Powerarfi da ladabi, nutsuwa da iya tsalle-tsalle - duk wannan kwalliya ce, ɗayan kuliyoyi mafi ban sha'awa a duniya (wuri na 4 bayan zaki, jaguar da damisa). A Amurka, Jaguar ne kawai ya fi girma girma, wanda kuma ake kira cougar ko zaki.
Bayanin cougar
Puma concolor - wannan shine sunan nau'in a Latin, inda aka fassara sashi na biyu a matsayin "launi ɗaya", kuma wannan maganar gaskiya ce idan muka ɗauki launi dangane da rashin tsari. A gefe guda kuma, dabbar ba ta da cikakkiyar kalma guda ɗaya: ɓangaren sama ya bambanta da ciki mai haske, kuma an bambanta farar yankin ƙwanƙwasa da baki a kan bakin bakin.
Bayyanar
Balagaggen namiji ya kai na uku girma fiye da mace kuma nauyinta yakai 60-80 mai tsayin mita 1-1.8... Wasu samfura suna karɓar kilogiram 100-105. Cougar na da tsayi 0.6-0.9 m, kuma murdadden, a wutsiyar balaga ya kai mita 0.6-0.75. Cougar na da tsayayyen jiki mai sassauci, an yi masa kambin kai daidai da kunnuwa zagaye. Cougar yana da matukar kallo da kyau, baƙatattun idanu. Launi na iris jeri daga hazel da haske toka zuwa kore.
Theafafun bayan baya masu faɗi (masu yatsu huɗu) sun fi na gaba girma, da yatsu 5. Yatsun suna dauke da makamai masu lankwasa da kaifi wadanda suka koma kamar kuliyoyi. Ana buƙatar claan fizge da za a iya kamowa don riƙe wanda aka azabtar, da kuma hawa kututturan. Gashin zaki na dutsen gajere ne, mara nauyi, amma mai kauri, yayi kama da launi na babban abincinsa - barewa. A cikin manya, ƙasan jikin mutum ya fi na sama haske sosai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Babban tabarau sune ja, launin toka-ruwan kasa, yashi da rawaya-kasa-kasa. Ana ganin alamun farin akan wuya, kirji da ciki.
Kubiyu suna da launi daban-daban: babban gashinsu yana da duhu, kusan tabo baƙa, akwai ratsi a gaba da ƙafafun baya, da zobba a wutsiya. Canjin launi na pumas shima yanayi yana shafar shi. Waɗanda ke zaune a yankuna masu zafi suna ba da launi mai launin ja, yayin da waɗanda ke yankunan arewa ke nuna launin toka.
Ugananan cougar
Har zuwa 1999, masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun yi aiki tare da tsohuwar rarrabuwa na cougars, gwargwadon halayen su, kuma sun bambanta kusan nau'ikan 30. Rarraba na zamani (ya dogara da binciken kwayar halitta) ya sauƙaƙa ƙidaya, tare da rage dukkan nau'ikan cougars zuwa ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan guda 6 kawai, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin adadi iri ɗaya na ƙungiyoyin hoton yanayin.
A sauƙaƙe, masu farauta sun banbanta a cikin kwayoyin halittar su da kuma haɗe su da wani yanki na musamman:
- Puma concolor costaricensis - Amurka ta Tsakiya;
- Puma concolor couguar - Arewacin Amurka;
- Puma concolor cabrerae - Amurka ta Tsakiya ta Tsakiya;
- Puma concolor capricornensis - gabashin yankin Kudancin Amurka;
- Puma concolor puma - kudancin yankin Kudancin Amurka;
- Puma concolor concolor shine arewacin Kudancin Amurka.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Theananan raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa sune Puma concolor coryi, wani cougar Florida wanda ke zaune a cikin gandun daji / fadama na Kudancin Florida.
An lura da mafi girman hankali a cikin Big Cypress National Adana (Amurka)... A shekarar 2011, sama da mutane 160 ne suka zauna a nan, shi yasa aka sanya kananan lambobin a cikin IUCN Red List tare da matsayin "mai matukar hatsari" (cikin mawuyacin hali). Bacewar cougar ta Florida, a cewar masana ilimin halittu, laifin mutumin ne da ya zubar da fadama ya kuma farautar ta saboda sha'awar wasanni. Tsarin kiwo kuma ya taimaka wajen halaka, lokacin da dabbobin da ke da alaƙa da juna suka auri juna (saboda ƙananan mutane).
Salon rayuwa, hali
Cougars sune masu bin ka'idoji waɗanda zasu iya haɗuwa kawai yayin lokacin saduwa sannan kuma bazai wuce sati ba. Mata masu kittuna suma suna tare. Manya maza ba abokai ba ne: wannan halin samari ne kawai na yara, waɗanda kwanan nan suka ɓata daga gefen uwarsu. Kasancewar yawan wasa ya rinjayi kasancewar wasa: cougar guda daya zata iya sarrafawa akan kilomita 85², kuma sama da masu farauta dozin a rabi a matsayin ƙaramin yanki.
A ƙa'ida, yankin farautar mata ya kasance daga kilomita 26 zuwa 350², kusa da yankin na maza. Bangaren da mazan ke farauta ya fi girma (140-760 km²) kuma ba ya taɓa haɗuwa da yankin abokin hamayyar. Layi yana alama tare da fitsari / azaba da kuma karce bishiyoyi. Cougar yana canza wuri a cikin rukunin yanar gizon gwargwadon lokacin. Zaman tsaunuka suna dacewa daidai da rayuwa a cikin ƙasa mai wuya: suna da ƙwarewa masu tsalle (mafi kyau duka felines) duka a tsayi da tsayi.
Rubutun Cougar:
- tsalle mai tsayi - 7.5 m;
- tsalle mai tsayi - 4.5 m;
- tsalle daga tsayi - 18 m (kamar daga rufin bene mai hawa biyar).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Cougar yana hanzarta zuwa 50 km / h, amma da sauri ya tashi, amma cikin sauƙi ya shawo kan gangaren dutse, ya hau duwatsu da bishiyoyi da kyau. Cougars, suna tsere daga karnuka a hamadar kudu maso yammacin Amurka, har ma sun hau kan katuwar cacti. Dabbar kuma tana iyo da kyau, amma ba ya nuna sha'awar wannan wasan.
Puma yana farauta da yamma, yana fifita buga wanda aka azabtar da shi da tsalle guda ɗaya mai ƙarfi, kuma da rana mai farauta yana kwana a cikin kogon, kwantawa da rana ko lasa kansa, kamar sauran kuliyoyi. Na dogon lokaci akwai labaru game da rawar sanyi da cougar ya yi, amma komai ya zama tatsuniya. Kururuwa mafi ƙarfi tana faruwa yayin lokacin rutting, kuma sauran lokutan dabba tana iyakance ga kumburi, gunaguni, busawa, gunaguni da ƙaramin farin "meow".
Tsawon rayuwa
A cikin daji, cougar na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 18-20, idan ba ta faɗi a gaban gaban farautar farauta ba ko kuma a hannun manyan dabbobi.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Ita kadai ce kyanwa a cikin Amurka, wacce ke mamaye yanki mafi tsayi na nahiyar.... Shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, ana iya samun cougar a cikin babban yanki daga kudu na Patagonia (Argentina) zuwa Kanada da Alaska. A zamanin yau, zangon ya taƙaita sosai, kuma yanzu ana samun cougars (idan muka yi magana game da Amurka da Kanada) a cikin Florida kawai, haka kuma a cikin yankuna masu yammacin yamma. Gaskiya ne, yankin abubuwan da suke da mahimmanci har yanzu yana Kudancin Amurka gabaɗaya.
Masana ilmin namun daji sun lura da cewa yawan kwarin da ake yi kusan maimaitashi ne na rarrabawar barewar daji, babban abin kamun kifin. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa ana kiran mai farautar zaki zaki - yana son zama a cikin gandun daji masu tsayi (har zuwa 4700 m sama da matakin teku), amma ba ya guje wa filayen. Babban abu shine cewa yakamata a sami barewa da sauran kayan abincin dabbobi a yalwace cikin yankin da aka zaɓa.
Cougars suna rayuwa a cikin shimfidar wurare daban-daban kamar:
- gandun daji;
- gandun daji masu raɗaɗi;
- pampas;
- filayen ciyawa;
- Fadama masu fadama.
Gaskiya ne, ugananan ugan cougars na Kudancin Amurka suna jin tsoron su bayyana a fadamun dausayi inda jaguars ke farauta.
Abincin Cougar
Dabbar tana farauta idan dare yayi kuma yawanci yakan yi kwanton bauna ne domin yayi saurin tsallakewa zuwa gape. Fitowa tare da bijimi ko gora yana da wuya ga cougar, don haka sai ta yi amfani da abin mamaki, ta amintar da shi tare da tsallake tsalle a bayan wanda aka azabtar. Da zarar an hau, cougar, saboda nauyinsa, sai ya murɗa wuyansa ko (kamar sauran kuliyoyi) ya haƙo haƙoransa cikin maƙogwaro ya shaƙe. Abincin cougar ya kunshi yawancin dabbobi masu shayarwa, amma wani lokacin tana narkar da shi da beraye da sauran dabbobi. Hakanan an ga cougar na iya cin naman mutane.
Abincin zaki na dutse kamar wani abu kamar haka:
- barewa (fari-wutsi, baƙar fata, pampas, caribou da wapiti);
- muz, bijimai da garken tumaki;
- kyankyasai, kangararre
- zomaye, kurege da beraye;
- beavers, muskrats da agouti;
- dabbar skunks, armadillos da raccoons;
- birai, lynxes da coyotes.
Cougar baya ƙin tsuntsaye, kifi, kwari da katantanwa. A lokaci guda, ba ta jin tsoron kai hari kan baragurbi, kalilan da kuma grizzlies manya. Ba kamar damisa da damisa ba, don kwalliya babu bambanci tsakanin dabbobin gida da na daji: duk lokacin da zai yiwu, yakan yanka dabbobi / kaji, ba ya kula da kuliyoyi da karnuka.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin shekara guda, cougar daya yana cin daga kilogiram 860 zuwa kilogiram 1300, wanda yayi daidai da jimlar nauyin kusan hamsin ungulate. Sau da yawa kuma tana jan gawar da aka cinye rabin don ɓoyewa (wanda aka lulluɓe shi da itace, da itace ko dusar ƙanƙara) sannan ta dawo gareta daga baya.
Cougar yana da mummunar ɗabi'a ta kashe wasa tare da ajiya, ma'ana, a cikin juzu'in da ya wuce buƙatunta. Indiyawan, waɗanda suka san da wannan, sun kalli motsin mai farautar kuma suka ɗauki gawarwakin da ya tono, galibi ba a taɓa su ba.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
An yi imanin cewa zakunan tsaunuka ba su da tsayayyen lokacin kiwo, kuma kawai don 'yan kwalliyar da ke zaune a arewacin latitude, akwai wani tsari - wannan shi ne lokacin daga Disamba zuwa Maris. Mata sun shirya zama na kusan kwanaki 9. Gaskiyar cewa cougars suna cikin aiki mai mahimmanci don abokin tarayya yana bayyane ta hanyar kukan zuciya na maza da fadan nasu. Namiji yana yin kwazo tare da duk matan estrus waɗanda suke yawo a cikin yankinsa.
Kokarin yana haifar da ‘ya’ya daga kwanaki 82 zuwa 96, yana haifar da kyanwa 6, kowane daya yana da nauyin kilogiram 0.2-0.4 kuma tsawon sa ya kai mita 0.3. A cikin makonni biyu, jarirai sabbin haihuwa suna ganin haske kuma suna kallon duniya da shudayen idanu. Bayan watanni shida, launin sama na iris ya canza zuwa amber ko launin toka. Da shekara ɗaya da rabi, kittens ɗin da tuni sun ɓullo da haƙoransu sun koma cin abincin manya, amma ba sa ƙin nonon uwa. Aiki mafi wahala shine fuskantar mahaifiya, wacce aka tilasta mata kai nama ga hera heranta da suka girma (sau uku fiye da na kanta).
Da ya kai wata 9, duhu ya fara ɓacewa a jikin rigar kyanwa, ya ɓace gaba ɗaya da shekara 2... Kubiyoni basa barin mahaifiyarsu har sai sunkai kimanin shekaru 1.5-2, sannan kuma su watse don neman rukunin yanar gizon su. Barin mahaifiyarsu, coan sandar cougars suna zama a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na ɗan wani lokaci kuma daga ƙarshe sun watse, suna shiga lokacin balaga. A cikin mata, haihuwa na faruwa a shekaru 2.5, a cikin maza - bayan watanni shida.
Makiya na halitta
Kullum ba shi da irin wannan. Tare da ɗan faɗaɗawa, irin waɗannan manyan dabbobin za a iya danganta su ga masu ba da fata na gari:
- jaguars;
- Wolves (a cikin fakiti);
- grizzly;
- baƙin caimans;
- Mississippi masu kishin kifi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cougar ya haƙura da azabtarwar tarko (ba kamar jaguar da damisa ba). Ta yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don 'yantar da kanta, bayan haka ta yi murabus ga makomarta kuma ta zauna mara motsi har zuwa zuwan mafarautan.
Duk waɗannan dabbobin galibi suna kai hari ga rauni ko ƙuruciya. Daya daga cikin makiya cougar shine mutumin da yake harbawa da sanya tarko a kansa.
Puma da mutum
Theodore Roosevelt ya kirkiro jama'a don kare dabbobi, amma saboda wasu dalilai ya ƙi jinin cougar kuma (tare da goyon bayan shugaban ƙungiyar Zoological Society na New York) ya ba da izinin hallaka su tare da rashin hukunci a duk faɗin ƙasar. Ba dole ne mafarautan su lallashe su ba har tsawon lokaci, kuma daruruwan dubban cougars sun lalace a yankin Amurka, duk da cewa dabbar da kanta tana kauce wa mutum kuma tana kai masa hari da wuya... A cikin duka, ƙasa da ɗari da yawa da aka yi rikodin cougar ya faru a Amurka da Kanada (daga 1890 zuwa 2004), galibinsu sun faru ne kusan. Vancouver.
A cikin mazaunin cougar, dole ne a kiyaye matakan farko:
- saka idanu kan yara;
- ɗauki sanda mai ƙarfi tare da kai;
- kar a motsa kai kadai;
- lokacin da ake barazanar, bai kamata mutum ya guji cougar ba: dole ne mutum ya kalle ta kai tsaye idanunta ya ... yi ihu.
An tabbatar da cewa dabbar tana tsoron mutane masu tsayi. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, abubuwan da ya kawo harin yara ne ko manya waɗanda ba su da cikakken iko a kan hanyar cougar a cikin duhu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Godiya ga matakan kariya (tun daga 1971, cougars suna ƙarƙashin kariyar jihar), yawan mutanen yana murmurewa a hankali. An hana ko ƙuntata ugan kwando a duk faɗin Amurka, amma har yanzu ana harbe su, saboda lalacewar da aka yi a wuraren farautar kasuwanci da dabbobi.
Duk da harbin lokaci-lokaci da sauye-sauye a cikin muhalli, wasu ƙananan raƙuman cougar sun ƙara lambobin su, saboda sun dace da shimfidar wuraren da ba a saba gani ba a baya. Misali, yawan cougar ya farfado, wanda ya zauna a yammacin Amurka kuma kusan an lalata shi a karnin da ya gabata. A zamanin yau, ya kusan kusan masu kamala dubu 30, waɗanda suka fara haɓaka ci gaba na yankunan gabas da kudanci.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Koyaya, ƙananan kamfanoni guda uku (Puma concolor coryi, Puma concolor couguar all da Puma concolor costaricensis) har yanzu suna cikin CITES Shafi na 1 akan dabbobin da suke cikin hatsari.
Kuma abu na karshe. Akwai ƙarin ƙarfafan mutane waɗanda ke kiwon kyawawan cubaugan kwalliya... Yanayin yana shafar wakilan wakilai na fauna da haɗari. Ta yaya ƙoƙarin shawo kan dabbobin daji ya ƙare, mun sani daga misalin dangin Berberov.
