A cikin dukkanin dangin dangi masu yawa, wataƙila 'yan gungun ne da ke da kyan gani da kyan gani. Duk da kusancin dangantaka da marmot da ƙasan kurege, chipmunk har yanzu yana kama da ƙaramar squirrel.
Bayanin chipmunk
Sunan kimiyya na jinsin Tamias ya koma tsohuwar asalin Girkanci τᾰμίᾱς, wanda ke nuni da keɓewa / takaitawa kuma an fassara shi a matsayin "mai kula da gida". Rubuce-rubucen rubutun Rashanci suna jan hankali zuwa sigar Tatar "boryndyk", kuma bisa ga sigar ta biyu, zuwa ga sigar Mari "uromdok".
Bayyanar
Chipmunk yana kama da squirrel a cikin launinsa na asali (mai-shuɗi-toka mai ciki da fari mai ruwan toka), doguwar wutsiya (mafi ƙarancin laushi fiye da squirrel) da tsarin jiki. Hatta sawun sawun da chipmunk ya bari a cikin dusar ƙanƙara sun bambanta da squirrel kawai a cikin girman. Maza yawanci sun fi mata girma. Rodwararren ɗan sanda ya girma har zuwa 13-17 cm kuma yana da nauyin gram 100-125. Wutsiya (daga 9 zuwa 13 cm) tare da ɗan "tsefe" koyaushe yana da tsayi fiye da rabin jiki.
Chipmunk, kamar yawancin katako, yana da manyan kuloli na kunci waɗanda ke zama sananne lokacin da yake cusa abinci a cikinsu.... Roundananan kunnuwa masu tasowa a kan kai. Idanu masu kamannin almond masu haske suna kallo sosai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Nau'in chipmunks (25 daga cikinsu yanzu an bayyana su) suna da kamanni sosai a cikin bayyanar da ɗabi'a, amma ɗan bambanci kaɗan a cikin girma da launin nuances.
Limafafu na baya sun fi na gaba; siriri gashi yana tsiro akan tafin kafa. Gashi gajere ne, tare da rumfa mai rauni. Gashi na hunturu ya bambanta da gashin bazara kawai a cikin ƙananan ƙarfin yanayin duhu. Launin baya na gargajiya yana da launin ruwan kasa ko ja. Ya bambanta da shi akwai ratsi mai duhu 5 waɗanda ke gudana tare da tudu kusan zuwa wutsiya. Lokaci-lokaci ana haihuwar farar fata, amma ba zabiya ba.
Chipmunk salon rayuwa
Wannan mutum ne mai son nutsuwa, yana bawa abokin tarayya damar kusantarsa kai tsaye a lokacin rutting. A wasu lokuta, chipmunk yana rayuwa ne kuma yana ciyarwa shi kaɗai, yana leken fili (hekta 1-3) don neman abinci. Ana la'akari da shi dabba ne mai zaman kansa, da ƙyar ke tafiyar kilomita 0.1-0.2 daga mahalli. Amma wasu daga cikin dabbobin suna yin tafiye-tafiye masu tsayi, sun kai kilomita 1.5 a lokacin saduwa da kilomita 1-2.5 lokacin adana abinci.
Yana hawa bishiyoyi daidai kuma yana tashi daga ɗayan zuwa nesa a nesa har zuwa mita 6, yana faɗuwa da kyau daga tsawan mita 10. Idan ya cancanta, dabbar tana tafiyar sama da kilomita 12 a awa daya. Sau da yawa yakan zauna a cikin ramuka, amma yana yin gida gida a cikin ramuka a tsakanin duwatsu, haka kuma a cikin ramuka masu ƙanƙara da rubabben kututture. Bakin rani rami ɗaki ɗaya ne a zurfin rabin mita (wani lokacin har zuwa mita 0.7), wanda hanyar da aka karkata take kaiwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin ramuwar hunturu, yawan ɗakuna masu faɗi sun ninka sau biyu: ƙarami (a zurfin 0.7-1.3 m) an ba shi zuwa ɗakunan ajiya, na sama (a zurfin 0.5-0.9 m) an daidaita shi zuwa ɗakin kwana na hunturu da ɗakin haihuwa.
Ta yanayin sanyi, chipmunk ya juye zuwa cikin ball kuma ya shiga cikin nutsuwa, yana tashi don gamsar da yunwa da sake yin bacci. Hanyar fita daga bacci ya danganta da yanayin. Tun da farko fiye da sauran, beraye sun farka, waɗanda burbushinsu an gina su ne a kan gangaren rana, wanda, amma, ba ya hana su dawowa cikin ɓoyayyiya idan har wani yanayi mai saurin sanyi. Anan suna jiran farkon farkon kwanakin dumi, wanda ragowar kayayyaki suka ƙarfafa.
Haka kuma burrow din a matsayin masauki a lokacin damina, amma a wata rana mai rani, chipmunk yakan bar gidansa da wuri, kafin rana ta fito, don kada ya suma cikin zafi... Bayan sun kwana cikin rami, dabbobin sun sake zuwa farfajiyar neman abinci kafin faduwar rana. Da tsakar rana, waɗancan guguwa ne da suka zauna a cikin dazuzzuka masu inuwa ba sa ɓoyewa a cikin ƙasa.
Tsawon rayuwa
Chipmunk da ke cikin bauta yana rayuwa sau biyu kamar na cikin daji - kimanin shekaru 8.5. Wasu kafofin suna kiran bgame daadadi mafi girma shine shekaru 10. A karkashin yanayin yanayi, ana sakin dabbobi na kimanin shekaru 3-4.
Sayen kayan abinci
Chipmunks suna yin tanadi cikin tsari don tsammanin dogon lokacin sanyi, ba wadatuwa da kyaututtukan gandun daji da cin zarafin amfanin gona. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa an sanya entan sanda a matsayin kwari mai haɗari na aikin gona, musamman a waɗancan wuraren da filayen ke haɗe da dazuzzuka: a nan chipmunks ke girbe hatsi na ƙarshe.
Shekaru da yawa, dabbar ta ɓullo da dabarun girbin hatsi, wanda yayi kama da wannan:
- Idan gurasar ba mai kauri ba ce musamman, chipmunk ya sami tushe mai ƙarfi kuma, ya kama shi, ya yi tsalle.
- Arshin ya durƙusa, sai sandar yawo a ciki, ya kamo shi tare da ƙafafunsa ya kai kunne.
- Cizon ɗan kunne kuma da sauri zai zaɓi hatsi daga ciki, ya sa su a aljihun kunci.
- A cikin dumbin amfanin gona (inda ba zai yuwu ba a lanƙwasa bambaro), chipmunk ya ciji wasu sassan shi daga ƙasa har sai ya isa kunne.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Duk abin da ke tsiro a cikin gandun daji da abin da ɓarawo ke sata daga filayen noma an shiga cikin kayan abincin chipmunk: naman kaza, goro, itacen ɓaure, apụl, kwayar daji, sunflowers, berries, alkama, buckwheat, hatsi, flax da ƙari.
Dukkanin samfuran samfuran da wuya ake gabatar dasu a cikin rami ɗaya, amma zaɓin su koyaushe yana da ban sha'awa. A matsayin mai mallakar kishi, chipmunk yana rarraba kayayyaki ta iri, yana raba su da juna da busasshiyar ciyawa ko ganye. Jimlar nauyin shirye-shiryen abinci na hunturu na rodent daya shine kilogiram 5-6.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Mafi yawan nau'ikan 25 na jinsin Tamias suna zaune a Arewacin Amurka, kuma Tamias sibiricus guda ɗaya (Asiya, aka Siberian chipmunk) ana samun su a Rasha, mafi dacewa, a arewacin ɓangaren Turai, Urals, Siberia da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kari akan haka, an ga chipmunk na Siberia a tsibirin Hokkaido, a China, a zirin Koriya, da kuma jihohin arewacin Turai.
Genananan subgenus na chipmunks an tsara su:
- Siberian / Asiya - ya haɗa da nau'ikan Tamias sibiricus kawai;
- Amurka ta Gabas - wanda kuma jinsin daya ya wakilta, Tamias striatus;
- Neotamias - ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 23 waɗanda ke zaune a yammacin Arewacin Amurka.
Beraye, waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa biyu na ƙarshe, sun mallaki Arewacin Amurka daga tsakiyar Mexico zuwa Arctic Circle. Chipmunk na Gabashin Amurka, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, yana zaune a gabashin nahiyar ta Amurka. Berayen berayen da suka sami damar tserewa daga gonakin fur sun samo tushe a yankuna da dama na tsakiyar Turai.
Mahimmanci! Gabashin chipmunk ya dace da zama tsakanin masu sanya duwatsu da duwatsu, sauran nau'ikan sun fi son gandun daji (masu daskararre, masu gauraye da masu daɗi).
Dabbobi suna kaurace wa dausayi har ma da buɗaɗɗun wurare da kuma gandun daji masu tsayi inda babu matashiya ko bishiyoyi... Yana da kyau idan akwai tsoffin bishiyoyi a cikin gandun dajin, suna da kambi mai iko, amma ba dogayen dogayen willow, tsuntsu ceri ko birch za su yi ba. Hakanan ana iya samun jirgin ruwa a cikin ɓaɓɓun sassa na gandun daji, inda akwai ƙarancin iska / itacen itace, a cikin kwarin kogi, a gefen gefen gandun daji da bishiyoyin daji da yawa.
Chipmunk abinci
Abincin shuke-shuke ya mamaye abincin tsire-tsire, ana haɓaka shi lokaci-lokaci tare da furotin na dabba.
Compositionididdigar kusancin abincin chipmunk:
- 'ya'yan itace / buds da harbe-harbe matasa;
- tsirrai na shuke-shuke na noma kuma wani lokacin harbe su;
- berries da namomin kaza;
- tsaba na ganye da shrubs;
- acorns da kwayoyi;
- kwari;
- tsutsotsi da molluscs;
- qwai tsuntsaye.
Gaskiyar cewa chipan guntayen da ke yawo a kusa za a ba da labarin ta gaɓoɓin halayyar abinci - giyar da aka haɗu da conifers da hazel / cedar nuts.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Gaskiyar cewa chipmunk ne ya ci abincin a nan, kuma ba mahaukaciyar ba, za a nuna ta ƙananan alamu, da kuma ɗumbin da ya bari - elongated round "hatsi" kwance a cikin tsibi, kama da barberry.
Thein cin abincin bera ba iyakance ga ciyawar daji ba. Sau ɗaya a cikin gonaki da lambuna, yana haɓaka abincinsa tare da al'adu kamar:
- hatsin hatsi;
- masara;
- buckwheat;
- wake da flax;
- apricots da plums;
- sunflower;
- kokwamba.
Idan wadatar abinci ta yi karanci, gurnani zai shiga neman abinci zuwa filayen makwabta da lambunan kayan lambu. Ta hanyar lalata amfanin gona, suna haifar da babbar illa ga manoma. An tabbatar da cewa yawan ƙaura da ba daidai ba galibi ana haifar da shi ne sakamakon rashin girbi na wannan nau'in abinci, kamar su itacen al'ul.
Makiya na halitta
Chipmunk yana da abokan gaba da yawa da masu gasa abinci. Na farko ya haɗa da duk wakilan gidan weasel (suna zaune kusa da rodents), kazalika da:
- fox;
- kerkeci;
- kare raccoon;
- tsuntsaye masu farauta;
- karnuka / kuliyoyi na gida;
- macizai.
Kari akan haka, beyar da dako, suna neman kayan kayan chipmunk, suna cin su ba su kadai ba, har ma da sandar da kanta (idan bata da lokacin boyewa). Ficewa daga mai bin sa, wani tsoran chipmunk yana tashi sama akan bishiya ko ɓoyewa a cikin itace da ta mutu. Masu gasa Chipmunk na abinci (dangane da hakar goro, itacen hatsi da tsaba) sune:
- murdin beraye;
- sable;
- Himalayan / launin ruwan kasa;
- kurege;
- doguwar doguwar ƙasa;
- jay;
- babban tabo na itace;
- goro.
Babu wani a cikin dangin zankakku da ya mallaki fasahar nuna sauti kamar chipmunk.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Lokacin da yake cikin haɗari, yawanci yakan fitar da busar busasshen monosyllabic ko wani abu mai kaifi. Ya kuma iya ba da hadaddun sautuka matakai biyu, misali, "launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa" ko "ƙugiya-ƙugiya".
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Farawar lokacin saduwa yana kan lokaci zuwa ƙarshen ƙarancin hunturu kuma ya faɗi, a matsayin mai mulkin, a cikin Afrilu - Mayu. Rut ta fara kwanaki 2-4 bayan mata sun fito daga bacci kuma tana iya yin jinkiri idan farfajiyar bata da dumi sosai kuma iska mai sanyi tana kadawa.
Mata, a shirye suke don saduwa, sun haɗa da bushe-bushe na "gulma", wanda masu son nemo su ke samunta. Yawancin masu neman aiki suna bin amarya daya, ta shawo kan m 200-300, wanda muryar mai gayyatar ta tafi da ita. A cikin gwagwarmayar zuciyar uwargidan, suna bin juna, suna faɗa cikin gajerun duels.
Mace tana haihuwar na tsawon kwanaki 30-32, tana haihuwar 4-10 tsirara da makauniyar cuba weigha masu nauyin 4 g kowanne... Gashi yana girma da sauri, kuma bayan wasu makonni, chipan ƙaramin gurnani ya zama kwafin iyayensu masu raɗaɗi. Bayan wani mako (a rana ta ashirin), jariran suna fara gani sosai, kuma suna da wata daya, suka fasa nonon mahaifiya, sai suka fara rarrafe daga cikin ramin. Farkon rayuwa mai zaman kanta na faruwa ne tun yana da wata ɗaya da rabi, amma balaga na faruwa ne da kimanin shekara guda.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Sananne ne cewa Tamias sibiricus yana cikin Red Book na Tarayyar Rasha kuma yana ƙarƙashin kariyar ƙasa. Akwai bayanai kadan a kan sauran nau'ikan, amma akwai nazari kan yawan shekarun mutanen, wanda ke da nasaba da zafin haihuwa.
Mahimmanci! Adadin da matsakaicin shekarun dabbobin a koyaushe ana tantance su ne ta yawan amfanin gonar: misali, a cikin shekaru masu yawa yawan jama'a (zuwa kaka) rabin samarin ne, a shekarun da suka shude - yawan dabbobin ya ragu zuwa 5.8%.
Misali, a cikin dazuzzukan Yammacin Sayan, an lura da matsakaicin nauyin gurnani (20 a kowace sq. Km) a cikin dazukan itacen al'ul masu tsayi. A yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Altai, an rubuta dabbobi mafi yawa a cikin itacen al'ul-fir taiga - dabbobi 47 a kowane sq. km zuwa mafita daga ƙananan dabbobi daga burbushin da 225 a kowace sq. km tare da bayyanar dabbobi dabbobi. A wasu nau'ikan gandun daji (masu gauraya da bishiyoyi) ana lura dasu sosai: daga 2 zuwa 27 (tare da manya), daga 9 zuwa 71 (tare da ƙari dabbobi dabbobi). An lura da mafi ƙarancin chipmunks a cikin ƙananan ƙananan gandun daji: 1-3 a kowace sq. km a watan Yuni, 2-4 a kowace sq. km a ƙarshen Mayu - Agusta.
Tsayawa chipmunk a gida
Zai dace a fara shi a cikin gida saboda dalilai da yawa:
- chipmunk yakan yi bacci da dare kuma yana farke da rana;
- ci kowane ciyayi;
- tsabta (dole ne a tsaftace keji sau ɗaya a mako);
- bashi da wari mara dadi "linzamin kwamfuta"
Abinda yakamata a mai da hankali a kansa shine zabin wani keji mai fadi, mafi girman girmansa (ga ma'aurata) zai zama kamar haka: tsawan 1 m, 0.6 m da nisa da 1.6 m a tsayi. Idan dabba guda ce kawai, sigogin kejin sun fi dacewa - 100 * 60 * 80 cm Chipmunks suna gudu sosai kuma suna son hawa sama, don haka suna sanya rassa a ciki. Zai fi kyau a sayi keji da sandunan da aka saka nickel (a tazarar da ba ta wuce cm 1.5 ba).
Mahimmanci! Gidan bacci (15 * 15 * 15) an saka shi a cikin keji lokacin da munan sandar suka gama shiga gidan ku kuma basa tsoron mutane.
Zai fi kyau idan kasan cikin keji yana mai jan jiki. Peat ko sawdust zai yi aiki kamar gado. Kejin sanye take da mai ba da abinci, mai shayarwa ta atomatik da keken gudu (daga 18 cm a diamita). Ana fitar da rodents lokaci-lokaci don tafiya domin kaucewa irin wannan motsi (daga ƙasa zuwa bango, daga can zuwa rufi da ƙasa). A yayin tafiye-tafiye a kewayen ɗakin, ana kula da kullun don kada ya tauna wani abu mai cutarwa. Wayoyi sun ɓoye.
An sanya keji a wani kusurwa mai inuwa, saboda dabbobin sun mutu saboda zafin nama... Ko dai mata 2 ko kuma daban-daban na jinsi (don kiwo) an zaɓi su a cikin biyu, amma ba maza biyu ba, in ba haka ba faɗa ba makawa. Ana tsaftace 'ya'yan itacen kuma an wanke ganyen sosai don cire magungunan ƙwari. Ana ba da ciyawa, kwarkwata, slugs da kwandunan cin abinci sau biyu a mako. Chipmunks kuma suna son ƙwai, dafaffen kaza, cuku mai ƙoshin mai da yogurt ba tare da ƙari ba.
