Sable (Martes zibellina) dabba mai shayarwa ta dangin mustelidae (Mustelidae). Wannan wakilin oda Carnivores da jinsi Martes (Martes), ya bambanta ba kawai a cikin kyawun waje ba, har ma a cikin fur mai matukar muhimmanci.
Sable bayanin
Godiya ga kyakkyawar furinta, mai ɗorewa kuma mafi tsada, sable ya sami suna na biyu - "sarkin gashin daji" ko "zinariya mai laushi". Masana kimiyya sun gano kusan sabulu goma sha bakwai tare da launuka daban-daban da ingancin ulu, gami da girma. Mafi kyawun nau'ikan shine nau'ikan Barguzin (Martes zibellina rrinsers), wanda galibi akan same shi a gabashin gabar tafkin Baikal.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin yanayi, na yanayi, akwai farin farin, wanda shine wakilin gidan Cunya ƙwarai da gaske kuma yana rayuwa a cikin taiga da ba za a iya wucewa ba.
Sable-barguzin yana da wadataccen launi baƙar fata na fata, haka nan mai taushi da siliki... An gabatar da ƙananan raƙuman launuka masu haske tare da mara nauyi da gajere Jawo:
- Sakhalin kanana (Martes zibellina sahalinensis);
- Yenisei ƙaramin yanki (Martes zibellina yenisejensis);
- Sayan ƙananan (Martes zibellina sаjаnensis).
Yakut sable (Martes zibellina jakutensis) da Kamchatka subspecies (Martes zibellina kamtshadalisa) ba su da ƙarancin fur.
Bayyanar
Matsakaicin tsayin jikin babba ba zai wuce 55-56 cm ba, tare da jela har zuwa 19-20 cm. Nauyin jikin maza ya bambanta tsakanin kilogiram 0.88-1.8, kuma na mata - bai wuce 0.70-1.56 ba kg
Launin fatar farar fata yana da canji sosai, kuma duk bambancin sa yana da sunaye na musamman:
- "Kai" - wannan shine mafi duhu, kusan launi baƙi;
- "Fur" launi ne mai ban sha'awa, haske mai haske, rawaya mai rawaya ko inuwar faun.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Ya kamata a sani cewa maza masu saurin girma sun fi mata girma, da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa goma na nauyin jikin duka.
Daga cikin sauran abubuwa, akwai launuka masu tsaka-tsakin da yawa, gami da "abin wuya", wanda ya yi matukar nasarar hada sautunan launin ruwan kasa tare da kasancewar bel mai duhu a baya, da kuma bangarorin da suka fi haske da kuma wani big, mai haske makogwaro. Mai farauta tare da bakin ciki mai taurin-fuska da daka, yana da kunnuwa masu kusurwa uku da ƙananan ƙafa. Wutsiyar gajere ce kuma an rufe ta da gashi mai laushi, mai taushi. A lokacin hunturu, rigar tana lulluɓe ƙafafun kafa da ƙafafu. Dabba yana yin sau ɗaya a shekara.
Salon rayuwa
Hali ne kuma mazaunin gama gari na dukkanin Siberian taiga yana da lalata sosai kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai saboda girmanta. Sable ya saba da salon rayuwa. A matsayinka na mai mulki, mai shayarwa ya zaɓi mazaunin sa na saman kogunan tsaunuka, da yawa dazuzzuka, da kuma masu sanya duwatsu. Lokaci-lokaci, dabba na iya hawa rawanin itace. Mai farauta yana motsawa tare da taimakon tsallen halayya, tsakaicin tsayinsa ya kai kimanin 0.3-0.7 m. Da sauri rigar Jawo baya barin mai ruwa yin iyo.
Sable din yana iya barin manya-manyan wayoyi masu hade da juna, kuma kwafinsu ya fara daga 5 × 7 cm zuwa 6 × 10 cm. Dabbar daji tana da kyau sosai wajen hawa bishiyoyi masu tsayi da siffofi daban-daban, kuma tana da kyaun ji da kamshi. Koyaya, ganin irin wannan mai shayarwa ba shi da ƙarfi, kuma bayanan muryar ma bai kai yadda yake ba kuma a cikin sifofinsa suna kama da meow na kyanwa. Sable din yana iya motsawa koda cikin rufin dusar ƙanƙara. Mafi girman aikin dabba ana lura dashi a cikin safiya, haka kuma tare da farkon yamma.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Idan burrow ko gida na sable ya kasance a ƙasa, to tare da farkon lokacin hunturu, dabbar za ta haƙa rami mai tsawo ta musamman a cikin dusar ƙanƙara don shigarwa da fita.
Ga babban sauran sable, ana amfani da gida, wanda ke sauka a wurare daban-daban: ƙarƙashin bishiyar da ta faɗi, a cikin wata rami mara ƙarfi ta itace, ko ƙarƙashin manyan duwatsu. Linedasan irin wannan sararin an lulluɓe shi da ƙurar itace, hay, fuka-fukai da gansakuka. A cikin mummunan yanayi, sable ba ya barin gidanta, a ciki wanda tsarin yanayin zafin jiki ya daidaita a 15-23game daC. An saita wurin wanka kusa da ramin gida. Kowane shekaru biyu zuwa uku, ana maye gurbin tsohon gida da sabo.
Tsawon rayuwa
A cikin bauta, ana ajiye sable a matsakaici har zuwa shekaru goma sha biyar... A dabi'a, irin wannan dabba mai shayarwa na iya rayuwa na kimanin shekaru bakwai zuwa takwas, wanda hakan ya faru ne saboda dalilai masu yawa na waje, rashin rigakafin cututtukan da suka fi saurin mutuwa, da kuma haɗarin haɗuwa da yawancin masu cin abincin.
Wurin zama, mazauni
A halin yanzu, galibi ana samun sanadin daji a ko'ina cikin ɓangaren ƙasar taiga, daga Urals zuwa yankin bakin teku na Tekun Fasifik, kusa da arewa da iyakokin mafi yawan ciyawar gandun daji. Dabba mai shayarwa ta fi son zama a cikin duwatsun duwatsu masu zurfin duwatsu, amma musamman suna son tsofaffin itacen al'ul.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Idan tsaunuka da filayen fili na taiga, da kuma itacen al'ul da na birch, da duwatsu masu sanyawa, da gandun-tundra, da guguwar iska da kuma saman kogunan tsaunuka na dabi'a ne ga sable, to dabbar da ke farautar za ta guji zama a ƙwanƙolin tsaunin tsauni.
Hakanan, ana yawan samun dabbar a Japan, a yankin tsibirin Hokkaido. Zuwa yau, a cikin yankuna na gabashin Urals, ana samun samfuran sample tare da marten, wanda ake kira "kidus", lokaci-lokaci.
Sable rage cin abinci
Sable yafi farauta akan farfajiyar duniya. Manya da ƙwararrun dabbobi suna ɗaukar lessan lokaci wajen neman abinci idan aka kwatanta su da ƙananan dabbobi. Babban, mafi mahimmanci ciyarwa don sable an gabatar dasu:
- kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da voles da shrews, beraye da pikas, squirrels da hares, chipmunks da moles;
- tsuntsaye, gami da kayan kwalliya na katako da kayan kwalliya, kayan alade da masu wuce gona da iri, da ƙwai;
- kwari, gami da kudan zuma da tsutsotsi;
- 'ya'yan itacen pine;
- berries, gami da rowan da blueberry, lingonberry da blueberry, tsuntsu ceri da currant, fure da girgije;
- tsire-tsire a cikin hanyar Rosemary daji;
- carrion daban-daban;
- kudan zuma.
Duk da cewa sable yana hawa bishiyoyi sosai, irin wannan dabbar tana iya tsalle daga wannan bishiyar zuwa waccan kawai idan akwai rassan itaciyar da aka kulle sosai, saboda haka, abincin tsire yana da iyaka.
Makiya na halitta
Musamman saboda abincinsu, babu tsuntsun abin farauta ko dabbar da yake farautar dabbar. Koyaya, dabba mai shayarwa tana da wasu gasa masu cin abinci, ermine da columnar. Su, tare da sabulu, suna cin kowane nau'i na linzamin linzamin kwamfuta, kuma suna iya yin yaƙi don ganima.
Babban rukunin haɗarin tsakanin sabulu yana wakiltar mafi ƙanƙantar mutane, da kuma tsofaffin dabbobi waɗanda suka rasa saurinsu yayin motsi. Dabba mai rauni mai rauni zai iya faɗawa cikin haɗari ga kusan kowane mai girman sifa. Yammata da shaho, da mujiya da sauran manyan tsuntsaye masu cin nama ana kashe su.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A waje da lokacin kiwo mai aiki, sable yana jagorantar keɓantaccen yanki da keɓantaccen salon rayuwa. Matsayin mai ƙa'ida, girman kowane yanki na mai farautar dabbobi masu bambanta dabbobi ya bambanta a kewayon 150-2000 ha. Yankin yana da kariya sosai daga mai amfani da shafin daga mamayar kowane yanki daga waje kusan koda yaushe, ban da lokacin kiwo. A wannan lokacin, maza suna fada da juna don mace, kuma galibi irin wannan faɗa yana da tsananin zalunci da zubar da jini.
Lokacin kiwo mai aiki yana wakiltar lokaci biyu. A watan Fabrairu ko Maris, masu farauta sun fara lokacin abin da ake kira rut na ƙarya, kuma mai gaskiya ya faɗi a watan Yuni ko Yuli. Mata masu juna biyu suna shirya wa kansu da kuma kula da gidajensu a cikin ramuka na bishiyoyi ko ƙarƙashin manyan ciyayi. Kusan kusan gama gida yana da yawa a haɗe tare da ciyawa, gansakuka ko ulu na haƙoran da yawa da aka ci. Ciki mai ciki yana da matakin jinkiri na ci gaba, kuma yana da watanni tara zuwa goma.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Sabulu ya kai ga balagar jima'i a shekaru biyu zuwa uku, kuma shekarun haihuwa a cikin ƙaura suna kasancewa, a matsayin mai mulkin, har zuwa shekaru goma.
Mace ba ta sadaukar da kai ga kare 'ya'yanta duka ba, don haka tana iya kai hari har ma da karnukan da suke kusa da gida da yara. Ragowar dusar da aka dame ta mace da sauri ake canzawa zuwa wani, mafi aminci gida.
A ƙa'ida, ɗayan dabbobi yakan haifi toan kwikwiyo guda uku zuwa bakwai wanda bai wuce 11.0-11.5 cm ba, tsawonsa yakai kimanin 30. Ganin wata guda, puan kwikwiyo suna buɗe kunnuwansu gaba ɗaya, kuma idanuwansu - wata ɗaya ko kuma an jima. Yaran sun fara barin gidansu suna da wata daya da rabi, kuma tuni a watan Agusta, manyan sabulu sun sami cikakken 'yanci kuma sun bar mahaifiyarsu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A karni na sha tara, sables sun rayu gaba daya a yankuna daga Tekun Fasifik zuwa Scandinavia, amma a yau kusan ba a samun irin wadannan dabbobi masu dauke da furfura a kasashen Turai. Saboda tsananin kamun kifi a karnin da ya gabata, adadi mai yawa, da kewayon sabulu, ya ragu sosai. Sakamakon halakar da mutane ne ya kasance matsayin - "yana dab da karewa".
Don adana yawan dabbobin da ke dauke da furfura, an dauki matakan kariya na musamman, gami da sabulu na kiwo a cikin tanadi da sake tsugunar da su a yankunan magabatan. Har zuwa yau, yanayin yawan mutane a yankuna da yawa na ƙasarmu, gami da yankin Troitsko-Pechora, ba ya haifar da damuwa mai tsanani. A cikin 1970, yawan mutanen sun kai kusan mutane dubu 200, don haka aka saka sable a cikin littafin Red Book na Duniya (IUCN).
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, sables sun sami nasarar mallakar wani yanki mai nisan kilomita tamanin na yankuna daji masu duhu wadanda ke kusa da gabar Ural, kuma ana farautar mai farautar ta isassun adadi ba tare da tallafin gwamnatin tattalin arziki ba.
Koyaya, don inganta ingantaccen girbi mai kyau, an yanke shawarar dagewa kan mafarauta don aiwatar da kamun kifi ba da izini na ɗumbin nau'ikan furun daji. Hakanan yana da mahimmanci a tsara girbi yayin babu ƙaurawar dabbobin farauta masu mahimmanci, wanda zai ba da damar kiyaye sabulu a wuraren farauta.
