Giwaye (Еleрhantidae) dabbobi masu shayarwa ne da ke cikin tsarin proboscis. Mafi girman dabbobin ƙasa na dabbobi masu shayarwa ne, don haka tushen abincin giwa ya sami wakilcin wasu ciyayi iri-iri.
Abinci a cikin yanayin yanayi
Giwaye sune mafi girman dabbobi masu shayarwa da ke rayuwa a duniyarmu, kuma mazauninsu ya zama nahiyoyi biyu: Afirka da Asiya. Babban bambance-bambance tsakanin giwar Afirka da Asiya ba wakiltar yanayin kunnuwa ne kawai ba, kasancewar su da girman hauren hauren, amma kuma akwai abubuwan da ke cikin abincin. Asali, abincin duk giwaye bashi da bambanci sosai.... Wata ƙasa mai shayarwa tana cin ciyawa, ganye, bawo da rassan bishiyoyi, da kuma tushen iri-iri na tsire-tsire da kowane irin ofa fruitsan itace.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Don samun abinci, giwaye suna amfani da kayan aiki na halitta - akwati, wanda ake iya tsinke ciyayi daga ƙasan bishiyar kai tsaye kusa da ƙasa ko kuma a cire ta daga rawanin.
Ya kamata a sani cewa jikin giwar Asiya da Afirka bai wuce kashi 40% na yawan adadin tsiron da ake ci a rana ba. Neman abinci yana ɗaukar muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar irin wannan mai shayarwar. Misali, domin samun isasshen abinci ga kansa, giwar Afirka da ta manyanta na iya yin tafiyar kusan kilomita 400-500. Amma ga giwayen Asiya ko Indiya, tsarin ƙaura ba al'ada bane.
Giwayen Indiya masu cin ciyawa suna ciyar da kusan sa'o'i ashirin a rana don neman abinci da abinci. A lokutan da yafi zafi da rana, giwaye na kokarin buya a inuwa, wanda hakan ke baiwa dabbar damar kaucewa zafin rana. Abubuwan da aka kera na giwar Indiya sun bayyana nau'ikan abincin da yake ci a cikin yanayin yanayi.
Don tattara ciyawar da ta yi gajarta kaɗan, giwar ta fara sakin jiki ko nitsar da ƙasa, ta buge ta da ƙafa sosai. Haushi daga manyan rassa masu laushi ne ke share shi, yayin da reshen shukar da kansa yake riƙe da akwati.
A cikin yunwa da bushewar shekaru, giwayen suna da niyyar lalata amfanin gona. Noman shinkafa, da kuma ayaba da filayen da aka shuka da ciyawar sukari, yawanci suna fama da mamayar wannan dabba mai shayarwa. A dalilin haka ne giwaye a yau suka kasance daga cikin "kwari" mafi girma ta fuskar noma da girma.
Abinci lokacin da aka ajiye su cikin bauta
Giwayen Indiya ko Asiya a halin yanzu suna fuskantar barazanar bacewa, don haka ana yawan ajiye waɗannan dabbobin a wuraren kiyayewa ko wuraren shakatawa na dabbobi. A dabi'a da kamammu, giwaye suna rayuwa cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar al'umma masu rikitarwa, a cikin su ana lura da alaƙa mai ƙarfi, wanda ke sauƙaƙa tsarin neman abinci da ciyar da dabbobi. Lokacin da aka tsare su a cikin fursuna, dabba mai shayarwa tana samun adadin ciyayi da ciyawa. Abincin yau da kullun na irin wannan babban herbivore ya zama tilas ne tare da tushen kayan lambu, busassun gurasa na farin gurasa, karas, kawunan kabeji da 'ya'yan itatuwa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka fi so da giwar Indiya da Afirka sun haɗa da ayaba, da kuma bishiyoyin da ba su da kalori masu kalori da sauran kayan zaki.
Ya kamata a sani cewa a cikin cin zaki, giwaye ba su san ma'auni ba, saboda haka, suna da saurin cin abinci da saurin kiba, wanda ke da mummunar illa ga lafiyar dabbar. A wannan yanayin, dabbar proboscis tana da halayyar da ba ta dace ba, wanda ke tafiya da sanyin gwiwa ko rashin son rai tare da rashin cin abinci.
Yana da mahimmanci a tuna cewa giwayen da ke rayuwa cikin yanayi, yanayi na motsawa sosai kuma suna aiki sosai... Don samun wadataccen abinci don kiyaye rayuwa da kiyaye lafiya, dabba mai shayarwa na iya yin tafiya mai nisa sosai kowace rana. A cikin fursuna, dabbar ta rasa wannan dama, saboda haka, galibi giwaye a cikin gidan zoo suna da matsaloli tare da nauyi ko tsarin narkewar abinci.
A cikin gidan namun daji, ana ciyar da giwa kusan sau biyar ko shida a rana, kuma manyan kayan da ke gaba suna wakiltar abincin mai shayarwa na yau da kullun a cikin gidan shakatawar dabbobi na Moscow:
- brooms daga rassan bishiyoyi - kimanin kilogram 6-8;
- ciyawa da ciyawa tare da ƙari mai ƙai - kusan kilogram 60;
- hatsi - kimanin 1-2 kilogiram;
- oatmeal - kimanin kilogram 4-5;
- bran - kimanin 1 kg;
- 'ya'yan itãcen marmari waɗanda pears, apples da ayaba suka wakilta - kimanin kilogiram 8;
- karas - kimanin kilogiram 15;
- kabeji - kimanin kilogiram 3;
- beets - kimanin kilogram 4-5.
Tsarin giwa a lokacin bazara-kaka ya hada da kankana da tafasasshen dankali ba tare da kasawa ba. Duk 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da aka baiwa mai shayarwa ana yanke su a hankali sannan kuma a gauraya su da garin ciyawa ko kuma an yanyanka ciyawa mai inganci da bambaro. Sakamakon cakuda mai gina jiki ya bazu a kan dukkan yankin yadi.
Wannan hanyar ciyarwar tana bawa dabbobi damar motsawa sosai dan neman mafi dadin abinci, kuma hakan yana rage karfin shan giwayen da yawa.
Fasali na tsarin sha
Tsarin narkewar giwa yana da fasali da yawa, kuma cikakken tsayin daka duka hanyar narkar da abincin wannan dabba mai shayarwa ya kai kimanin mita talatin.... Duk ciyawar da aka ci ta fara shiga bakin dabbar, inda akwai manyan hakora masu taunawa. Giwaye kwata-kwata ba su da kumbura da keɓaɓɓu, waɗanda aka canza su a cikin irin wannan dabba zuwa manyan hauren hauren da ke girma a tsawon rayuwarsu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A lokacin haihuwa, giwaye suna da abin da ake kira hauren madara, waɗanda aka maye gurbinsu da na dindindin daga shekara shida zuwa shekara, kuma hauren mata a dabi'ance yana da rauni mai rauni ƙwarai ko kuma ba sa nan gaba ɗaya.
A duk tsawon rayuwarsa, giwar tana maye gurbin saiti shida, waɗanda molar ta wakilta tare da yanayin ƙasa, wanda shine ainihin abin da ake buƙata don tauna daƙƙƙarfan abincin abincin shuke-shuke. A cikin aikin tauna abinci, giwa ta motsa gaba da baya.
A sakamakon haka, abinci mai dafaffi mai kyau, wanda aka jika shi da miyau, yana shiga cikin gajeren gajeren hanji, sa'annan a cikin cikin ciki mai haɗuwa, wanda ke haɗe da hanji. Hanyoyin narkar da abinci na faruwa a cikin ciki, kuma wani sashi na abincin yana sha ne kawai a cikin hanji da cecum, a ƙarƙashin tasirin kwayar microflora. Matsakaicin lokacin zama na abinci a cikin ɓangaren hanji na ciyawar dabbobi masu shayarwa ya bambanta daga kwana ɗaya zuwa kwana biyu.
Nawa ne abincin da giwa take bukata a kowace rana
Giwar Indiya ko Asiya galibi mazaunin gandun daji ne, wanda ke ba shi ɗan sauƙi a nemo da amfani da wadatar abinci. Irin wannan babban mai shayarwar ya fi son ya zauna a cikin dazuzzuka masu dazuzzuka masu haske, wanda ke tattare da kasancewar wani ƙyalli mai girma, wanda ke da wakiltar shuke-shuke daban-daban, gami da gora.
Ya kamata a tuna cewa tun da farko, da farkon lokacin sanyi, giwaye za su iya shiga yankuna masu tudu gaba ɗaya, amma yanzu irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun zama masu yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin ajiyar yanayi, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne saboda kusan sauyawar ƙirar takaddun zuwa filayen noma da mutum ya haɓaka kowace shekara.
A lokacin bazara, giwaye suna tafiya tare da gangaren dazuzzuka, suna tafiya zuwa ƙasa mai duwatsu, inda za a wadatar da abincin dabba. Koyaya, saboda girmanta mai ban sha'awa, dabba mai shayarwa tana buƙatar wadataccen abinci, saboda haka tsarin ciyar da giwa a wuri ɗaya da wuya ya wuce kwana biyu ko uku.
Giwayen Afirka da Asiya ba sa cikin nau'in dabbobin yanki, amma suna ƙoƙari su bi kan iyakar yankin abincinsu. Ga namiji daya, girman wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya kai kimanin kilomita 15, kuma ga mata masu banƙyama - a tsakanin kilomita 30, amma iyakoki na iya haɓaka da girman gaske a lokacin bushe da yanayi mara amfani.
Matsakaicin adadin abincin da babban giwa ke cinyewa ya kai kilogiram 150-300, wanda ke wakiltar nau'ikan abinci na tsire-tsire, ko kuma kusan kashi 6-8% na nauyin jikin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Don cikewar ma'adinai a jiki, ciyawar ciyayi na iya bincika gishirin da ake buƙata a cikin ƙasa.
Nawa ruwa giwa ke bukata kowace rana
A baya-bayan nan, giwaye a ƙarƙashin yanayi sun yi ƙaura mai tsayi na yanayi, kuma cikakken zagayen irin waɗannan motsi yakan ɗauki kimanin shekaru goma, kuma ya haɗa da ziyarar tilas zuwa tushen ruwa. Koyaya, aikin ɗan adam yanzu ya sanya irin wannan motsi na manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa kusan ba zai yuwu ba, saboda haka cire ruwa ya zama babbar matsala ga dabbobin daji.
Dabbobin Proboscis suna shan abin sha da yawa, kuma giwa babba tana buƙatar kimanin lita 125-150 na ruwa kowace rana don biyan muhimman buƙatu.... A lokacin bushe-bushe, lokacin da hanyoyin samun ruwa ga dabba mai shayarwa suka bushe, dabba yakan tafi neman danshi mai ba da rai. Tare da taimakon akwati da hakora, ana haƙa ramuka masu tsawon mita a cikin busassun gadaje na kogin, wanda ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ke shiga a hankali.
Mahimmanci! Ruwan ramin karkashin kasa da giwaye suka yi a cikin maɓuɓɓugan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa yakan zama ceton rai ga sauran mazauna savannah waɗanda ke shan ruwa daga irin waɗannan wuraren ajiyar ruwa nan da nan bayan da giwayen suka tafi..
Giwayen Afirka sun fi na giwayen Asiya ko Indiya yawa, don haka suna cin abinci da ruwa sosai. A matsayinka na mai mulki, dabba mai shayarwa tana shayar da ƙishirwa sau ɗaya kawai a rana kuma baya mai da hankali sosai ga halayen ruwa. Idan abincin yana da wadataccen ruwa, to dabba na iya yin ruwa ba tare da ruwa ba har tsawon kwanaki.
Hakanan, riƙe danshi a cikin jiki yana sauƙaƙa ta cin abincin ƙazanta, mai wadataccen ma'adinai da gishiri.... Koyaya, a wasu shekaru musamman bushewa, duk ƙoƙarin giwaye don neman ruwa a banza. A irin wadannan shekarun, raguwar yawan giwaye sakamakon rashin ruwa a jiki ya zama mai matukar muhimmanci.
