Aladu sune dabbobi masu shayarwa (artiodactyl order) na jinsi Sus a cikin dangin Suidae. Su 'yan asalin Eurasia ne da Arewacin Afirka. Aladu a cikin yanayi suna rayuwa galibi a cikin dazuzzuka da kuma yankuna dazuzzuka, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ilimin halittu. Alade na gida, Sus scrofa domesticus, na ɗaya daga cikin dabbobin farko da mutane suka mamaye su kuma har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman dabbobin gida a yau.
Nau'in aladu
Alade mai kunnuwa da daji na Afirka (Potamochoerus porcus)
Shine memba mafi launi na dangin alade, yana da jan gashi kuma galibi yana wanka a cikin rafuka da rafuka. Launi da fasali daban-daban na nau'ikan dabbobin sun bambanta. Alade mai kunnuwan kunnuwa daga Afirka ta Yamma galibi ja ne tare da farar fata a gefen baya. Aladu da aka samo a gabashi da kudancin Afirka ja ne, launin ruwan kasa, ko baƙi kuma wani lokacin sukan yi duhu saboda tsufa.
Boars na daji suna da madauran muzzles tare da warts biyu, suna bugu da protectari suna kiyaye kai yayin yaƙe-yaƙe don mamayewa. Alade mai kunnuwan kunnuwa yana gudu da sauri a kan ƙasa, kuma yana yin iyo da sauri idan ya cancanta.
Katuwar naman alade (Hylochoerus meiertzhageni)
Wannan shine mafi girman nau'in aladun daji. Boars suna da nauyin kilogiram 50 fiye da mata. Har ila yau, yawan jama'ar Gabas ya fi na Yammaci yawa. Mazajen aladun gandun daji na yamma ba su da nauyin kilogiram 150, maza daga gabas kuma suna karɓar kilo 225. Manya daga duka jinsunan suna baƙar fata ne ko kuma launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Doguwar riga amma baƙi kaɗan ta rufe jiki. Downasan tsakiyar layi na bayanta, dogayen gashin baki (har zuwa 17 cm) suna yin motsi wanda ke tashi yayin farin ciki.
Muzzles na aladu na daji halaye ne: diski na hanci babba ne babba (har zuwa 16 cm a diamita), kuma a cikin maza, babban kumburi yana bayyana a karkashin idanu. Dukansu jinsi biyu suna da kaifi (mata suna da ƙanana da yawa). A cikin maza, canines suna lankwasawa kaɗan zuwa sama; matsakaicin tsayin da aka rubuta shi ne 35.9 cm.
Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus / aethiopicus)
Yana zaune a wuraren kiwo, ba cikin daji ba, kamar sauran aladu. Akwai gandun daji iri biyu: warthog na gama gari (sunan kimiyya Phacochoerus africanus) da kuma gandun dajin hamada (Phacochoerus aethiopicus).
Mafi shahara daga wadannan, warthog na kowa, ana samun sa ne a yankin Saharar Afirka, gami da Kahon Afirka, kuma Desert Warthog an kebance shi ne da Kahon Afirka. Har zuwa kwanan nan, masanan kimiyyar dabbobin ba su rarrabe tsakanin jinsunan dawa ba. Saboda haka, ba a fahimci iyakokin rarraba wadannan nau'ikan halittu biyu a cikin Afirka ta Kudu ba, da kuma matsayin yalwa.
Babirussa (Babyrousa babyrussa) ko naman alade
Yana rayuwa a wasu tsibirai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya kuma ana rarrabe shi da manyan canines waɗanda suke girma a saman bakin da lanƙwasawa, mai yiwuwa kare idanu daga rassan bishiyoyi lokacin da alade ya bi ta cikin daji. Dabbar tana amfani da ƙananan canines akan sauran babirus a faɗa.
A cikin Amurka, inda aladu ba 'yan ƙasa ba ne, mai yin burodi mai alaƙa (Tayassuidae) yana da mahalli iri ɗaya, mai kama da fasali da halaye da aladu.
Alade mai gemu (Sus barbatus)
Waɗannan manyan aladu ne masu dogaye, mazan sun fi mata girma kaɗan. Jiki tare da raƙuman gashi galibi launin toka-launi ne a launi. Launin gashi ma launin ruwan kasa ne mai ja, mai duhu, ya danganta da mazaunin da yanayin mutum. Wutsiyar tana da fifikon layuka iri biyu na gashin gashi. Mulos din yana da tsayi, a kan gadar hanci da kunci akwai "gemu" na baƙin ciki, gashi mai kauri. Gemu ya fi bayyana a cikin maza, gashin kai har zuwa 15 cm a tsayi. Launin farin gemu (wani lokacin rawaya ko azurfa) ana saita shi ta hanyar furcin duhu tsakanin gemu, hanci na hanci da kewaye idanu. Maza suna haɓaka ƙirar fuska biyu, amma suna ƙanana kuma sun ɓoye a cikin gemu, ba sa cikin mata. Dukansu jinsi biyu suna da kaifi mai kaifi; a cikin maza, sun kai 25 cm tsayi. Kunnuwa kanana ne da nunawa.
Boar daji (Sus scrofa)
Gashi mai launin ruwan kasa mara laushi da annuri, yana canza launin toka da tsufa. Muzzle, kunci da makogwaro an rufe su da farin gashi. Baya baya zagaye, ƙafafu dogaye ne, musamman ma a ɓangarorin arewacin. An haifi alade tare da samfurin ratsi mai haske a jiki, wanda ya ɓace tsakanin watanni na biyu da na shida. Launin babban boar daji an kafa shi yana da shekara guda. Kan da babu wart yana da tsawo kuma an nuna shi. Canines na sama suna yin hauren giɓi waɗanda suke lanƙwasa zuwa sama. Canananan canines suna kamar reza, suna kaɗa kai lokacin da aka shafa su a kan manyan canines. Wutsiya tana da tsayi tare da ƙugu.
Dwarf alade (Sus salvanius)
Nau'in jinsin yana da asali ga Indiya, kewayonsa ya iyakance ne ga Mangan Kasa na Manas a arewa maso yammacin Assam. Waɗannan ƙananan aladu ne masu tsayi 20-30cm. Wannan jinsin yana rayuwa ne a cikin manyan ciyawar daji. Aladu suna cin abinci a kan saiwoyi, tubers, kwari, beraye da ƙananan dabbobi masu rarrafe. Suna kiwo kowace lokaci kafin damina, suna haifar da litter na aladu uku zuwa shida.
Alade na gida (Sus scrofa domesticus)
Daga cikin masanan, yana da sunan kimiyya Sus scrofa na kimiyya, kodayake wasu mawallafa suna kiransa S. domesticus, suna barin S. scrofa don dabbobin daji. Boars (Sus scrofa) sune kakannin aladun aladun gida, waɗanda aka kawata gida kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata, mai yiwuwa a China ko Gabas ta Tsakiya. Aladu na gida sun bazu ko'ina cikin Asiya, Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka da Tsibiran Pacific tun zamanin da. Hernando de Soto ne ya gabatar da aladu zuwa kudu maso gabashin Arewacin Amurka daga Turai da sauran masu binciken Sifen na farko. Aladu da suka tsere sun zama na gari kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka suna amfani da su azaman abinci.
Bayani da halayya
Alade na al'ada yana da babban kai mai doguwar hanci, wanda aka ƙarfafa shi da ƙashi na musamman wanda ake kira ƙashin hanci, da kuma cartilaginous diski a ƙarshen. Ana amfani da hancin don haƙa ƙasa don neman abinci kuma yana da gaɓoɓin ji na gani sosai. Aladu suna da cikakken saitin hakora 44. Canines, waɗanda ake kira hauren giwa, suna girma koyaushe suna zama masu kaifi yayin da ƙanƙanin ƙasa da babba ke goga juna.
Alade abinci
Ba kamar sauran sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa ba, aladu ba su da mahaukatan dabbobi masu yawa kuma ba za su rayu kan ganye da ciyawa su kadai ba. Aladu na da komai, wanda ke nufin suna cinye tsirrai da dabbobi don abinci. Suna cin abinci iri-iri, gami da:
- itacen girki;
- tsaba;
- koren ciyayi;
- tushe;
- tubers;
- namomin kaza;
- 'ya'yan itace;
- gawa;
- qwai;
- kwari;
- kananan dabbobi.
Wani lokaci, a lokacin rashin abinci, alade uwa takan ci sasanta.
A ina aladu ke zama
Aladu suna daya daga cikin yaduwa da yaduwar halittu na manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Ana samun su ta halitta a cikin yawancin Eurasia, daga dazuzzuka masu zafi zuwa dazukan arewa.
Aladu dabbobi ne na zaman jama'a
A dabi'a, aladu mata da theira youngansu suna rayuwa a cikin dangin dangi wanda ake kira garke (mazan maza yawanci suna kaɗaici.) Membobin Sonar suna sadarwa da juna ta amfani da gani, sautuka da ƙamshi, suna aiki tare wajen neman abinci da lura da masu cin karensu babu babbaka. ...
Me yasa aladu ke son datti
Aladu ba su da ƙwayoyin gumi, don haka a lokacin zafi suna sanyaya jiki da ruwa ko laka. Suna kuma amfani da laka a matsayin kariya daga hasken rana wanda ke kiyaye fata daga kunar rana. Laka tana kariya daga ƙudaje da ƙwayoyin cuta.
Yadda aladu ke kiwo
Aladu da sauri sun isa shekarun haihuwa, kimanin shekara guda bayan haihuwa, kuma suna haifar da aladu na aladu, galibi yara 4 zuwa 8 a cikin yanayi, kowace shekara bayan balaga. Aladu sun bambanta da sauran dabbobi masu kofato saboda uwa tana gina rookery inda take haihuwa da kuma kula da aladun aladun.
Cutar da fa'idodi ga mahalli
Waɗannan dabbobin suna amfanar al'ummomin gandun dajin da suke zaune:
- cin mushe;
- sarrafa yawan kwarin kwari na bishiyoyi;
- tada ƙasa tare da hanci da canines, wanda ke inganta ci gaban shuka;
- yada tsaba, fungal spores, gami da truffle.
A gefe guda kuma, aladun alade (aladu na gida a cikin daji) suna yin kwari da lalata yanayi. Misali, aladu da aka kawo Australia:
- lalata mazaunin tsire-tsire da dabbobi na gida;
- inganta ci gaban weeds;
- lalata makiyaya da albarkatu;
- lalata muhalli, tono hancinsu a cikin ƙasa don neman abinci.
Me mutum yake amfani da aladu?
Aladu sun nemi dabbobin dawa, tumaki masu kiwo, sun zama wasan mafarauta, ana yin su a cikin circus kuma suna yin fim. Ana amfani da kamannin jikin mutum da mutane a cikin gwajin likita. Ana dasa bawul na alade a zuciyar mutum, hanta alade ta ceci rayuka, an dasa ta a cikin hanta wadanda ke fama da matsanancin ciwon hanta, wani tsari da ake kira "turare."
Aladu ba kawai abinci ne ga mutane ba, har ma dabbobin gida
Aladu sanannu ne a matsayin dabbobi masu hankali, kuma masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun gano cewa sun fi karnuka ko kuliyoyi horo. Aladu na K'abilan Biyetnam, ƙaramin nau'in aladu na gida, sun zama shahararrun dabbobi. A baya can, ana ajiye aladun gida na gida a cikin gida. Mutane sun dakatar da sanya aladu a gidajensu saboda girman su da halayen lalatarsu. Ana kawo letsan alade cikin gida mai ɗumi a lokacin sanyi idan sito ya yi sanyi sosai. Amma, a matsayinka na mai mulki, ana canza su zuwa alƙalami yayin da suke girma.
Alade breeds
Akwai aladu da yawa tare da halaye daban-daban waɗanda zasu sa su dace da mahalli daban-daban da kuma samar da samfuran da ake so. Ana nuna aladu a baje kolin aikin gona, inda masu yanke hukunci ke kimanta su kamar:
- kayan kiwo, kwatanta su da daidaitattun halaye na kowane irin;
- ko kuma don dacewa da yanka da samun nama mai mahimmanci.
Tasirin aladu kan yanayin
Yawancin aladu na aladu a cikin Amurka, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Hawaii da sauran wuraren da aladu ba dabbobi na ainihi ba ne suka tsiro:
- aladu na gida waɗanda ke gudana kyauta ko an ba su izinin ciyarwa a cikin yanayi;
- namun daji, waɗanda aka gabatar da su a matsayin ganima don farauta.
Aladu na daji, kamar sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, sune manyan direbobin ɓarnata da canjin yanayin ƙasa. An gabatar da su zuwa sassan duniya da yawa kuma suna lalata amfanin gona da makircin gida da yada cuta. Aladu suna huɗa manyan filaye, suna lalata ciyawar gida kuma suna yaɗa ciyawa. Yana:
- canza mazaunin;
- yana haifar da maye gurbin ciyayi;
- rage fauna da ke cikin wannan yankin.
Har yaushe aladu suke rayuwa?
Matsakaicin rayuwar aladun gida shine shekaru 15 zuwa 20, wanda ya fi shekaru 4 zuwa 8 na naman daji. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan mace-mace a yanayi.
Ta yaya aladu ke kare kansu daga masu farauta
Aladu dabbobi ne masu farauta, amma wasu nau'o'in halittu suna farautar su. Koda a cikin fursunoni, suna jawo hankalin masu farauta kuma suna cin karo dasu, harma suna rayuwa kusa da mutane.
Aladu sun dogara da sauri, suna gudu daga masu farauta. Baya ga sauri, suna amfani da fuka-fukai, wadanda suke zama makamai da garkuwa. Abin baƙin cikin shine, a cikin aladun gida, an cire canines saboda masu mallakar suna jin basu da ma'ana.
Wata kariya ta alade ita ce fata mai kauri, wanda ke sanya wuya ga mai farauta ya ciji naman. Bayan iyawa ta jiki, aladu ma sun dogara da ji da ƙanshi. A ƙarshe, hankalin alade shine babban makami. Alade tana cikin ta huɗu daga cikin dabbobin da suka fi hankali a duniya, wanda ke nufin zai iya wucewa ga mai farauta da sauƙi!
Abokan gaba / Mafarauta suna farautar aladu:
- mutane;
- fararen fata
- kuraye;
- cougars;
- grizzly;
- kerkeci;
- karnuka;
- raccoons;
- lynx;
- zakuna.
Baya ga abokan gaba, masu farautar farauta suna farautar aladu:
- mujiya;
- mikiya.
Masu farauta masu fuka-fukai suna ɗaukar aladu a gidajen su, suna cutar da manya, masu kaifi da baki suna barin raunuka.
