Daga cikin manyan dabbobi masu rai na zamani bison dabba yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wurare. Kakannin bijimai na daji sun fi girma. Abin mamaki ne cewa dabbobi sun tsira daga canjin yanayi, kuma yawan dangi na manyan mayaƙan yaƙi na da sun rayu.
Bayani da fasali
A cikin girman Bisan Amurka, ya zarce mafi girma ungulaye a Duniya. Nauyin babban namiji ya kai tan 1.2, tsawon jiki yakai 3, girman bison ya kai kimanin mita 2. Saboda kamanceceniya da bison a jikinsu daidai gwargwado, kalar fatar dabbar tana da wahalar rarrabewa a kallon farko. Dukkanin jinsunan, hakika, suna kusa sosai da cewa sun hadu ba tare da takura ba.
Babban fasalin ɗan bijimin shine girmansa na musamman, wanda, tare da girman girman jiki, gani yana ƙaruwa sosai saboda ruɓewar man dake gaban jiki. Doguwar gashi tana lulluɓe, ƙananan wuya, ƙugu, yana ƙirƙirar dogon gemu.
Mafi tsawon gashi yana girma a kan kai - har zuwa rabin mita, sauran, suna rufe hump, ɓangaren gaban jiki, sun ɗan gajarta. Rashin daidaituwar jiki a bayyane yake - ɓangaren gaba na jiki ya fi haɓaka, an ɗora masa kamshi tare da tsutsa a cikin nape. Bijimin yana tsaye da ƙarfi a ƙafa, ƙafafu masu ƙarfi.
Kan bijimi an saita shi ƙasa ƙwarai, ba a iya ganin idanu masu duhu a kai. Dabbar tana da faffadan goshi, kunkuntun kunnuwa, gajerun kaho, wadanda ake juya karshensu zuwa ciki. Wani ɗan gajeren wutsiya a ƙarshen tare da babban goga na dogon gashi. Ji da jin ƙanshin bison an bunƙasa sosai. Bayyanancin yanayin jima'i a bayyane yake kasancewar gaban al'aura a cikin bijimai. Matan Bison sun fi girma girma, nauyin shanu bai wuce 800 kg ba.
Ana samun launin dabbobi masu ƙyallen kafa a launuka daga baƙi zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Inuwar ulu a cikin mutum guda na iya bambanta, a bayan jiki, a kafadu, launin ruwan kasa yana da haske a cikin sautin, a gaban ƙarfin jiki layin gashi yana duhu.
Wasu bison suna da launi maras kyau - launi mara kyau mara kyau, wanda za'a iya kuskuren shi fari daga nesa. Albinos ba kasafai ake samun su ba - daya cikin dabbobi miliyan 10.
Farin bison domin asalin Indiyawa 'yan asalin ƙasar abin bauta ne wanda ya sauko duniya, sun ɗauki irin waɗannan dabbobi marasa ɗa'a a matsayin masu tsarki. Gashi na pups koyaushe haske ne mai haske, rawaya.
Bayyanar manyan bijimai suna yin tasiri, yana haifar da tsoron ƙarfi da ƙarfin ƙattai. Rashin tsoro, natsuwa na ƙattai na duniyar dabbobi yana magana game da fifikon da ba za a iya musawa ba a tsakanin dabbobi masu kofato.
Buffalo yana zaune a arewacin duniya. Buffalo, kamar yadda Amurkawa ke kiran dabbar da kofato a yarensu, ya kasance a koina a Arewacin Amurka, tare da mutane sama da miliyan 60.
An lalata bison da gangan, ban da ƙarfin tattalin arziƙin mutane, wanda ke tilastawa da rage yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa. A yau, garken bison ana kiyaye su a cikin yankuna arewa maso yamma daban da Missouri.
A baya, tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, manyan bijimai sun ƙaura zuwa yankunan kudu, suna dawowa a cikin bazara. Rayuwar makiyaya ta bison a halin yanzu ba zai yiwu ba saboda yawan gonaki da filaye, da kuma iyakantaccen wurin zama.
Irin
Yawan bison Amurkawa na yanzu ya haɗa da jinsuna biyu: gandun daji da bison bishi. Ana lura da bambance-bambance tsakanin dangi a cikin sifofin suturar, tsarin jikin mutum, idan muka gwada mutane kwatankwacin shekaru da jinsi.
Mazaunin gandun daji ya zabi bakin dazuzzukan dazuzzuka a cikin kogunan ruwa a yankin arewacin zangon. Abubuwan da suka gano shine bincike a ƙarshen karni na 19. Masu bincike sunyi imanin cewa wannan nau'in ya gaji sifofin tsohuwar kakannin. An lura da tsarin halittar mutum:
- girma na musamman - ya fi girma, ya fi bison steppe nauyi, nauyin mutum ɗaya ya kai kusan 900 kg;
- rage girman kai;
- ƙahonin da ke fitowa daga bangs
- kayan motsa jiki akan makogwaro;
- m corneous core;
- ƙwanƙolin dutsen da yake gaban ƙafafu;
- rage gashi akan kafafu;
- gemu mara yawa;
- abin wuya mai gashi daga ulu mai launi mai duhu fiye da na dangin steppe.
An rarraba jinsunan bison daji a matsayin masu haɗari. Numberaramin ƙananan ƙananan ya rinjayi farauta, lalata mahalli, haɗuwa tare da mutanen ƙasa. Subsananan raƙuman biranen maraƙi, waɗanda ba su da nauyi da nauyi kamar mazaunan gandun daji, suna da fasali masu zuwa:
- babban kai mai kambi tare da hular kaurin igiya;
- gemu mai kauri;
- ƙahonin da kusan basa fitowa sama da murfin fur;
- fur mai gashi, sautin da ya fi bison daji haske;
- hump, mafi girman matsayin sa yana saman ƙafafun gaban dabba.
Lebur bauna, wanda bai fi kg 700 ba, yana da rabe-rabe: arewa da kudu. An samo shi a kan filayen. Bayan guguwar kisan gillar bijimai, aka dawo da yawan mutane ta hanyar hanyar gabatarwa a wasu yankuna na Arewacin Amurka, daga baya Kanada.
Dabba mai kama da bison Shin bishiyar Turai ce, dangi mafi kusa. Haɓaka nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa yana haifar da ɗiyan bison ko haƙori, wanda ya bambanta da nau'in mace. Hybrids sun maye gurbin dabbobi masu tsabta, ciki har da cikin daji.
Manoma suna tsunduma cikin kiwon bison, galibi daga cikin nau'ikan itaciyar tudu, don manufar kasuwanci. Adadin dabbobi a wuraren kiwo masu zaman kansu kusan 500,000 ne, wanda ya ke ƙasa da mutanen daji waɗanda aka kiyaye su a mazauninsu - kimanin bison 30,000.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Akwai yankuna tare da shimfidar wurare daban-daban don bison ya rayu, inda dabbobi ke samun nasarar daidaitawa. Hilly, filayen prairies, dazuzzuka gandun daji, dazuzzukan spruce, yankin manyan wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa sun zauna ta manyan ƙattai.
Hijira na manyan bijimai a cikin manyan garken dabbobi ba shi yiwuwa a yau. Bayani kawai game da ƙungiyoyin da suka gabata na manyan bison na shugabannin dubu 20 sun rage. Smallananan garkunan zamani ba su wuce mutane 20-30 ba.
Dabbobi suna dacewa da yanayin rayuwa. Jawo mai kauri na bison yana ɗumi daga sanyi a hunturu. A cikin yankuna da ƙanƙan ƙanƙara, bijimai suna samun abinci ta hanyar haƙa dusar ƙanƙara, mai zurfin mita 1. rayallen ciyawa, rassa, lichens, gansakuka suna tseratar da dabbobi daga yunwa.
Kashe dabbobi marasa ma'ana a cikin karni na 19, wanda aka kammala a wani mahimmin mataki a girman mutane a 1891, an gudanar dashi ba tare da cikakken nazarin manyan bijimai ba. Waɗanda suka tsira daga gandun daji bayan hallaka jama'a, kawuna 300 ne kawai daga dubunn mazauna mazaunan daji suka rayu.
Saboda haka, bayanai game da matsayin garken garken suna sabani. Masu bincike suna jayayya game da babban matsayin jagora. Wadansu sunyi imanin cewa wannan gogaggen saniya ce, wasu kuma sun gamsu da fifikon tsoffin bijimai, waɗanda ke yin ayyukan kariya a cikin garken. Akwai tsokaci game da kasancewar kungiyoyi daban-daban wadanda suka kunshi samari da shanu da 'yan maruƙa.
Girman ba sa tsoma baki tare da rayuwar bijimai. Bison a hoto galibi ana kama shi yayin shawo kan matsalolin ruwa. Suna iyo da kyau, suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Ana bayyana kulawar gashi a cikin dabbobi ta hanyar yin wanka lokaci-lokaci cikin ƙura, yashi don kashe ƙwayoyin cuta. Haɗin zamantakewar bison ya bayyana a cikin ikon lura da jariran jarirai. Suna kokarin tayar da dangin da aka kashe, suna ta kawunansu.
Halin ƙananan dabbobi, musamman na wasa da saurin motsa jiki a cikin wasanni, manya ne ke sarrafa shi, waɗanda basa basu damar kaura daga garken. Kyakyawan bijimai ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri, amma kerkeci suna farautar maruƙa da tsofaffin mutane, waɗanda suka zo cikin fakiti kusa.
Senseanshin san bijimin yana ba shi manyan siginoni - ya hangi kandami mai nisan kilomita 8, maƙiyi yana gabatowa da nisan kilomita 2. Gani da ji suna taka rawa ta biyu. Katon ba ya kaiwa hari farko, galibi ya fi son tserewa daga yaƙin ta jirgin. Amma karuwar tashin hankali wani lokacin yakan haifar da dabba cikin halin wuce gona da iri.
Ana nuna farin cikin bison ne ta hanyar alamar wutsiyar da aka ɗaga, ƙamshi mai ƙamshi, mai kaifi kuma mai hango nesa mai nisa, mummunan yanayi ko gurnani. A cikin mummunan hari, bijimin daji ya kwashe duk abin da ke cikin hanyar sa. Gudun gudu ya kai 60 km / h, tsalle tsalle don shawo kan matsaloli - har zuwa 1.8 m.
Ganin cewa dukkan garken suna gudu, ba shi yiwuwa maƙiyi ya tsere daga babban tashin hankalin. Amma bison na iya ja da baya, ya gudu, idan ya ji faɗin babban abokin gaba. Dabbobi suna da fifikon saukar da tsofaffi da marasa lafiya wanda mahaukata za su iya raba su don tserewa daga mahimman mutane.
Bison, dabbar Arewacin Amurka, Kullum ya tayar da sha'awar farautar Indiyawa. Mutane na iya jimre wa ƙaton kawai ta hanyar wayo, suna tuka bijimin a cikin corral, abysses. Sun yi farauta a kan doki da kan dawakai.
Makaman jarumin sun kasance mashi, bakuna, kibiyoyi. Duk da karfin jikinsu, bison na iya motsawa cikin sauki cikin hadari, bunkasa saurin gudu ko tseren gudu har zuwa 50 km / h, gaban dawakai. Ofarfin dabba ya ninka sau biyu lokacin da dabbar ta ji rauni ko kuma an yi masa rauni.
Bison ya kasance babban haɗari ga mafarautan da kansu, tunda halayen dabbar a cikin mummunan yanayi ba shi da tabbas. Girbin gawar bison yana da matukar muhimmanci ga Indiyawa. Na musamman darajar shine harshe, hump cike da mai. Naman bijimin ya niƙa, ya bushe, an adana shi don hunturu.
An yi fata daga fatu masu kauri, an ɗinke kayan waje, an yi sirdi, an yi ɗamara, an kuma yi tanti. Indiyawan sun juya jijiyoyi zuwa zare, igiya, igiyoyi da aka rera daga gashi, kasusuwa kayan kayan abinci ne da wukake. Ko da dattin dabbobi ya zama man fetur. Mutuwar bison, wacce ta zama abin damuwa ga yawan jama'ar yankin, ba ta wata hanyar da ta shafi raguwar jama'ar har sai da aka fara kisan gillar bijimai ta hanyar harbi.
Gina Jiki
Tushen abincin bison shine tsire-tsire, bijimi yana cin ganye. Don shayar da mutum ɗaya kowace rana, aƙalla ana buƙatar ciyayi mai nauyin kilogiram 28-30. Valueimar abinci mai gina jiki don ƙattai masu girma su ne:
- tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire;
- hatsi;
- girma matasa, shrub harbe;
- lichens;
- gansakuka;
- rassa;
- ganyen shuke-shuke.
A cikin bison lowland, ganyen ciyawar steppes da makiyaya sun mamaye abinci. Mazaunan gandun daji galibi suna cin rassan, ganye. Kowace rana, garken bison suna taruwa ta bakin tafkin don kashe ƙishirwa.
Bison kiwo a gonaki ana aiwatar da shi da sanyin safiya ko maraice. A cikin tsakar rana mai zafi, dabbobi suna zaune a inuwar manyan bishiyoyi, suna ɓuya a cikin dazuzzuka da yawa.
Har zuwa yadda ya yiwu, bison daji yawo cikin neman abinci. A lokacin sanyi, rashin abinci yana shafar ingancin ulu. Dabbobi suna fama da yunwa da sanyi. A lokacin hunturu, ragunan ciyawa da aka samo daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara, rassan shuke-shuke sun zama abinci.
Dabbobi suna haƙa toshewar dusar ƙanƙara, suna tona ramuka da kofato da goshinsu. Kamar bison, tare da jujjuyawar juyawar bakin, suna zurfafawa cikin ƙasa don neman tushe da tushe. Ba daidaituwa ba ne cewa saboda wannan dalili, mutane da yawa suna haɓaka faci a kawunansu. Lokacin da jikin ruwa ya rufe da kankara, dabbobi na cin dusar kankara.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Lokacin buɗewa don bison yana buɗewa a watan Mayu kuma yana ɗaukar har zuwa tsakiyar Satumba. Dabbobi suna auren mata da yawa, ba su da kirkirar ma'aurata na dindindin. Namijin bison ya zama ainihin harem na shanu 3-5. A lokacin kiwo, akan kafa manyan garke-garke, inda gasa ta fi karfi.
Gwagwarmaya don kyawawan mata tsakanin maza masu ƙarfi tashin hankali ne - yaƙe-yaƙe ba wai kawai ga rauni mai tsanani ba ne, har ma da mutuwar abokin hamayya. Yakukuwa suna faruwa ne a cikin hanyar haɗuwa da goshin goshi, tsananin gaba da juna. A lokacin rutsi, wani mara daɗin ruri ya tsaya a cikin garken. Yunkurin gama gari yayi kama da kusatowar hadari. Za ka iya jin sautin garken garke a nesa na kilomita 5-7.
Bayan saduwa, mata kan kaura daga garken shanu don haihuwa. Tsawon lokacin daukar ciki wata 9-9.5 ne. Kusa da haihuwa, shanu suna neman keɓantattun wurare don zuriya. Akwai lokuta na haihuwar 'yan maruƙan dama a cikin garke.
An haifi ɗa, haihuwar biyu ba ta da yawa. Idan haihuwa ta faru a tsakanin sauran bison, ba za su kasance ba ruwansu ba, suna nuna sha'awa da kulawa - suna warin baki, suna lasar jaririn da aka haifa.
Nauyin maraƙin bayan haihuwa kusan kilo 25 ne, gashinta jajaja ce mai kalar ja. Jaririn ba shi da ƙaho, wani birgima a kan bushewa. Bayan shekara ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu da haihuwa, ƙaramin bison na iya tsayawa kan ƙafafunsa, ya motsa bayan uwa mai tafiya.
Har zuwa shekara guda, 'yan maruƙa suna shayar da madarar uwa, wanda yake mai mai kashi 12%. Suna girma da sauri, suna samun ƙarfi, suna da ƙarfi, suna koyo a cikin wasannin manya. Shekarar farko ta rayuwa lokaci ne mai hatsari a gare su, tunda rashin tsaron jarirai yana jawo hankalin masu farauta, musamman fakitin kerkeci, don sauƙin ganima. Har ila yau, barazanar kai tsaye ta fito ne daga giya mai saurin gyambo, pumas.
Bison ka tabbata cewa 'yan maruƙa ba sa matsawa daga garke, ka sarrafa wurin da suke. Animalsananan dabbobi sun isa balagar jima’i suna da shekaru 3-5. A cikin yanayin yanayi na ɗabi'a, rayuwar bison shekaru 20 ne. A cikin bauta, tsawon rai yana ƙaruwa da shekaru 5-10. Kattai masu cin ciyawar suna karkashin kulawar masu rajin kare hakkin dabbobi, kodayake ba za a iya mayar da asalin aikinsu zuwa mazauninsu ba.
