Ilimin halittu shine kimiyyar halitta, wanda, da farko, yana nazarin dokokin hulda da halittu masu rai da muhallin su. Wanda ya kirkiro wannan horo shine E. Haeckel, wanda ya fara yin amfani da ma'anar "ilimin halittu" kuma ya yi rubuce-rubuce kan matsalar ilimin halittu. Wannan ilimin kimiyya yana nazarin yawan jama'a, halittu masu rai da kuma rayuwa gabaɗaya.
Manufofin ilimin zamani
Zai yiwu a yi jayayya na dogon lokaci game da abin da nazarin ilimin yanayin ƙasa, menene manufofinta, manufofinta, don haka za mu mai da hankali kan babban abu. Dangane da karatun kimiyya daban-daban, manyan manufofin kimiyyar muhalli sune kamar haka:
- nazarin dokoki da ci gaban ma'amala mai ma'ana ta mutane da yanayin duniya;
- haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyin hulɗa da zamantakewar ɗan adam tare da mahalli;
- tsinkayar tasirin abubuwan ɗan adam game da yanayin;
- hana lalata halittar mutane.
A sakamakon haka, komai ya canza zuwa tambaya guda: ta yaya za a kiyaye yanayi, bayan haka, mutum ya riga ya yi ɓarna da yawa a kansa?
Ayyuka na ilimin zamani
A baya can, mutane suna dacewa da yanayin duniyar, suna girmama shi kuma suna amfani da shi kaɗan kawai. Yanzu zamantakewar mutane ta mamaye dukkan rayuwa a doron ƙasa, kuma saboda wannan, mutane galibi suna samun sakamako daga masifu na ɗabi'a. Wataƙila, girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa, gobarar daji, tsunami, guguwa suna faruwa da dalili. Idan mutane basu canza tsarin koguna ba, basu sare bishiyoyi ba, basu gurbata iska ba, kasa, ruwa, basu lalata dabbobi ba, to da wasu masifu ba zasu faru ba. Don magance sakamakon halayen masu amfani da mutane game da yanayi, ilimin kimiyyar halittu ya tsara ayyuka kamar haka:
- don ƙirƙirar ka'idar ka'ida don kimanta yanayin dukkanin halittu masu rai a duniya;
- gudanar da bincike kan yawan jama'a don sarrafa yawansu da kuma taimakawa kara yawan halittu;
- saka idanu canje-canje a cikin biosphere;
- gano asali na canjin canje-canje a cikin dukkan abubuwan da ke ƙunshe da tsarin halittu;
- inganta yanayin mahalli;
- rage gurbatar yanayi;
- magance matsalolin muhalli na duniya da na gida.
Wadannan sun yi nesa da dukkan ayyukan da masana kimiyyar zamani da na talakawa ke fuskanta. Ya kamata a tuna cewa kiyaye yanayin ya dogara da kanmu kai tsaye. Idan muka kula da shi da kyau, ba wai kawai mu dauka ba, har ma muke bayarwa, to za mu iya tseratar da duniyarmu daga mummunan bala'i, wanda ya fi dacewa fiye da kowane lokaci.
