Mafi ƙarancin arewa kuma, a hankalce, mafi ƙarancin birai suna rayuwa a ofasar Rana. Sunan kimiyya na jinsin shine macaque na Japan (ba macaque ba, kamar yadda muke fada).
Bayanin macaque na Japan
Zuwa yau, an bayyana nau'ikan 2 na macaque na Japan, na dangin biri... Waɗannan su ne Macaca fuscata yakui (tare da kwandon ido mai siffa mai kama da ido) wanda ke rayuwa musamman a tsibirin Yakushima da kuma ƙarin Macaca fuscata fuscata (tare da takunkumin ido), suna zaune a wasu tsibirai da yawa.
Bayyanar
Idan aka kwatanta da sauran macaques, biran Japan suna da ƙarfi, ƙarfi da nauyi. Maza suna girma zuwa kusan mita (0.8-0.95 m), suna samun zuwa kilogiram 11. Mata suna da ɗan gajarta kuma suna da sauƙi (matsakaicin nauyi bai wuce kilogiram 9 ba). Gemu da gefen fuska, halayyar duka jinsi ne, ba sa tsoma baki tare da rarrabewa tsakanin maza da mata, tun da yake a bayyane dimorphism yake.
A lokacin hunturu, dogon gashin yana cike da sutura mai kauri. Ana samun gashin mafi tsawo a kafadu, da na baya da kuma baya, yayin da mafi kankantar gashin kan samu a ciki da kirji. Jawo yana da launi a hanyoyi daban-daban: daga launin shuɗi-shuɗi zuwa launin toka-ruwan kasa da zaitun mai launin ruwan kasa. Cikin ciki ya fi sauƙi baya da gaɓoɓin.
Chesungiyoyin baka masu kyau suna rataye a kan idanuwa, waɗanda sun fi ƙarfin maza. Yankin da yafi ci gaba a kwakwalwa shine kwakwalwar kwakwalwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ganin macaque ya bunkasa sosai (idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran azanci) kuma yayi kama da na mutane. Yana da stereoscopic: biri ya kimanta nisa kuma ya ga hoto mai girma uku.
Macaque din Japan yana da kumatu - kumbura biyu na ciki na ciki a kowane gefen bakin, suna rataye har zuwa gem. Asan hannu suna da yatsu biyar, inda babban yatsan ya yi hannun riga da sauran. Irin wannan dabinon yana ba ku damar riƙe abubuwa sau ɗaya kuma a sauƙaƙe sarrafa su.
Macaque na kasar japan yana da kananan kiraye kiraye (iri na duk birai), kuma jelar ba ta wuce tsawon cm 10. Yayin da biri ya balaga, fatarsa mai haske (kan bakin bakin da kewaye wutsiyar) ta zama ruwan hoda mai zurfi har ma da ja.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Macaques na Jafananci suna aiki a rana, neman abinci a cikin matsayin da suka fi so akan ƙafafu huɗu... Mata sun fi zama a cikin bishiyoyi, kuma maza galibi suna yawo a ƙasar. Lokaci na neman abinci yana ba da hutawa, lokacin da macaques ke sadarwa da juna, yin bacci ko tauna kayan masarufi.
Sau da yawa, a lokacin nishaɗi, dabbobi suna share ulu na danginsu. Wannan nau'in gyaran jikin yana yin ayyuka 2, tsafta da zamantakewa. A cikin batun na ƙarshe, macaques suna haɓakawa da ƙarfafa dangantaka tsakanin ƙungiyar. Don haka, sun daɗe sosai kuma suna tsaftace furcin babban mutum, suna nuna girmamawa ta musamman kuma, a lokaci guda, suna fatan goyon bayanta a cikin halin rikici.
Matsakaici
Macaques ɗin Japan suna ƙirƙirar al'umma (mutane 10-100) tare da yanki mai tsayayye, wanda babban namiji ke shugabanta, wanda ba shi da ƙarfi sosai kamar na hankali. Juyawa daga cikin alpha din yana yiwuwa idan ya mutu ko kuma idan tsohuwar ƙungiyar ta rabu biyu. Zaɓin shugaban ana yin sa ne daga manyan mata ko kuma mata da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa ta jini da alaƙar zamantakewa.
Hakanan akwai makirci / mamayar tsari tsakanin mata, kuma ya zama cewa 'ya'ya mata suna gadon matsayin mahaifiyarsu kai tsaye. Bugu da kari, ‘yan’uwa mata matasa sun fi‘ yan’uwa mata tsofaffi mataki daya.
'Ya'ya mata, har ma suna girma, ba sa barin iyayensu mata, yayin da' ya'ya maza ke barin dangi, suna ƙirƙirar kamfanoni na farko. Wasu lokuta suna haɗuwa da rukunin rukuni-rukuni tare da mata, amma suna samun ƙaramin matsayi a nan.
Sauti sigina
Macaque din na Japan a matsayin wanda zai ci gajiyar zamantakewar sa yana bukatar sadarwa ta yau da kullun tare da dangi da kuma birai birai, wanda hakan yake amfani da su ta hanyar amfani da dumbin sautuka, motsa jiki da yanayin fuska.
Masana ilmin dabbobi sun rarraba nau'ikan maganganu 6 na magana, gano cewa rabinsu abokantaka ne:
- zaman lafiya;
- jariri;
- gargadi;
- m;
- yayin estrus;
- m.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Lokacin motsawa ta cikin daji da lokacin cin abinci, macaques na Japan suna fitar da takamaiman sautuka masu raɗaɗi wanda ke taimakawa membobin rukuni don sanin wurin da suke.
Ilimin koyo
A cikin 1950, masana ilimin kimiyar halittu a Jami'ar Tokyo suka yanke shawarar horas da macaques wadanda ke rayuwa a gaba. Kosima, ga dankalin turawa (dankalin hausa), yayyafa shi a kasa. A cikin 1952, sun riga sun ci ɗankalin turawa, suna goge yashi da datti da ƙafafunsu, har sai da matar Imo mai shekaru 1.5 ta wanke ɗankalin mai zaki a cikin ruwan kogin.
'Yar'uwarta da mahaifiyarta ne suka kwaikwayi halayenta, kuma zuwa 1959, 15 daga 19 matasa macaques da biyun cikin manyan birai goma sha ɗayan ke yin wankin tubers a kogin. A cikin 1962, al'adar wanke dankalin turawa kafin cin abinci ta tabbata a kusan duk makaƙtan Japan, sai dai waɗanda aka haifa kafin 1950.
Yanzu macaques na Japan ma suna iya wanke alkama da aka gauraya da yashi: suna jefa wannan cakuda cikin ruwa, suna raba abubuwan biyu. Tare da wannan, macaques sun koyi yadda ake yin ƙwallon dusar ƙanƙara. Masana ilimin halittu sun ba da shawarar cewa ta haka ne suke rufe abinci mai yawa a cikin dusar ƙanƙara, wanda za su ci a gaba.
Tsawon rayuwa
A dabi'a, macaques na Japan suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 25-30, cikin ƙaura - ƙari... Dangane da tsayin daka na rayuwa, mata sun sha gaban maza kaɗan: na farkon suna rayuwa (a matsakaita) shekaru 32, na biyun - kimanin shekaru 28.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Matsakaicin yanayi na macaque na Japan ya rufe tsibirai uku - Kyushu, Shikoku da Honshu.
A tsibirin Yakushima, kudu mafi tsibirin tsibirin Jafananci, Macaca fuscata yakui yana zaune, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na macaques. Wakilan wannan yawan sun banbanta ba kawai a cikin sifofin kwandon ido da gajeren fur ba, har ma da wasu siffofin halayya.
Masu yawon bude ido da suka zo don ganin birai masu tsananin sanyi sukan kira su maca macaques.... Lallai, dabbobi sun daɗe suna dacewa da dusar ƙanƙara (wanda ba ya narkewa na kimanin watanni 4 a shekara) da kuma yanayin sanyi, lokacin da matsakaita zazzabi ya kasance a kusan -5 ° C.
Don ceton kansu daga hypothermia, macaques suna sauka cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi. Rashin dacewar irin wannan dumamar shine ulu mai danshi, wanda ke kama cikin sanyi lokacin barin tushen. Kuma dole ne ku bar "wanka" mai dumi don abun ciye-ciye na yau da kullun.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Makkauta sun fito da hanyar fita, sun bar wasu "masu jira" a ƙasa, suna kawo abincin dare ga waɗanda ke zaune a cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa. Bugu da kari, masu yawon bude ido masu jin kai suna ciyar da birai masu girgiza.
Makaƙan dusar kankara ba kawai ta mamaye duk dazukan Japan daga tsaunuka zuwa ƙananan tekun ba, har ma sun ratsa cikin yankin Arewacin Amurka.
A shekarar 1972, daya daga cikin manoman ya kawo birai 150 zuwa gidan kiwo a kasar Amurka, wanda bayan wasu shekaru sai ya samu sarari a shinge ya gudu. Wannan shine yadda yawan ma'akatan Japan masu cin gashin kansu suka bayyana a yankin Texas.
A kasar Japan, wadannan birai an san su a matsayin dukiyar kasa kuma ana kiyaye su da kyau a matakin jiha.
Abincin macaque na Japan
Wannan nau'in jinsin ba shi da bambanci sosai a cikin abinci kuma ba ya faɗin abubuwan da ake so na gastronomic. Masana ilmin namun daji sun kiyasta cewa akwai kusan nau'ikan 213 na tsirrai wadanda macaques na kasar Japan ke ci cikin sauki.
Menu na biri (musamman lokacin sanyi) sun hada da:
- harbe-harbe da bawon bishiyoyi;
- ganye da rhizomes;
- kwayoyi da 'ya'yan itatuwa;
- crustaceans, kifi da molluscs;
- ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kwari;
- qwai tsuntsaye;
- sharar abinci.
Idan akwai abinci da yawa, dabbobi na amfani da aljihun kunci don cika su da abinci a ajiye. Idan lokacin cin abincin rana ya zo, birai sukan zauna don hutawa kuma su fitar da abincin da ke ɓoye cikin kuncinsu, wanda ba shi da sauƙi. Effortoƙarin tsoka da aka saba bai isa ba kuma birai suna yin amfani da hannayensu don matse kayan daga cikin jakar cikin bakinsu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Koda lokacin cin abinci, macaques suna bin tsayayyun matsayi. Shugaba yana fara cin abinci da farko, sannan kawai waɗanda ke ƙasa da daraja. Ba abin mamaki ba, mafi munin morsel ya koma ga birai tare da ƙarancin zamantakewar jama'a.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A lokacin kiwo, macaques na Japan suna bin yanayi mai fa'ida, wanda ke taimaka musu su dace da mummunan yanayin rayuwa. A al'adance ana fadada lokacin saduwa tsakanin Maris da Satumba.
Mata na yin balaga da kusan shekaru 3.5, maza shekara guda daga baya, a shekaru 4.5... Consideredauratar aure ana daukarta a matsayin wani matakin ba makawa: a wannan lokacin, mata suna kallon abokan huldarsu da kyau, suna zabar wadanda suka fi kwarewa da karfi.
Shugaba na farko shine ya mamaye manyan mata, sauran matan kuma suna saduwa da manyan maza masu karamin karfi, basu amsa da'awar samari masu neman aure ba. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa na biyun (don neman aboki a gefe) galibi suna barin rukuninsu na asali, amma galibi suna dawowa ne ta hunturu.
Bayan sun yanke shawara kan ma'aurata, birai suna rayuwa tare aƙalla kwana ɗaya da rabi: suna cin abinci, suna hutawa kuma suna yin jima'i. Farkon daukar ciki yana dauke da kwanaki 170-180 kuma yana karewa da haihuwa a wasu kebantattun kusurwa ba nesa da kabilar ba.
Ga macaque na Jafananci, zuriya a cikin siffar ɗan maraƙi ɗaya halayya ce, ana haihuwar tagwaye da ƙyar (shari'ar 1 cikin haihuwa 488). Jariri, bayan awanni biyu, ya riga ya manne wa uwar, nauyinsa yakai 0.5-0.55. A watan farko, jariri ya rataye, ya ɗaura gashin a kirji, sannan ya matsa zuwa bayan uwar.
Dukan babban dangin suna jiran haihuwar ƙaramar macaque, kuma matan suna zuwa suna taɓa shi kai tsaye bayan haihuwa. 'Yan uwa mata tsofaffi da kanne na ci gaba da kula da jariri yayin da ya girma, suka zama masu kula da yara da abokan wasa. Amma idan nishaɗin ya zama mai hadari sosai, ɗiyan ya tsere daga gare su a hannun uwa.
Ana yaye Macaques a cikin watanni 6-8, wani lokacin a shekara ko daga baya (a shekaru 2.5), idan har uwar ba ta haifi ɗa ba a wannan lokacin. Ta hanyar dakatar da shayarwa, uwa na ci gaba da kula da shi, tana dumama shi a daren hunturu mai sanyi da kuma kiyaye shi daga haɗari.
Babban damuwa game da ɗaga ɗan fadowa a kafaɗun iyayen: maza ba su da hannu cikin wannan aikin. Duk da kaunar uwa, yawan mutuwar jarirai a cikin macaques na Japan suna da yawa - 28.5%.
Yana da ban sha'awa!An san babban macaque a matsayin cikakken memba na ƙungiyar samari lokacin da ya cika shekaru uku da haihuwa.
Makiya na halitta
A cikin daji, waɗannan birrai suna da makiya da yawa - masu farauta. Babban barazanar da ungiyar dutsen take, kerkeci na Japan, shaho, dodon, karnukan feral kuma, kash, mutane. An san cewa a cikin 1998 kawai, sama da 10 na macaques na Japan, waɗanda aka lasafta su a matsayin kwari na aikin gona, aka kashe.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A zamanin yau, macaque na kasar Japan yana da kariya, babu wanda yake farautar sa, amma duk da haka, jinsunan suna cikin yarjejeniyar CITES II, wacce ta takaita sayar da wadannan birai. Jimlar yawan macaque na Japan kusan dubu 114.5 ne.
