Bayani da fasali
Dragonflies - waɗannan sune tsoffin tsoffin halittu masu ban sha'awa, waɗanda kakanninsu na nesa, masu kamanceceniya da samfuran zamani a tsari da kamanni, suka rayu a duniyar sama da shekaru miliyan ɗari uku da suka wuce, ma'ana, a lokacin zamanin Carboniferous.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, zuriyarsu sun sami canje-canje na ci gaba, sabili da haka masana kimiyyar zamani suna ɗora su azaman na farko. Amma, duk da wannan, ana iya kiran waɗannan rayayyun halittu na musamman.
Ana bayyana wannan a cikin komai: cikin tsari, ta hanyar ciyarwa da farauta, a cikin kebantattun abubuwa na rayuwa, cikin rashin iya gajiyawa da saurin wadannan halittu, haka nan kuma a cikin abubuwan da suke da shi na boye, wanda har yanzu ba su daina mamakin masu binciken duniyar dabbobin babbar duniyar tamu ba.
Dragonfly – kwari, na nau'in amphibionts, ma'ana, rayayyun halittun da suka samu nasarar rayuwa a muhalli biyu: a kasa da ruwa, sabili da haka ba'a samesu a kasashen da ke da yanayi mara kyau ba.
An yi imani da cewa mazari ya bayyana a gaban dinosaur
Yawancin jinsunan mazari (kuma akwai jimillar sama da dubu shida) suna aiwatar da rayuwarsu a yankuna masu zafi na Asiya da Kudancin Amurka, inda suke musamman a cikin gandun daji mai danshi.
Bugu da kari, suna rayuwa a nahiyoyi kamar su Australia da Afirka, ana samun su a Turkiyya, Iran, Italia da sauran kasashen yankin Eurasia masu yanayi iri daya.
Kimanin nau'ikan nau'ikan waɗannan kwayoyin sun sami tushe kuma sun wanzu a cikin buɗaɗɗun wuraren Rasha. A zahiri, sun saba da rayuwa a duk nahiyoyi banda Antarctica. Hakanan ba'a same su a Greenland da Iceland ba. Kuna iya sha'awar wannan halittar kuma ku gamsu da kamalarta ta musamman. mazari ya hau kan hoton.
Dragonflies suna kaɗa fikafikansu kaɗan kaɗan sau 30 a minti, don haka ba a jin ƙarar daga gare su
Abubuwan halayyar bayyanar su sun hada da:
- wani babban kai, an manne a kirji;
- kirji, wanda aka gina shi da sassa uku (gaba, matsakaici, baya);
- siririn dogon tsayayyen jiki, ya kasu kashi 11;
- fuka-fukai masu haske (nau'i-nau'i biyu);
- mai haske mai elongated ciki;
- kafafu masu gashi mai kauri (guda shida).
Launukan waɗannan kwari na iya zama mafi launuka da asali: sun yi fice a shuɗi, kore, shuɗi, launuka masu launin rawaya, haske da uwar lu'u-lu'u, suna da duhu da tabo. A cikin yanayi, zaku iya samun kuma farin mazari (m).
Tsarin gabobin wannan kwari abin birgewa ne. Da farko dai, waɗannan sun haɗa da babbar, kashi huɗu cikin huɗu na kai, idanun fuskoki. An gina su ne da abubuwa dubu talatin (fuskoki), kowane ɗayan ana iya la'akari da shi azaman ɗayan keɓaɓɓen gabobi wanda ke aiki kai tsaye da sauran.
Ana sanya fuskoki a cikin layuka, wasu daga cikinsu suna rarrabe ƙarar da fasalin abubuwa, kuma ɗayan ɓangaren yana tsinkayar taguwar launuka daban-daban, gami da ultraviolet.
An shirya kambin waɗannan halittu da ƙarin ƙarin idanu uku masu sauƙi waɗanda aka tsara a cikin alwatika. Duk gabobin hangen nesa a hade suna bawa mazari damar duba sararin da yake kewaye dashi a da'irar 360 ° da rarrabe abubuwan da yake bukata a tazarar mita takwas ko sama da haka.
Amma tare da wannan duka, sauran gabobin ji a cikin mazururon ruwa ba su isa sosai ba. Hankalinsu na kanshi yanada iyaka. Ji ba ya nan gaba ɗaya, eriya-eriya wacce take a gindin fikafikan ta ɗauki wasu sautikan sauti.
Hannun tsari na musamman na idanu yana bawa mazari damar duba sarari cikin digiri 360
Irin
Wadannan kwayoyin halittar suna hade gaba daya tsari na kwari. Dragonflies har ila yau, bi da bi, an kasu kashi biyu. Daga cikin su, farkon wanda za a ambata shine Homoptera. Abubuwan banbanci na wakilan wannan yankin sune: ƙarami; haske mai kyan tsarin mulki, tsahon ciki: fikafikan dukkan biyun suna da girma iri daya, an dunkule su ta baya ba gudu ba. Daga cikin nau'ikan da suka fi ban sha'awa, ana iya gabatar da waɗannan masu zuwa:
1. Kibiyar tana da falala. Wannan nau'ikan ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin Turai. Wakilanta suna da tsayi kusan 35 mm kuma suna da sirara mai tsayi na ciki. Fukafukansu a bayyane suke, ƙafafunsu duhu-duhu ko baƙi.
Sauran jikin, wanda aka yi wa ado da sifa iri iri, ya mamaye launuka masu baƙi, shuɗi ko launuka masu launin shuɗi.
Sau da yawa ana kiran gandun daɗaɗa mai kyau thread
2. Kyakkyawar yarinya. Tsawon ya kusan cm 5. Mazaje suna da launin shuɗi ko ƙarfe, wani lokacin tare da ƙarin sautunan koren. Mace tana da haske, fuka-fuki masu hayaki da jijiyoyin launin ruwan kasa-toka. An fi samun nau'ikan iri-iri a Asiya, ana samun irin waɗannan mazanan a kudancin Siberia.
'Yan mata kyawawa mata da maza sun bambanta da juna a launuka
3. Lute dull yana rayuwa a yankin Turai na Rasha a cikin raƙuman ruwa mai zurfin ciyawa. Launi mai launin kore ne da ƙarfe mai ƙyalƙyali, wani lokacin koren launuka suna tsayawa da bangon rawaya.
Lutka mazari yana da nau'uka da launuka daban-daban
Yankin ƙasa na biyu ya haɗa da waɗanda suke da fukafukai daban-daban. Fuka-fukan baya na irin wannan mazari suna da tushe da yawa. Daga cikin jirgi, fuka-fukai biyu suna cikin fadada. Irin waɗannan kwari na iya yin alfahari da saurin gudu. Daga cikin nau'ikan, yakamata a ambata masu zuwa musamman.
1. Kakan talaka. Irin waɗannan mazanan ruwa sun kai tsayin da bai wuce cm 5. Idanunsu kore ne. Kirjin tare da ratsiyayyun ratsi masu rawaya yana da launi mai launin rawaya, ciki baƙar fata mai launin rawaya a gefen da layin dogon launi iri ɗaya. Kafafuwan suna da duhu, fikafikan suna bayyane. Ana samun wannan nau'in a tsakiyar Asiya da Caucasus.
Kakan kowa
2. Jigon jini yana zaune a Eurasia da Arewacin Afirka. Girman irin wannan kwarin ya kai 4 cm. jan mazari... Wani lokacin jikin irin wadannan halittun ruwan lemo ne ko ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa. Tushen fikafikan amber ne, ƙafafu duhu ne. An kawata bangarorin kirjin da ratsiyoyi masu baƙar fata, ciki ya yi fari fari a ƙasa.
Ruwan mashigin jini na iya haɗa launuka daban-daban na jan launi
Na uku suborder mai suna: Anisozygopter. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, wakilanta sun fi kusanci da tsarin waɗanda suke da fukafukai daban-daban, duk da haka, suna haɗuwa da sifofin ɓangarorin biyu da aka ambata a baya.
Jimlar nau'ikan mazari dari shida da hamsin da shidda ne sananne, kuma sama da dari shida daga cikinsu burbushinsu ne. Amma wannan ba shi ne iyaka ba, saboda a kowace shekara ana samun sabbin nau'ikan da yawa.
Iyali mafi yawan gaske daga wannan tsari shine ainihin mazari, waɗanda kuma ake kira flat-bellies. Ya haɗa da kusan nau'in dubu. Girman wakilan ta ya bambanta, akwai samfuran da suka kai tsawon 3 cm kawai, akwai dodon ruwa da sama da 5 cm, waɗanda fukafukan su na iya ɗaukar tsawon 10 cm.
Har ila yau launi ya bambanta, amma mafi yawan lokuta launin ruwan kasa ne-rawaya, an yi masa ado da koren makada da shuɗi ko alamu masu ja.
Jan mashigar maziyar ruwa
Mafi yaduwar nau'ikan jinsin shine karamin shashasha mai jan kai. shi mazari na zinariya (rawaya ja). Irin waɗannan halittu an san su da tashi sama. Baya ga Antarctica, sun zama gama gari a duk nahiyoyin duniya.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Dragonflies ya yadu cikin nasara ne kawai a waɗancan yankuna na duniya inda ba a kiyaye tsayayyen yanayin zafi sama da watanni uku a shekara. Yaduwarsu da bambancin jinsinsu ya samo asali ne saboda dadadden asalin wadannan kwari, da ikon iya motsawa cikin sararin samaniya cikin sauri da kuma himma, da kuma hanyoyin abinci da dama da kuma abubuwan dandano.
Hanyar rayuwa ga irin wadannan kwari shine amphibiotic. Wannan yana nufin cewa qwai da larvae na irin wadannan halittu masu rai suna shiga matakan cigaban su a cikin ruwa, yayin da manya (manya) ke gudanar da ayyukansu mai muhimmanci a cikin iska da kuma kan tudu.
Waɗannan waƙoƙin ban mamaki ne, wanda ke da sauƙin gani ta hanyar kallo mazari a lokacin rani... Suna da hanzari da sauri, kuma tsakanin kwari suna da nau'ikan zakarun, suna haɓaka saurin saurin motsi ta cikin iska, wanda a wasu yanayi zai iya kaiwa 57 km / h.
Ya kamata a lura da shi ba kawai saurin ba, har ma da fasahar tashi, gami da motsawar wadannan halittu, wanda ingantattun siffofin jiki ke taimaka musu kwarai da gaske.
Abubuwan iska don mazari da gaske za'a iya ɗaukar su gida. A kan tashi, ba ta da ikon cin abinci kawai, har ma don yin aure. Haka kuma, wadannan suna da saurin tashin hankali, masu kama-karya, don haka yawancin kwayoyin halitta daga duniyar kwari suna da dalilin damu idan suka yi hassada inuwar mazari.
Dragonflies suna tashi da kyau kuma suna bin tazara mai nisa a gudun 130 km / h tare da wutsiyar wutsiya
Waɗannan halittu, bayan sun mamaye wani yanki, suna kishinta daga masu gasa kuma suna tsananin faɗa tare da danginsu.
Gina Jiki
Dragonflies suna ciyar da kwari iri-iri. Abincin su kuma ya hada da zubar jini: matsakaitan shekaru, sauro, dawakai. Siffar jikin waɗannan halittu, wanda ke taimaka musu su tashi sama, ya ba su babbar sabis yayin farauta.
Dragonflies suna da ɗabi'a ta afkawa waɗanda suke cutar daga ƙasa, ta cinye su cikin iska. Akwai bayani game da wannan, saboda ta bayan sararin samaniya, gabobin hangen nesa na waɗannan masu farautar, waɗanda ke amsawa da launuka masu launuka masu launin shuɗi da shuɗi, suna iya fahimtar abubuwa mafi kyau duka.
Wadannan kwari suna da dabi'a da bakinta mai karfin gaske da daskararren jaws, wanda ke taimaka musu wajen magance abin farauta. Kuma ɗaukarta yana sauƙaƙewa ta hanyar yankuna na musamman, gashi mai wuya a ƙafafu da gajeren eriya.
Dragonflies na iya cin mambobi masu rauni na jinsin su
A kokarin neman abincin su, mazari mai iya tsunduma cikin faɗa ɗaya tare da abokin gaba da ya fi ta girma. Waɗannan halittu suna da yawan cin abinci, wanda ke da fa'ida babba, yana kashe sauro, ƙudaje da kwari masu cutarwa.
Sun fara farauta tun daga wayewar gari, kuma da zarar rana ta fadi, sai su zauna suyi bacci akan ganyen shuke-shuke.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Lokacin da ilhami ya fara haifar da mazari maza don su hayayyafa ire-irensu, su, suna haduwa a tsakanin su kuma suna yin manyan garken tumaki, suna gargadin neman abokan. Amma da farko, keɓaɓɓen kwaya tare da iri an keɓance kuma ana ɗauke da su har sai sun sami mace da ta dace.
Wannan burin ne ya sa su, suka binciko yankunan da ke kusa da jikin ruwa, tunda yaduwar wadannan kwari yana da alaka kai tsaye da irin wannan sinadarin kamar ruwa. Amma ainihin kwafin halitta a cikin wadannan kwayoyin halitta yana faruwa ne a cikin iska.
A lokaci guda, maza suna riƙe mata tare da fika, suna kama kan su. Yayin saduwa, ma'auratan suna iya motsawa cikin iska a cikin yanayin haɗuwa.
Bayan hadi, sai abokiyar zama zuwa ruwa (zuwa rafuka, koramu, fadama, ramuka, kududdufai), inda take sanya kwai, wanda yawansu zai iya kaiwa dari shida. Yawanci ana ajiye su ne akan tsire-tsire masu girma sama da ƙasan ruwa. Bayan 'yan makonni, naiads (mazari masu ruwa, wadanda kuma ake kira nymphs) sun bayyana daga irin wannan kamawa.
Fresh water yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar mazari
Naiad yana haɓaka kuma yana girma a cikin ruwa, inda yake samo wa kansa abinci, yana farauta. Babban hangen nesan larvae na basu damar ganin wadanda abin ya shafa kawai a lokacin motsi. Lokacin farauta, sukan harbi abincinsu da ruwa. Kuma idan akwai haɗari, naiad na iya tserewa daga barazanar, yana haɓaka isasshen gudu, wanda aka samu ta hanyar tura iska daga dubura.
A lokaci guda, naiad kullum zubda da girma yake yi, yana zubar da tsoffin tsoffin fata. Kuma yawan narkakkan na iya kaiwa daya da rabi dozin. A matakin karshe, mazari ya juye ya zama babban kwari. Fukafukanta sun bazu kuma tana ci gaba da rayuwarta a cikin iska.
Tsawon lokacin ciyar da tsutsa ya dogara da yawan abinci a kusancinsa. Yayi imanin cewa mazari ya iya rayuwa a wannan yanayin har zuwa shekaru biyar. Gaskiya ne, wannan kawai a yanayi ne na musamman, domin a mafi yawan tsawon rayuwar irin waɗannan kwari, ko da a dukkan matakai ukun rayuwarsu, suna da gajarta sosai.
Naiad mazari mazari
Koyaya, ya dogara kai tsaye ga mazauni da girman waɗannan halittu. A matsakaita, bai fi watanni goma ba. Amma mafi yawan mutane, a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau na yanayi a cikin daji, suna da ikon samun nasarar aiwatar da ayyukansu na mahimmanci har tsawon shekaru bakwai ko fiye.
Ga mutum, wadannan halittu suna da matukar amfani. Bayan haka, suna halakar da kwari masu yawan shan jini, kwari na gandun daji da ƙasar noma. Bayan haka, mazari – maganin kwari, kuma yana aiki don taimakawa tsire-tsire su hayayyafa, tare da ƙudan zuma da malam buɗe ido.
Gaskiya ne, larvae na iya kawo babbar illa. Suna gasa tare da soya a cikin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda ke taimaka wa rage adadin su.
