Koala - "baya sha", wannan shine yadda ake fassara sunan wannan dabba daga ɗayan yarukan Australiya na gida. Ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa kafin masana ilimin halitta su tabbatar da cewa wannan ƙaramar goof ne lokaci-lokaci, amma har yanzu yana shan ruwa.
Bayanin koala
Wanda ya fara jigilar halittar shine jami'in sojan ruwa Barralier, wanda a cikin 1802 ya gano kuma ya aika ragowar koala a cikin barasa ga gwamnan New South Wales. An kama wani koala mai rai kusa da Sydney shekara mai zuwa, kuma bayan 'yan watanni daga baya masu karanta jaridar Sydney Gazette sun ga cikakken bayanin ta. Tun shekara ta 1808, an dauki koala a matsayin dangi na kusa da mata, kasancewar suna cikin rukuni guda na marsupials biyu tare da shi, amma kasancewarsa wakilin kawai dangin koal.
Bayyanar
Haɗakarwa mai banƙyama ta hanci mai laushi, ƙananan idanu makafi da ma'ana, kunnuwa masu faɗi tare da Jawo wanda ke manne gefuna yana ba da kyan gani.
A waje, koala ta ɗan yi kama da ta mace, amma, ba kamar na ƙarshe ba, an ba ta da farin ciki, mai kauri da laushi mai laushi har zuwa tsawon 3 cm da ƙafafun kafa da tsayi... Dabbobin Arewa sun fi girma girma (mata a wasu lokutan ma ba su kai kilogiram 5), na kudu kusan sun ninka sau uku (maza kusan nauyin 14 ne).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mutane ƙalilan ne suka san cewa koalas dabbobi ne masu shayarwa (tare da dabbobi masu birgewa), waɗanda aka zana yatsunsu da alamu na musamman irin na mutane.
Hakoran koala sun dace da cin shuke-shuke kuma suna kama da tsarin haƙoran wasu marsupials masu haɗari biyu (ciki har da kangaro da mahaifar ciki). Kaifin rami, wanda dabbar ke yanke ganye da ita, da hakoran hakora suna raba juna da diastema.
Tun lokacin da koala ke cin bishiyoyi, yanayi ya ba shi dogayen kafafu masu kaushi a ƙafafunsa na gaba. Kowane hannu yana sanye da manyan yatsu biyu na gefe (gefe) masu tsayayya da daidaitattun yatsun hannu guda uku (tare da launuka uku).
Arrangedafafun kafa na baya an tsara su daban: ƙafar tana da babban yatsa ɗaya (ba tare da wata ƙutuka ba) kuma wasu huɗu ɗauke da makamai. Godiya ga ƙafafun hannunta, dabba ta manne sosai ga rassan, suna kulle hannayensu cikin kulle: a wannan matsayin, koala tana manne wa mahaifiyarsa (har sai ta sami independentancin kai), kuma idan ta balaga, ta ci abinci, ta rataya a kafa ɗaya kuma ta yi barci.
Gashi mai kauri yana da hayaki mai toka, amma ciki koyaushe yana da haske. Wutsiya tana kama da bear: yana da gajere sosai wanda kusan ba a iya ganinsa ga bare.
Hali da salon rayuwa
Dukkanin rayuwar koala tana faruwa ne a cikin dajin daji eucalyptus: da rana yakan yi bacci, yana zaune a kan reshe / cokali mai yatsa a cikin rassa, kuma da dare yakan hau rawanin neman abinci.
Mata suna rayuwa su kaɗai, da wuya su bar iyakar makircinsu, wanda lokaci-lokaci (yawanci a yankuna masu arzikin abinci) suna dacewa... Maza ba sa sanya iyakoki, amma kuma ba su bambanta da abokantaka ba: yayin saduwa (musamman lokacin ruttuwa), suna yin faɗa har sai sun ji rauni sosai.
Koala na iya daskarewa a wuri ɗaya na awanni 16-18 a rana, ba tare da kirga bacci ba. Mara hankali, yana zaune ba tare da motsi ba, yana manne akwati ko reshe tare da gaban goshinsa. Lokacin da ganye ya ƙare, koala cikin sauƙi kuma a hankali ya tsallaka zuwa bishiya ta gaba, yana saukowa ƙasa kawai idan maƙasudin ya yi nisa.
Idan akwai haɗari, koala da aka hana ta nuna tsalle mai ƙarfi, godiya ga abin da sauri ya isa itacen mafi kusa da hawa sama. Idan ya cancanta, za ayi iyo a ƙetaren matsalar ruwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Koala shiru, amma lokacin da firgita ko rauni, yana yin ƙara da ƙarami, abin mamaki don ƙaramin ginin sa. Don wannan kukan, kamar yadda masanan suka gano, wasu igiyoyin sautuka (ƙarin), waɗanda ke bayan maƙogwaron, suna da alhakin.
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Nahiyar Australiya ta gina manyan tituna da yawa da ke ratsa gandun daji eucalyptus, da kuma koalas masu ƙarancin ƙarfi, tsallaka hanya, galibi suna mutuwa a ƙafafun. Intelligencearancin hankali na koalas yana cike da ƙawancen ƙawancensu da kyawawan halayensu: a cikin fursuna, suna haɗuwa da mutanen da ke kula da su.
Tsawon rayuwa
A cikin daji, koala yana rayuwa kimanin shekaru 12-13, amma a cikin gidan zoo tare da kulawa mai kyau, wasu samfuran sun rayu zuwa shekaru 18-20.
Wurin zama, mazauni
A matsayin yanki na ƙarshe ga nahiyar Ostiraliya, ana samun koala anan da kuma babu wani wuri. Tsarin yanayin marsupial ya hada da yankuna bakin teku a gabas da kudu na Ostiraliya. A farkon karnin da ya gabata, an kawo koalas zuwa Yammacin Ostiraliya (Yanchep Park), da kuma zuwa tsibirai da yawa (gami da Tsibirin Magnitny da Tsibirin Kangaroo) kusa da Queensland. Yanzu an yarda da tsibirin Magnitny a matsayin gefen arewa na kewayon zamani.
A rabin farko na karnin da ya gabata, an halaka marsupers da ke zaune a yankin Kudancin Ostiraliya da adadi mai yawa. Dole a dawo da dabbobin tare da dabbobin da aka kawo daga Victoria.
Mahimmanci! A yau, jimillar kewayon, wanda ya haɗa da yankuna masu tarihin rayuwar mutum 30, kusan kilomita miliyan 1 ne. Gidajen koalas na yau da kullun sune gandun daji na eucalyptus, waɗanda suke cikin tarin abinci kusa da waɗannan marsupials.
Koala abinci
Dabbar kusan ba ta da masu fafatawa a abinci - kawai kumburin daji mai tashi sama da couscous wanda ke da zobe ya nuna irin wannan fifiko na gastronomic. Fibrous leaves da eucalyptus leaves (tare da babban taro na abubuwa phenolic / terpene) shine abin da koala ke ci don karin kumallo, abincin rana da abincin dare... Akwai proteinan furotin a cikin wannan ciyawar, sannan kuma an samar da prussic acid a cikin samarin matasa (tare da gabatowar kaka).
Amma dabbobin, saboda tsananin kamshin su, sun koyi zabar mafi karancin guba na bishiyoyin eucalyptus, wadanda galibi ke girma akan kasa mai kyau tare da bakin kogi. Ganyayyakinsu, kamar yadda ya juya, ba shi da guba fiye da na bishiyoyin da ke girma a yankunan da ba su haihuwa. Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun kirga cewa nau'ikan eucalyptus dari da ashirin ne kawai suka hada da samar da kayan abinci na marsupials.
Mahimmanci! Contentarancin kalori wanda yake cikin abincin yayi daidai da yawan kuzarin dabbar da ke yin fikila, tunda yanayin narkar da shi ya ninka na mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa sau biyu. Dangane da yanayin saurin rayuwa, ana iya kwatankwacin koala ne kawai da kumburi da kuma lokacin haihuwa.
Da rana, dabbar za ta fizge kuma ta tauna a hankali daga ganyen kilogiram 0.5 zuwa 1.1, suna sanya citta a cikin kuncinsa. Yanayin narkewar abinci yana dacewa sosai da narkar da ƙwayoyin filayen tsire-tsire: haɓakar haɓakar ta taimaka ta hanyar microflora ta musamman tare da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke saurin ruɓar cellulose mara nauyi.
Tsarin sarrafa abinci yana ci gaba a cikin tsayayyen cecum (har zuwa tsawon mita 2.4), sannan hanta tana aiki, yana kawar da duk gubobi da suka shiga cikin jini.
Lokaci-lokaci, ana ɗaukar koalas don cin duniya - don haka suna cike da rashin ma'adanai masu mahimmanci. Waɗannan marsupials ɗin suna sha kaɗan: ruwa yana bayyana a cikin abincinsu kawai lokacin da suke ciwo, da kuma lokacin dogon fari. A lokuta na al'ada, koala na da isasshen raɓa da ke sauka a kan ganyayyaki, da danshi wanda ke cikin ganyen eucalyptus.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Koalas basu da takamaimai kuma suna fara kiwo duk bayan shekaru 2. A wannan lokacin, wanda ya fara daga Oktoba zuwa Fabrairu, maza suna shafa kirjinsu a jikin kututture (don barin alamunsu) kuma suna ihu da ƙarfi, suna kiran abokin aure.
Mata suna zaɓar mai nema don kururuwa mai sanya zuciya (ana jinsa a kowane kilomita) da girma (mafi girma shine mafi kyau). Koalas na maza koyaushe suna cikin ƙaranci (an haifa kaɗan daga cikinsu), saboda haka zaɓaɓɓen ɗayan yakan haɗu daga amare 2 zuwa 5 a kowane lokaci.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Namiji yana da azzakarin farji, mace tana da al'aura 2 da mahaifa mai cin gashin kansa 2: wannan shine yadda ake tsara gabobin haihuwa na dukkan marsupials. Yin jima'i yana faruwa ne akan itace, ɗaukewar yana ɗaukar kwanaki 30-35. Koalas ba safai suke haihuwar tagwaye ba, sau da yawa ana haihuwar ɗa guda tsirara da ruwan hoda (tsawonsa ya kai 1.8 cm kuma nauyinta yakai 5.5).
Cubayan suna shan madara na tsawon watanni shida kuma suna zaune a cikin jaka, kuma tsawon watanni shida masu zuwa suna hawa kan uwa (baya ko ciki), suna riƙe da fur. A makonni 30 da haihuwa, zai fara cin najasar mahaifiya - alawa daga ganyen da aka narkar da shi. Yana cin wannan abincin har tsawon wata daya.
Yaran dabbobi suna samun 'yanci da kimanin shekara guda, amma maza kan zauna tare da mahaifiyarsu har zuwa shekaru 2-3, yayin da mata masu shekara daya da rabi ke barin gidan don neman nasu makircin. Haihuwa a cikin mata na faruwa a shekaru 2-3, a cikin maza - a shekaru 3-4.
Makiya na halitta
A yanayi, koalas kusan ba su da abokan gaba.... Na karshen sun hada da karnukan dingo na daji da karnukan gida na feral. Amma waɗannan masu farautar kawai suna afkawa marsupials masu saurin tafiya, suna ƙin naman su saboda ƙanshin eucalyptus mai ƙanshi.
Cututtuka irin su cystitis, conjunctivitis, periostitis na kwanyar da sinusitis na haifar da babbar illa ga dabbobin. A cikin koalas, kumburi na sinus (sinusitis) yakan ƙare a cikin ciwon huhu, musamman ma a lokacin sanyi. Misali sananne ne, misali, cewa epizootics na rikitarwa sinusitis wanda ya faru a 1887-1889 da 1900-1903 ya haifar da raguwar sananne a cikin waɗannan marsupials.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Epizootics, hakika, ana daukar su a matsayin babban dalilin gushewar koala, amma kawai kafin zuwan turawa, wadanda suka fara harbin dabbobi saboda tsananin kaftansu. Koalas sun amintar da mutane saboda haka a sauƙaƙe ya zama ganimar su - a cikin 1924 kawai, mafarautan jihohin gabas sun shirya fatar fata miliyan 2.
Babban raguwar mutane ya sa gwamnatin Australiya ta ɗauki tsauraran matakai: farauta koalas an fara iyakance ta, kuma tun shekara ta 1927 aka dakatar da ita gaba ɗaya. Kusan shekaru 20 daga baya, kuma sai a 1954, yawan marsupials sun fara murmurewa a hankali.
Yanzu a wasu yankuna akwai wadatar koalas - akan kusan. Sun yawaita kamar kangaro cewa sun cinye tsibirin eucalyptus gabadaya, suna lalata tushen abincinsu. Amma shawarar harbe 2/3 na garken ya gagara daga hukumomin Kudancin Ostiraliya, saboda wannan zai sha mutuncin jihar.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Gwamnatin Victoria ba ta ji tsoron cutar da martabar ƙasar ba kuma ta ba da umarnin rage yawan mutanen, waɗanda yawansu ya kai kawuna 20 a kowace kadada. A shekarar 2015, an hallaka kusan koala 700 a jihar, wanda ke kare wadanda suka rage daga yunwa.
A yau jinsin yana da matsayin "kasada mafi hadari", amma har yanzu ana fuskantar barazanar koalas ta hanyar sare dazuzzuka, gobara da kaska... Internationalungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa ta Australia Koala Foundation, da kuma wuraren shakatawa iri ɗaya "Lone Pine Koala" (Brisbane) da "Coneu Koala Park" (Perth) suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen kiyaye yawan jama'a da mazaunin marsupial.
