Marsh harrier - tsuntsayen ganima mai yaduwa a cikin Eurasia. Sunanta na asalin Slavic ne na yau da kullun. Ana iya fassara shi zuwa harshen zamani azaman ɗan fashi. Sunaye marasa ma'ana: reed harrier, marsh hawk, marsh kite, mousewort.
Bayani da fasali
Nau'in nau'in 5 na masu lalata a cikin Rasha. Mafi girma daga cikinsu shine maɓallin marsh ko maƙallan maɗaukaki. Kamar yawancin tsuntsayen ganima, tana da kyan gani, siriri. Kan yana karami. Idanu sun mamaye wani bangare mai mahimmanci.
Ga tsuntsaye, musamman tsuntsaye masu farauta, hangen nesa shine babban gabar ji. A cikin jirgin ruwan fadama, yana da kaifi, yana ba ku damar ganin ƙaramin linzamin kwamfuta ko sparrow a nisan kusan kilomita 1. Wurin idanu yana gane yanayin hangen nesa na hangen nesa. Amma kusurwar hangen nesa ta hango kunkuntar hanya.
Eyeaya daga cikin idanun Marsh Harrier ya rufe kusurwa 150 - 170. Binocular fahimtar abubuwa yana iyakance ga ɓangaren digiri 30. Wato, don ganin abubuwan gefe a cikin juzu'i, dole tsuntsu ya juya kansa.
Baya ga ƙwarewar gani, masu cutar fadama suna da wani fasali wanda shima ya samo asali a cikin yawancin tsuntsaye masu farauta. Suna bayyane tsakanin abubuwa masu motsi da sauri. Ga ɗan adam, ƙyaftawar fitilar hertz 50 ya haɗu zuwa haske mai ci gaba. Ganin hangen nesa na gami ya hango wani haske daban.
Rashin ƙarfin hangen nesa na taimaka wa mai farauta fuka-fukai don rarrabe yanayin mai saurin motsawa. Lokacin bin farauta cikin sauri, shaho ko jigila, godiya ga wannan kayan, yana guje wa haɗuwa da matsaloli.
Babban abin mamakin idanun Marsh Harrier da sauran tsuntsayen masu ƙaura shine ikon ganin magnetic Duniyar. Jirgin ruwa mai ɗabi'a wanda aka gina cikin idanu yana jagorantar tsuntsayen akan hanyar ƙaura.
Kunnuwa suna kusa da idanun Marsh Harrier. Su, ba shakka, ba bayyane ba ne, saboda tsuntsaye ba su da kunnuwa. Sauran kayan jin yana kama da na dabbobi masu shayarwa.
A kan kai akwai ramin kunne wanda aka rufe shi da fuka-fukai. Hanyar kunne ta faɗaɗa daga gare ta. Sauti yana zuwa ta cikin kunnen na ciki. Wanne, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ke aiwatar da ayyukan vestibular.
A cikin jigilar, gashin fuka-fukan da ke rufe buɗewar buɗe ido suna aiki a matsayin mai tacewa. Ta hanyar matsar da fatar a kai, tsuntsun yana canza yanayin fuka-fukan, wanda a karkashinsa ne ake boye hanyar shiga kunne. Wannan na sanya sautsi ko haɓaka sauti na takamaiman mita. Wannan yana taimakawa jin ganima ta hanyar karar ammi.
Marsh Harrier bashi da kunnuwa na waje, amma yana da begen shaho. Ya fi girma fiye da na sauran maharan, tsawonsa ya kai kimanin cm 2. Baki, kamu. Hanyoyin hancin suna a gindin baki. Su wani ɓangare ne na tsarin numfashi.
Iskar shaƙa da ke wucewa ta hancin hanta tana ƙunshe da ƙamshi. Matsaloli suna tasowa tare da ƙudurinsu a cikin masu cutar fadama da sauran tsuntsaye. Kwayoyin masu karbar wari suna nan a cikin ramin hanci, amma ba su da ci gaba sosai. Hakanan ba daidai bane ga ma'anar dandano.
Marsh Harrier ba katako bane kuma bashi da ƙamshi. Amma hangen nesa, ji, gyaran jikin mutum, gashin fuka-fukai sun faɗi haka Fadama mai cutar mahauta gwaninta, fice.
Namiji baligi yana da nauyin 400-600 g.Mace, kamar yadda yawanci yake ga tsuntsayen dabbobi, tana da ƙarfi fiye da na namiji, tana da nauyi daga 600 zuwa 850. Namiji na iya shimfida fikafikansa daga 100 zuwa 130 cm.Mace ta faɗaɗa fikafikanta da 120-145 cm
Hannun baya, ɓangaren sama na namiji an yi masa launin ruwan kasa. A kan kai da wuya, ana gyara gefunan fuka-fukan tare da taba, sautin rawaya. Fuka-fukan da ke saman wutsiya da fikafikan suna da launuka masu launuka masu launin toka. Theananan kwakwalwa, ɓangaren jikin mutum yayi tsatsa tare da rawaya.
Fadama Harrier Mace alama daban da na namiji. Launi tare da ƙananan bambanci. Kanta yana da launin toka, ga ratsin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa a kirjinta. Matasan masu haɗari ba sa ɗaukar launin tsuntsaye manya. Don yin wannan, dole ne su shiga cikin zafin nama da yawa.
Irin
An haɗa Marsh Harrier a cikin ƙididdigar nazarin halittu a ƙarƙashin sunan Circus aeruginosus. Tsuntsun na daga cikin manyan dangin shaho kuma suna haɗuwa da sauran masu haɗari a cikin jinsin Circus. Masana kimiyyar halittu sun hada da nau'ikan 18 a cikin jinsin halittar, daga cikinsu jinsunan tsibiri 2 sun gushe.
- Circus aeruginosus shine mafi yawan tsuntsayen wannan nau'in - marsh harrier.
- Circus assimilis - yana zaune a Australia da Indonesia. Fuka-fukai suna da laushi kamar na mujiya. Saboda bambance-bambancen launi, ana kiransa mai hange mai hange. An sami babban launi mai laushi a cikin shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa.
- Circus approximans - ana kiran wannan tsuntsaye: Australian Jirgin fadama na Australiya, maƙerin New Zealand. An rarraba kan nahiya ta biyar da kuma cikin New Zealand duka. Tare da saman launin ruwan kasa mai duhu da kuma fikafin fuka-fuki mai toka smoky. Ostiraliya Jirgin fadama a cikin jirgin - kyakkyawan tsuntsu.
- Circus buffoni. Sunan da ake amfani da shi ga wannan tsuntsu shi ne mai doguwar fuka-fukai. Jinsi a Kudancin Amurka. Doguwar plum akan fuka-fukai da wutsiya na taimakawa yin manyan jirage don neman abinci.
- Circus cyaneus shine mai tasirin filin Eurasia. A arewa, yankin nesting da farauta ya ƙare a Arctic Circle, a gabas ya isa Kamchatka, a kudu ya haɗa da Mongolia da Kazakhstan, a yamma ya iyakance da tsaunukan Faransa.
- Circus cinereus shine maƙerin launin toka na Amurka ta Kudu. Iyakokin yankin sun faro daga Colombia zuwa Tierra del Fuego.
- Circus macrosceles - Malagasy ko Madagascar Marsh Harrier. An samo shi a Madagascar da Comoros.
- Circus macrourus - leanƙarar ruwan goge ko steppe. Yana zaune a kudancin Rasha, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, lokacin hunturu a Indiya, kudancin Afirka.
- Circus maurus shine mai baƙar fata na Afirka. Noma a cikin Botswana, Namibia da wasu yankuna na Afirka ta Kudu. Tsuntsu mai fuka-fuki fuka-fukai ya bayyana kusan baƙi. A cikin tashi, fararen ƙarshen fuka-fukan sun zama sananne. Babban launi yana ɗaukar kyakkyawa amma mai ban tausayi.
- An nada sunan Circus maillardi bayan mazaunin sa: Reunion Marsh Harrier. Endemic zuwa Tsibirin Reunion.
- Circus melanoleucos - Cikakken baƙon Asiya. Jinsi a Transbaikalia da Yankin Amur, yana faruwa a Mongolia da China. Winters a duk yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya.
- Circus pygargus shine mai cutar Eurasian makiyaya. Tana farauta da gida gida ko'ina cikin Turai, Siberia da Kazakhstan. Winters a Indiya da kudu maso gabashin Afirka.
- Circus spilonotus - Gabashin Asiya ko gabashin fadamar ruwa... A baya anyi la'akari da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa na marsh. Noma a cikin Siberia, daga Urals zuwa Lake Baikal. An samo shi a Mongolia da arewacin China. Smallananan mazauna suna zaune a tsibirin Japan.
- Circus ranivorus - breeds da damuna a kudanci da tsakiyar Afirka. Yana ɗauke da sunan da ya dace da kewayonsa - dutsen hawkin Afirka.
- Circus spilothorax - Sabon Guinea Harrier. Gutsure a New Guinea. An sami wasu mutane a Ostiraliya.
- Jinsin ya hada da dadaddun jinsuna biyu: Circus eylesi da dossenus. An sami ragowar na farkon a cikin New Zealand. Nau'i na biyu ya taba zama a Hawaii.
Rayuwa da mazauni
A lokacin hunturu, fadama daskarewa, kanana da tsuntsayen ruwa suna shimfidawa zuwa kudu. Wannan shine tabbas marsh harrier — tsuntsu ƙaura. Yammacin lokacin hunturu a cikin Hindustan. Tsuntsayen da ke tsugune a arewacin Turai da ƙauyuka masu sanyin jiki suna ƙaura zuwa yankunan Afirka. Marsh Harriers daga Yammaci da Kudancin Turai sun tashi zuwa Kudu maso Gabashin Afirka, zuwa yankin Zambiya da Mozambique.
A Spain, Turkiyya, kasashen Maghreb, akwai al'ummomin da ke zaune a zaune. Yankin su yana dab da Tekun Bahar Rum. Yanayin rayuwa, yanayi yana ba wa waɗannan tsuntsayen damar yin watsi da ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci. Adadin tsuntsayen da ba su da yawa ba su da yawa, bai wuce 1% na yawan duk masu cutar (marsh) ba.
Jirgin hunturu yana farawa a cikin kaka, a cikin Satumba-Oktoba. Anyi shi kadai. Hawkbirds gabaɗaya, musamman Marsh Harriers, ba sa yin garken tumaki. Iyakar rukunin zamantakewar da loonies ke ƙirƙira shine ma'aurata. Akwai abubuwan da suka gabata lokacin da ƙungiyar mace da namiji ta kasance shekaru da yawa. Amma yawanci ma'auratan suna hulɗa ne kawai tsawon kaka ɗaya.
A cikin wuraren nesting da hunturu na maharan, sun zaɓi yanki na irin wannan nau'in. Sun fi son fadama, ambaliyar ruwa, ciyawar ciyawar ruwa. Sau da yawa waɗannan filayen noma ne da ke dab da fadama ko tabkuna masu zurfin ciki. Loonies ya ba da cikakken ɗayan ɗayan sunayensu: suna da banbanci ga yatsun rami.
Gina Jiki
Jirgin jigilar mafarautan farauta yana da ban mamaki sosai. Wannan wata karamar shawa ce a fuka-fukan da ke samar da sifa mara zurfin gaske. A lokaci guda, ƙafafun tsuntsu sukan rataya. Wato, an nuna cikakken shiri don kai hari. Wannan salon tashi yana baka damar sauka da sauri ka debi ganima daga saman ruwa ko ƙasa. Jerin jerin kimanin me damin gulbi yake ci:
- ducklings da sauran kajin,
- kananan kifi da tsuntsaye,
- rodents, galibi matasa muskrats,
- dabbobi masu rarrafe, amphibians.
Marsh Harriers, musamman a lokacin ciyarwar, yi ƙoƙarin afkawa tsuntsayen ruwa masu girma. Wadannan ƙoƙarin ba su da nasara sosai. Sai kawai lokacin da agwagwa ko sandpiper basu da lafiya ko rauni. Tsuntsayen da ke tsugune a cikin mulkin mallaka suna kare kansu kuma ba sa barin maƙerin marsh da sauran tsuntsayen shaho su zo kusa.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Marsh Harriers ya koma gidajen su na shure-shure a cikin Afrilu. Kwanakin farko da suka murmure bayan tashi - suna ciyarwa sosai. Idan ba a halicci ma'aurata a lokacin aikin sanyi ba, ana yin sabuwar ƙungiyar tsuntsaye a wannan lokacin.
Ma'aurata da suka biyo baya suna nuna abubuwa na halayen jima'i. Tsuntsaye suna yin tashi sama tare. Marsh Harrier a cikin hoton sau da yawa ana gyara shi yayin yin motsi na acrobatic na iska.
Wataƙila, yayin aiwatar da waɗannan jiragen, ba kawai an nuna niyya ba, amma kuma an kiyasta yadda aka zaɓi yankin don ginin gida. Bayan iskanci na sama, lokaci yayi da za a kirkira gida.
Wurin da aka fi so a cikin gida na Marsh Harrier yana cikin ƙyallen maƙalas, a cikin wani wuri mai dausayi da ba shi da izinin shiga. Marsh Harriers na sake sake gina gidan su na kaji a kowane lokaci. Amma ba sa ƙaura daga yankuna da suka saba ba. An kafa su kusan kusan wurare iri ɗaya kowace shekara.
Babban ƙoƙari don gina gida mata ne ke yin ta. Namiji yana taka rawar gani. Yana kawo kayan gini, yana ciyar da mace. Sandunan raƙuka da rassa suna da kusan madauwari yanki mai kusan 0.8 m a diamita da tsayi 0.2 m. An tattake wani ɓacin rai a tsakiyar rukunin yanar gizon, an rufe gindinta da laushi, kayan busassun tsire-tsire.
Soket din yana da ayyuka biyu. Tsaron masonry, sirrin gida yana nufin wannan. Samun damar isa ga gidan tsuntsayen manya. Wato, rashin bishiyoyi, ciyayi masu tsayi sosai, wanda, lokacin da suke masauki, na iya tsoma baki tare da sauka da sauka na watanni.
Lokacin da wasu Harh Marshall ke gab da gama ginin gida gida da shimfidawa, wasu kuma har yanzu suna neman abokin tarayya. Hanyar haɗawa, gina gida da samar da masarufi yana ɗaukar kimanin wata ɗaya, daga Afrilu zuwa Mayu.
A ƙarshen Afrilu, tare da tsawon bazara a watan Mayu, mace tana kama kama da ƙwai 4-5 waɗanda kusan fari suke da ɗigon duhu. Theulla zai iya zama ɗan girma ko ƙarami. Mace ce kawai a kan gida. Namiji yana ciyar da ita, yana yin jigilar abinci na yau da kullun. Da daddare yakan sauka kusa da gida daga kan bishiyar kankara.
Bayan kwana 20, ɗan fari ya zubar da ƙwarjin. Sauran kajin suna kyankyashe da gajeren katsewa. Kusan ba su da ƙarfi, an rufe su da hayaki mai laushi. Kaza na farko yana da nauyin 40-50 g, na karshe bai wuce g ba 30. Duk da bambancin ci gaba, kainism (kashe dan’uwa mara karfi ta wani mai karfi) ba a lura da shi a cikin gida.
Na farko kwanaki 10-15 na kajin kuma mace ana ciyar da ita ne kawai ta hanyar jigilar namiji. Bayan haka mace ta fara barin gida don neman abinci. Don ciyar da kajin, tsuntsayen biyu suna tashi don neman ganima, wani lokacin sukan yi tafiyar kilomita 5-8 daga gida.
Zuwa ƙarshen watan Yuni, kajin sun fara fitowa. Har zuwa ƙarshen Yuli, iyaye suna ciyar da zuriyarsu. Matasan marsh masu hargitsi suna kallo da bin manyan tsuntsayen, suna ɗaukar matakin kajin roƙo, kuma daga ƙarshe suna roƙon abinci. Broods sun fara wargajewa a watan Agusta. A farkon kaka, tsarin haihuwa da ciyarwa a cikin masu cutar marsh ya ƙare.
A farkon kaka, a farkon Satumba, Loonies suna fara ƙaurarsu ta kaka. Birdsan tsuntsayen da ba su da kowa sai sun ɗan jima. Suna da shekaru 12 - 15 a gabansu (wannan shine tsawon lokacin da masu cutar marsh ke rayuwa).
Zuwa ga tambayar “Jirgin fadama a cikin jan littafi ko a'a"amsar ita ce mara kyau. An rarraba tsuntsaye a ko'ina cikin kewayon. Yana da wahala ayi lissafin jimillar lamba, amma bacewar maharan (reed) ba a fuskantar barazana.
