan masu zuwa a cikin Littafin Ja: Sakhalin da Talakan taimen, Lake salmon, Mikizha da Malorotaya paliya, Eisenamskaya trout da Kumzha, da Svetovidova da Davatchan's tsawan tsayayyar char.
Darajar kasuwanci
A yau, abubuwan kamun kifi sune Lolets da Humpbacks, da kuma kyawawan kifin Ishkhan, Keta ko Farm salmon na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Salmon da wasu ire-iren halittu waɗanda suke da ƙimar gaske, mai gina jiki, nama mai daɗi da kuma caviar.
