An yi imanin cewa kusan wolverines dubu 30 yanzu suna rayuwa a duniyar. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa waɗannan mahara sukan yi haɗuwa da irin nasu, sun gwammace su gudanar da kansu su kaɗai a yankuna daga muraba'in kilomita dubu ɗaya zuwa dubu biyu.
Bayani, bayyanar wolverine
Dukkanin dangi da dangin gidan, wadanda suka hada da mai farauta, ana kiransu iri daya - "marten". Otter din teku ne kawai ya fi girma girma (tsakanin danginsa na kusa). A cikin girma, wolverine yayi kama da babban kare, a bayyane - badger ko bear tare da wutsiya mai laushi, matsakaiciya tsaka (18-23 cm). Dabba babba ta girma zuwa 70-85 cm tare da nauyin 10-14 kg (mace) da 13-17 kg (namiji). Mafi girman samfurin na iya ja har zuwa 20 kilogiram.
Ana kunnuwa masu kunnuwa masu kyau a kan babban kai, bakin bakin yayi kama da bear... Idanu, kamar hanci, baƙi ne. Tsugunno, jiki mai kauri an sanya shi a gajeru, gaɓaɓɓu masu kauri, na gaban sun gajarta fiye da na baya, wanda yake gani yana ɗaga ɓangaren baya na jiki, wanda yasa ya zama kamar an ɗan huta.
An rarrabe wolverine da manyan yatsu biyar, kusan ƙafafu ƙafa (10 cm - tsawon, 9 cm - faɗi): irin wannan "tafin", ƙarfafa tare da ƙusoshin ƙugiya, yana taimaka wa dabbar ta shawo kan wuraren da dusar ƙanƙara ke rufe. Lokacin da yake motsawa, mai farautar tsire-tsire ya bayyana ƙafafun kafa, yayin da yake sanya tafin hannu, yana kan dukkan ƙafarsa.
Jawo rani ya yi gajarta sosai don ƙara fara'a ga wolverine, yana ɓoye babban kwanyar da ƙafafu daidai gwargwado: yana da ban dariya musamman a wannan lokacin na shekara. Wolverine ya fi kyau a cikin sanyi, yana gina babban kauri na launin ruwan kasa mai duhu / baƙar fata, wanda aka gauraye shi da madaidaiciya, ɗauka mai haske a gefen.
Yana da ban sha'awa!Gashi mara kyau yana ɓoye ƙashi mai ƙarfi. Akwai sauran halaye guda ɗaya waɗanda suka sa ta zama kamar beyar: kamar shi, wolverine kawai yana kama da wauta. Tana sauƙaƙe sarrafa jikinta mai ƙarfi, yana nuna saurin walƙiya ga abokan gaba.
Wurin zama
Dabbar tana zaune a wurare masu yawa na yankin Arewacin Amurka da Eurasia, suna zaune a cikin arewacin arewacin taiga, tsibirin Arctic, dajin-tundra da tundra (inda akwai dabbobin daji da yawa).
An yarda da dabbar a matsayin alama ta hukuma ta Michigan, galibi ana kiranta da "jihar ta wolverine." A Turai, wolverine ta zabi yankin arewacin yankin Scandinavia, da Finland, Poland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Belarus da Russia.
A cikin ƙasarmu, ana iya samun mai farautar a Siberia, a yankin Kola, a cikin Yankin Perm, Karelia, Komi Republic, Far East da Kamchatka. Iyakokin kudu na sasantawar sun ratsa yankunan Kirov, Tver, Leningrad, Pskov, Vologda da Novgorod.
Ofungiyoyin wolverines a cikin daji suna da wuya ƙwarai... Daya daga cikin masanan ya yi mamakin bayyana cunkoson dabbar a tsaunin Sikhote-Alin da shi da abokan aikinsa suka lura: kilomita murabba'i 100 na kowane mutum. Irin wannan rikodin rikodin don mai farauta an bayyana shi ta yawan adon giwan da ya zo waɗannan wuraren. Sananne ne cewa kusan kerkeci ɗari huɗu suna rayuwa a cikin babban yankin Ussuriysk Territory, kuma ba su fi wolf ba da dubu biyu a cikin faɗin Yakutia.
Abokan gaba na wolverine
Kamar dukkan wakilan mustelids, wolverine yana da ƙwayar cuta ta tsuliya, wanda ake amfani da ɓoye a cikin abubuwa uku:
- don jawo hankalin mutane na kishiyar jinsi;
- don keɓance yankin "yankin" su;
- don tsoratar da makiya.
Sirrin kamshi ba wai kawai yana killace wolverine daga hare-hare daga maharanta ba, amma kuma yana ba shi kwarin gwiwa, a cikin zafin abin da rashin kunya ya dauke ganima daga kerkeci da lynx. An bayyana rashin juriya ne kawai: lynx, kamar dabba mai tsafta sosai, yana ƙoƙari ya guje wa ɗan fashi mai wari da sauri-sauri.
Jita-jita tana da cewa babban wolverine na iya kai hari ga kerkeci kansa, yana fatan ƙarfinta da haƙoransa masu ƙarfi: idan ba su taimaka ba, ana amfani da makami na ƙarshe da zai iya mutuwa - ƙamshi mai ƙyama. Wolverine ba ta riƙe fushi, shi ya sa ko beyar ta guje ta. Ba a kawo wa mutum hari sai dai idan ya zama dole: kawai idan ya tura ta zuwa wani ɓoye... A cikin haɗari, tana ruri kamar duwawu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Doctor na Kimiyyar Halittu Yuri Porfirievich Yazan, marubucin litattafai masu ban sha'awa game da dabbobi masu shayarwa, ya yaba da rashin iya aiki, ƙarfi da rashin tsoron wolverine. Yazan ta rubuta cewa ba ta yarda da beyar ba ko da damisa, amma ba za ta zubar da jini a banza ba.
Daga cikin mafarautan, akwai labaran da ke nuna cewa wolverine a kai a kai tana yin fashi, satar abinci (gami da nama) daga rumbun adanawa da dabbobi daga tarkon. Saboda wadannan dabaru, haka kuma don gaskiyar cewa wolverine ta rusa tarkon da aka sanya a kan hanyoyin farauta, sun ba ta wannan laƙabi mai ban sha'awa "datti mai lalata" kuma sun fara kisan ba tare da wani ma'auni ba. A wasu wurare, har ma sun rubuta wani kari don halakar dorina.
Sun daina bin dabbar ba da daɗewa ba, kasancewar sun koyi halaye da kyau kuma sun yaba da gudummawarta ga lafiyar dabbobin daji. Kamar yadda ya faru, ɗakunan ajiyar taiga galibi suna lalacewa ta bera mai ruwan kasa, da kuma wolverines, kodayake suna yawo kusa da rumbunan ajiya da hanyoyin farauta, suna gujewa mutane kuma basa satar abinci.
Salon rayuwa
A cikin wolverine, makiyaya ce, ya bambanta da danginta a cikin dangi, suna zaune wuri ɗaya: ba tare da gajiyawa ba yana yawo a kewayen yankinsa, yana bin sawu (galibi da yamma) abin da ya dace.
A kan hanya, wolverine ba ya mantawa ya kalli inda ƙananan dabbobi za su iya ɓoye - a cikin ramuka, gida-gida, ramuka, itace da ta mutu da itace mai bushewa. Hawan bishiyoyi ba tare da wahala ba saboda godiya da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi.
Wolverine ba ta son shi yayin da mutane masu jinsi ɗaya suka kutsa cikin yankunanta, kuma suna zafin kare mutuncin kansa... Bacin rai a ƙarƙashin tushen da aka tunkaresu, koguna masu rami da ramuka sun zama mafaka na ɗan lokaci na dabbar. Idan babu mafaka a kusa, zai iya kwana a kan duwatsu ko a cikin dusar ƙanƙara.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wolverine ɗan wasan ninkaya ne mai kishi. Ita ma tana da kyaun gani, da ji mai kyau, amma ba ƙamshin ƙanshi ba musamman.
Rashin tsoro na wolverine yana tattare da taka tsantsan: halaye guda biyu suna ba shi damar yin tafiya ba tare da lura da hanyoyin mutane da manyan masu farauta ba da fatan ɗaukar wani abu mai ci. Wolverine na iya yin tafiya a kan kowace hanya, waƙar motar dusar ƙanƙara da waƙa.
Gudun tafiya ba shine matsayinta mai ƙarfi ba (mai tsalle ko kare zai iya wucewa da wolverine a sauƙaƙe), amma tana ɗaukar juriya, tana tafiyar kimanin kilomita 30 kowace rana. Gudun kadan a kaikaice da tsalle. Akwai lokuta lokacin da wolverines suka kafa bayanai na tsawon motsi: ɗaya ya rufe kilomita 70 ba tare da tsayawa ba, na biyu ya yi tafiyar kilomita 85 kowace rana, na uku a cikin makonni 2 ya yi tafiyar kilomita 250.
Masana ilmin namun daji sun yi imanin cewa ba a jagorantar kerkewa da rana a kan hanya, suna hutawa idan sun ji gajiya.
Abincin Wolverine
Yanayin bukatun ta na gastronomic yana da fadi sosai, amma ba a tallafawa komai da komai ta hanyar dabarun farauta: wolverine koyaushe bashi da isasshen sassauci don kama ƙaramar dabba, kuma ƙarfin da zai mamaye babba. Gaskiya ne, wannan har ila yau yakan faru lokaci-lokaci: wolverine na iya tuka ƙoshin lafiya gaba ɗaya ko barewa da ke nitsewa cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai zurfi ko makale a cikin kankara... Me zamu iya cewa game da rauni ko dabba maras lafiya: wolverine ba za ta rasa damarta ba. Ba ta jinkirin tara kayan da suka rage bayan idin beyar, lynxes ko kerkeci. Kururuwar hankakan da hankakan ta “kai tsaye” ga gawar.
Wolverine na ɗaya daga cikin umarni na gandun daji, yana 'yantar da yawan miskila, barewa, tumakin dutsen, giwa da barewa daga dangi marasa ƙarfi. Ididdigar kamar haka: ta ɗebi unguloli 7 cikin 10 bayan manyan mahara, kuma tana farautar uku daga cikinsu da kanta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dalilin da yasa ba a samun hadaddiyar kungiyar manya 'yan wolf shine farauta gama gari. Wannan yakan faru ne a cikin yankuna na Gabashin Siberia da Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda akwai dawakai da yawa na miski, suna barin bin bin da'ira. Sanin wannan fasalin, wolverines suna raba matsayi: ɗayan ne ke jagorantar barewar miski, wasu suna jiran da'irar ta rufe.
Cikin natsuwa Wolverine tana jimrewa mako guda na yunwa, amma koyaushe tana cin abinci a ajiye, da sauri samun nauyi. Yana cinye babban wanda aka azabtar cikin manya-manyan gutsure kuma ya ɓoye shi a wurare daban-daban, a hankali ya ci shi. Deer na Musk yana cin abinci a cikin kwanaki 3-4.
Yawancin lokaci rashin kulawa da gawar suna sanya abinci na hunturu na wolverine. A lokacin bazara da bazara, abinci ya zama ya bambanta, kuma tafiya don neman abinci tana da wuya.
Kayan abincin bazara sun hada da:
- 'yan karnuka,' yan maruƙa da raguna;
- tsuntsaye (hazel grouse, black grouse) da ƙwai tsuntsaye;
- kifi (rayuwa da barci);
- beraye, kadangaru, kwadi da macizai;
- berries, zuma da kwayoyi;
- wasp larvae
Yana da ƙarancin gudu, amma ƙarfin ƙarfinsa, yana iya kashe wanda aka azabtar da shi da dogon buri.
Sake haifuwa
Namiji da mace sun fara kyautatawa juna a watan Mayu - Agusta, a lokacin saduwa, suna yin ƙungiyar ta ɗan lokaci (na makonni da yawa). Wolverine tana haihuwa duk bayan shekaru 2, kuma ciki yana da lokaci mai tsayi (watanni 7-8), bayan haka cigaban amfrayo na al'ada zai fara. Bayan kwana 30 - 40, daga karshe mace zata haihu.
A cikin tsammanin haihuwa, mahaifiya mai ciki tana samar da kogo, wanda dogo daya ko biyu (har zuwa mita 40) burrows ke kaiwa. Wolverine ba ta damu da jin daɗin rayuwa ba kuma ta sanya maƙarƙashiyar ba tare da kulawa ba, daga farkon kwanakin da ke nunawa ga 'yan baya game da wahalar rayuwar makiyaya. Kullum ba a samun gurbi a cikin amintaccen wuri (a cikin kogo, tsakanin duwatsu, a cikin tushen itace): wani lokacin yakan zama damuwa ne kawai a cikin dusar ƙanƙara.
Kwiyayi (2-4) an haife su a cikin Fabrairu / Maris. Yara makafi ne kuma marasa kyau, nauyin kowannensu bai wuce gram 70-100 ba. A wata, suna yin nauyi zuwa kilogiram 0.5 kuma suna buɗe idanunsu, kuma bayan 'yan watanni sai su zama kamar mahaifiyarsu, yayin da suke mata nauyi.
Ana maye gurbin madarar uwa da abinci mai narkewa na rabi, kuma puan kwikwiyo suna samun 'yanci na ɗangi, suna fita daga kogon tare da mahaifiyarsu a tsakiyar bazara. Wolverine tana shirya su don miƙa mulki na dogon lokaci, waɗanda za a ba su izinin farawa na cikakken balaga a cikin shekaru 2.
Wolverine da mutum
Masu farautar Taiga sun lura cewa wolverines da suka kama suna da yawan ƙiba, amma wannan dabba ba ta yawan zuwa yawan kofunan farauta.
Fatar Wolverine ƙarancin kaya ne. An bayyana buƙatunta na musamman tsakanin 'yan asalin arewacin ta hanyar ɗorewa mai tsayi da tsayi, wanda baya yin sanyi cikin tsananin sanyi. Ana amfani da Fur don dinka kayan waje, haka nan don kera muff, abin wuya da huluna.
Don fata na wolverine suna neman fiye da na sable - daga dala 70 zuwa 100.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Live wolverines suma suna da kima sosai. Zoos suna shirye su biya $ 250 ga kowane mai farauta. Wolverine ba kasafai ake samun sa a cikin kamuwa ba, saboda yawan mutanen shi yana da iyaka a cikin daji.
Af, kuliyoyin wolverine waɗanda suka faɗo wa mutum da sauri suna haɗuwa kuma suna zama masu ƙima. Dabbobin gida suna kula da kansu, basu da ma'ana, suna yiwa mai gidan biyayya kuma suna da ban dariya.
