A kudancin latitude Pacific, a cikin Tekman Tasman, gabas da Ostiraliya ita ce New Zealand. Tushen yankin ƙasar shine tsibirin Arewa da na Kudu. A yaren mutanen Maori, sunayensu kamar Te Ika-Maui da Te Weipunemu. Duk ƙasar ana kiranta Aotearoa - dogon farin gajimare daga 'yan asalin ƙasar.
Tsibirin tsibirin New Zealand yana da tsaunuka da tsaunuka. A yammacin Te Weipunemu akwai jerin tsaunukan tsaunuka - Southern Alps. Matsayi mafi girma - Dutsen Cook - ya kai mita 3,700. Tsibirin arewacin ba shi da tsaunuka, tare da manyan duwatsu masu aiki da tsaunuka da ke kanta.
Yankin Alps na Kudu sun raba New Zealand zuwa yankuna biyu na yanayi. Arewacin ƙasar yana da yanayin yanayin ƙasa mai matsakaici tare da matsakaicin zazzabin shekara shekara na + 17 ° C. A kudanci, yanayin yana da sanyi, tare da matsakaita zafin jiki na + 10 ° C. Watan da ya fi kowane sanyi shi ne Yuli, a kudancin ƙasar ana iya samun sanyin sanyi har zuwa -10 ° C. Mafi zafi sune Janairu da Fabrairu, a arewa zafin ya wuce +30 ° C.
Yanayin yanayi da yanayin yanayi, yanayin yanayin ƙasa da keɓewa daga wasu nahiyoyi sun ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka ƙwararan dabbobi da dabbobi na musamman. Fiye da yanki a duniya yana da yawancin tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa da dabbobi masu kamala.
Maori (Polynesia) sun bayyana shekaru 700-800 da suka gabata, kuma Turawa sun sauka a gabar tekun New Zealand a ƙarni na 18. Kafin zuwan mutane, babu kusan dabbobi masu shayarwa a tsibirin. Rashinsu na nufin hakan dabbobin New Zealand rarraba tare da masu cin nama.
Wannan ya haifar da samuwar tsarin halittu na musamman. Niches, inda bishiyoyi da dabbobi masu cin nama masu ƙafa huɗu suka mallaki sauran nahiyoyi, tsuntsaye sun mamaye New Zealand. A cikin fauna na tsibirai, kamar babu sauran wurare, akwai tsuntsaye da yawa marasa tashi.
Yayin binciken tsibirin, mutane sun zo da dabbobi tare da su. Jiragen ruwan Maori na farko da suka fara isowa sune berayen Polynesia da karnukan gida. Tare da baƙin haure na Turai, yawancin dabbobin gida, dabbobin gona sun bayyana a tsibirin: daga kuliyoyi da karnuka zuwa bijimai da shanu. A kan hanya, beraye, kayan kwalliya, ɓatattun abubuwa, kayan masarufi sun iso kan jiragen ruwa. Dabbobin New Zealand ba koyaushe suke jimre da matsin lamba daga baƙi ba - an rasa yawancin jinsunan gida.
Kare nau'in
A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, yawancin' yan ƙasa dabbobin sabuwar kasar zealand... Ainihin, waɗannan manyan tsuntsayen ne waɗanda suka mallaki wani abu a cikin biocenosis na New Zealand, wanda dabbobi masu shayarwa ke mamaye wasu nahiyoyin.
Babban kuka
Sunan Latin din Dinornis, wanda aka fassara shi da "mummunan tsuntsu". Wani katon tsuntsun ƙasar da ya rayu a cikin dazuzzuka da tuddai na tsibirin biyu, ya kai mita 3 ko fiye a tsayi. Kwai tsuntsayen ya kai kimanin kilogiram 7. Tsuntsu ya rayu a cikin tarin tsuburai tsawon shekaru dubu 40, har zuwa ƙarni na 16.
Gandun daji karamin moa
Tsuntsayen da ba su da jirgin sama. Bai wuce tsayi m 1.3 ba.Ta rayu a yankin subalpine, mai cin ganyayyaki ne, tana cin ciyawa da ganyaye. Arshen lokaci ɗaya kamar babban moa. A cewar wasu rahotanni, an ga moas na ƙarshe na ƙarshe a ƙarshen ƙarni na 18.
Kudu moa
Tsuntsaye marasa ƙarfi marasa tashi, masu cin ganyayyaki. An rarraba shi a cikin Arewacin da Tsibirin Kudu. Manyan gandun daji, filayen bushy da makiyaya. Raba makomar wasu manyan tsuntsayen marasa tashi.
Dukkanin nau'ikan moa da suka mutu suna cikin iyalai daban-daban. Manyan kuka daga dangin Dinornithidae, moa - Megalapterygidae, kudu - Emeidae. Baya ga babban, gandun daji da kudancin mowa, sauran tsuntsayen da basu tashi sama kwatankwacin moa sun rayu a New Zealand. Yana:
- Anomalopteryx didiformis, tsuntsayen da basa tashi sama wanda nauyinsu yakai kilo 30.
- Dinornis robustus - girman tsuntsayen ya kai mita 3.6.Wannan shine tsuntsu mafi tsayi da aka sani ga kimiyya.
- Emeus crassus ba shi da fuka-fuki, kamar kowane moa, tsuntsu da ke girma har zuwa 1.5 m.
- Pachyornis wani nau'in biryo ne wanda yake dauke da nau'ikan 3. Idan aka yi la'akari da kwarangwal din da aka samo, shi ne mafi tsananin karfi da kasala irin na tsuntsayen New Zealand marasa fuka-fuka.
An yi imanin cewa a cikin can baya, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun iya tashi sama. In ba haka ba, ba za su iya zama a tsibiran ba. Yawancin lokaci, fikafikan sun daina aiki, sun ƙasƙantar da su gaba ɗaya. Kasancewar yanayin ƙasa ya sa tsuntsayen yawa da nauyi.
Mikiya
Wani mai farauta mai fuka-fukai wanda ya rayu a zamanin tarihin zamani. An kiyasta nauyin tsuntsayen zuwa kilogiram 10-15. Fukafukan na iya buɗewa har zuwa mita 2.5. Wannan ya sa gaggafa ta zama ɗayan manyan tsuntsaye masu farauta. An ɗauka cewa gaggafa suna farautar mafi yawan moas marasa gudu. Sun raba makomar wadanda abin ya shafa - gaggafa ta bace ba da daɗewa ba bayan da Maorians suka sasanta tsibirin.
Dabbobi masu rarrafe na New Zealand
Babu macizai tsakanin dabbobi masu rarrafe na New Zealand. An hana shigo da su cikin tarin tsibirai. Lizards ke sarauta a cikin aji mai rarrafe.
Tuatara
Kunshe a cikin ɓangaren ɓoye-baki. Tsawon jikin kadangaru na tuatara ya kai cm 80. nauyi ya kai kilo 1.3. Wadannan halittu suna rayuwa kimanin shekara 60. Masana ilmin namun daji sun gano wani tuatara wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru 100. Ba a samun kwarkwata a manyan tsibiran New Zealand.
Tuatara suna iya haifuwa tun daga shekara 20. Suna sanya kwai sau daya a kowace shekara 4. Ratesananan ƙimar haifuwa na iya haifar da ƙarshen ƙarshen waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Tuatara yana da abin da ake kira idoetal eye. Wannan tsohuwar kwayar halitta ce wacce zata iya amsawa zuwa matakan haske. Idon karewa baya samarda hotuna, ana zaton cewa yana taimakawa daidaiton sararin samaniya.
Gwaggon New Zealand
- Gwanin da ke motsa jiki a New Zealand. Suna yin mafi yawan lokacinsu a cikin kambin bishiyoyi, inda suke kama kwari. Launin jiki ya dace da mazaunin: launin ruwan kasa, wani lokacin koren. Halin halittar halittar jini ta giya yana da nau'in 12.
- Gwanin koren New Zealand. Tsarin halittar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Lizim ɗin tsayinsa yakai santimita 20. Jikin yana da launi kore, ƙarin kyamfe ana ba shi ta wuraren haske tare da zane-zane. Yana yawanci lokaci a daji. Yana ciyar da kwari, invertebrates. Jinsin ya kunshi nau'ikan 7 na kadangaru.
New Zealand skinks
Wannan jinsi ya hada da nau'ikan skinks 20 wadanda ke zaune a New Zealand. Babban fasalin skinks shine murfin kama da ma'aunin kifi. An ƙarfafa layin karkashin ƙasa tare da farantin ƙashi - osteoderms. Kadanganin kwari sun zama ruwan dare a cikin duk nau'ikan halittu na tsibirin.
Amphibians na New Zealand
Newhipi amphibians marasa ƙarfi sun haɗu a cikin dangin Leiopelma. Sabili da haka, halittun da aka saba kiransu kwadi a wasu lokuta masana kimiyyar halitta suna kiransu liopelms. Wasu suna da yawan gaske ga tarin tsiburai:
- Archie frogs - suna rayuwa ne a cikin iyakantaccen iyaka, a yankin Coromandel Peninsula, a yankin arewa maso gabas na tsibirin Arewa. A tsawon su sun kai cm 3,5.5. Maza suna shiga cikin tadpoles na kiwo - suna haihuwar zuriya a bayansu.
- Kwarjin Hamilton sananne ne kawai a tsibirin Stevenson. Kwancen ba su da yawa, tsawon jiki bai wuce cm 4-5 ba. Maza suna kula da zuriyar - suna ɗauke da shi a bayansu.
- Kwaɗin Hochstetter sune sanannen amphibians na duk kwaɗin da ke ƙarshen duniya. Suna zaune a tsibirin Arewa. Tsawon jiki bai wuce cm 4. Suna ciyarwa akan invertebrates: gizo-gizo, kaska, beetles. Suna rayuwa tsawon - kimanin shekaru 30.
- Kwaɗin Maud na Maud kusan nau'ikan kwadi ne. Kokarin dawo da yawan mutanen amphibian ya zuwa yanzu bai yi nasara ba.
Newid gizo-gizo
An bayyana nau'in gizo-gizo sama da 1000 da ke zaune a tsibirin. Kusan 95% kwari ne na gida, ba-baƙi. Duk da haka dabbobi masu guba na sabuwar ƙasar zealand kusan ba ya nan. Ana biyan wannan rashi ta nau'in 2-3 na gizo-gizo masu dafi. Abubuwan ban sha'awa mafi ban sha'awa na New Zealand:
- Gizo-gizo Katipo gizo-gizo wani nau'in guba ne mai tsananin gaske na irin baƙar zawarawa. Babu wani mutuwa saboda cizon gizo-gizo da aka ba da rahoton shekaru 200. Amma dafin kwari na iya haifar da hauhawar jini, arrhythmia.
- Zawarawa 'yar Australiya mai haɗari ne da gizo-gizo. Yana da nasaba da jinsin marayu marayu. Smallarami, ƙasa da cm 1, ƙwaro yana ɗauke da makami mai guba wanda zai iya haifar da damuwa mai zafi.
- Spider kogon gizo-gizo shine mafi girman gizo-gizo New Zealand. Jikin yana da tsayi cm 2.5. Tare da kafafu - cm 15. Gizo-gizo yana zaune a cikin kogon dutse a arewa maso yamma na Kudancin Tsibiri.
- Gizo-gizo mai kamun kifi wani bangare ne na jinsi Dolomedes. Suna jagorantar salon rayuwa kusa da ruwa. Suna cinye mafi yawan lokacin su a gabar ruwan. Lura da ragowar ruwa, sun afkawa wani kwaro na cikin ruwa. Wasu mutane suna iya kama soya, tadpoles, ƙaramin kifi.
Tsuntsayen New Zealand
Duniyar duniya ta tsibirin ya kunshi sassa 2. Na farko shi ne tsuntsayen da suka rayu koyaushe a cikin tsiburai. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna da cutar ta jiki. Na biyu shi ne tsuntsayen da suka bayyana tare da isowar baƙin haure Turawa, ko kuma aka gabatar da su daga baya. Tsuntsayen endemic sune mafi girman sha'awa.
Kiwi
Halin halittar ratites karami ne a cikin girma. Nauyin manya tsuntsaye sun bambanta daga 1.5 zuwa 3 kg. Tsuntsayen sun fi son salon ƙasar. Fikafikan kiwi ya kaskanta zuwa tsayin cm 5. Akwai aiki guda daya tilo da ya rage a bayansa: tsuntsuwar tana boye bakin ta a karkashin ta don kwantar da kanta da dumamar yanayi.
Gashin fuka-fukan tsuntsu masu taushi ne, zai fi kyau launin toka. Kayan aiki na kasusuwa yana da karfi da nauyi. Yatsun hannu huɗu, tare da kaifi, ƙafafu masu ƙarfi sun zama kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jimlar nauyin tsuntsu. Bawai kawai hanyoyin sufuri bane, amma kuma, tare da baki, makami mai tasiri.
Kiwi tsuntsayen yanki ne da ke hade da juna. Sakamakon zamantakewar aure yana ɗaya, wani lokaci biyu, ƙwai mai girman gaske. Nauyin kiwi kwai 400-450 g ne, wato kusan kwata na nauyin mata. Wannan rikodin ne tsakanin dabbobi masu ɓarna.
Nau'in kiwi:
- Kiwi ta Kudu tsuntsu ne wanda aka samu a yammacin Tsibirin Kudu. Yana rayuwa a asirce, yana aiki ne da dare kawai.
- Arewacin Brown Kiwi - Yana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka, amma baya kaucewa yankunan noma na Tsibirin Arewa.
- Babban kiwi mai launin toka shine mafi girma nau'in, yana ɗaukar nauyi zuwa kilogiram 6.
- Grayaramin kiwi mai launin toka - kewayon tsuntsayen ya taƙaita zuwa yankin tsibirin Kapiti. A cikin karnin da ya gabata, har yanzu ana saduwa da shi a Tsibirin Kudu.
- Rovi - yana zaune a wani karamin yanki na Okarito - gandun daji mai kariya a tsibirin Kudu.
Kiwi - alamar dabba ta sabuwar ƙasar zealand... A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ,aya, ana kiran sojojin New Zealand Kiwi, saboda tambarin hannun riga. A hankali, wannan laƙabin ya zama yana da alaƙa da duk 'yan New Zealand.
Mujiya aku ko kakapo tsuntsu
Tsuntsu mara tashi daga babban dangin aku. Don kwalliyarta na aikin dare da kuma rarrabewa, kamar na mujiya, diskin fuska, ana kiran wannan tsuntsun mujiya aku. Masu lura da tsuntsaye suna daukar wannan tsohuwar ƙasar ta New Zealand a matsayin ɗayan tsoffin aku a rayuwa. Tsuntsu ya isa girma. Tsawon jiki ya kai 60-65 cm Babban mutum yayi nauyi daga 2 zuwa 4 kg.
Ba a cika samun aku kadan da mujiya ba - kawai sama da mutane 100. Kakapo suna karkashin kariya kuma, a zahiri, bayanan sirri. Amma kakapo kwai guda biyu kacal. Wannan baya bada damar saurin dawo da lambobin su ba.
New Zealand Penguins
Penguins galibi suna kudu da tarin tsiburai. Createirƙira yankuna a tsibirai masu nisa. Dabbobin New Zealand a hoto galibi ana wakiltar penguins mai ƙirar samfuri. Koyaya, wasu nau'ikan sun bace gaba daya. Daga cikin dangin Megadyptes da yawa, jinsin daya ya rayu - penguin mai ruwan ido mai-rawaya. Yawan mutanen Penguin suna da karko a cikin lambobi, amma suna buƙatar kariya.
- Penguin mai ruwan sha mai kauri tsuntsu ne mai matsakaicin matsakaici. Girman penguin na balagagge yakai kimanin 60 cm, nauyi daga 2 zuwa 5 kilogiram, ya danganta da yanayi.
- Penguin mai ban sha'awa ko mai launin rawaya - mutanen Maori suna kiran wannan tsuntsu hoiho. A waje, ya bambanta kaɗan da sauran penguins. Yana girma har zuwa cm 75. Zai iya girma zuwa kilogiram 7. Yana zaune a gefen kudu na tsibirin.
- Farin fuka mai fuka-fukai ƙaramin tsuntsu ne mai tsayin kusan 30 cm, nauyinsa ya kai kilogram 1.5. Ya samo sunansa don alamun farin a fuka-fuki. Lonungiyoyin Penguin suna kusa da garin Christchurch a tsibirin Kudu.
Tsalle aku
Aku wanda ya mallaki karamin dajin. Launin koren labulen yana taimaka wa ɓoye a tsakanin ciyawa, ganye. Amma wannan dabarar ta rayuwa ba ta da wani tasiri ga ƙananan baƙi masu cin nama da ɓoyo. Nau'ikan aku biyu masu tsalle sun mutu. Cire nasara da kiwo a cikin fursuna yana ba da bege ga rayuwar sauran halittu.
- Aku daga Tsibiran Antipodes ƙaramin aku ne mai tsalle. Tsawon daga baki zuwa jela bai wuce santimita 35. Suna zaune a cikin ƙananan yankuna.
- Tsuntsu mai tsalle-mai tsalle-tsalle mai tsayi - tsayin tsuntsu kimanin cm 25. Babban ɓangaren kai yana da launin lemun tsami. An rarraba ko'ina cikin tsibirin.
- Aku mai tsalle-tsalle mai tsalle-tsalle - yana rayuwa biyu-biyu, wani lokacin yakan tara cikin rukuni. Suna ciyar da tushen shuke-shuke, suka tono su daga cikin kuli din. Don hutawa da barci ana sanya su cikin rawanin bishiyoyi.
- Aku tsawan tsalle dutse ƙaramin aku ne, wanda bai fi tsayin 25 cm ba. A saman kai da goshinsa launin ja ne. Yankin Kudu Island.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa na New Zealand
Fauna na tsibirin tsibiri kafin bayyanar mutane ya bunkasa ba tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa ba. Ban da waɗanda za su iya iyo - hatimai da zakunan teku. Kuma waɗanda zasu iya tashi cikin jemagu.
Sabbin fur na New Zealand
An rarraba yankuna hatimi a ko'ina cikin tsibirin. Amma teku dabbobin da aka samu a New Zealand, mutane sun hallaka ko'ina. Abubuwan da suke yi sun kasance kawai a rairayin rairayin bakin teku masu tsibiri na Kudu, a tsibirin Antipodes da sauran yankuna.
Matasa maza, waɗanda ba za su iya ɗaukar hankalin mata da yankunansu ba, galibi suna kan rairayin bakin teku na Kudu da sauran tsibirai da ba su da mulkin mallaka. Wasu lokuta sukan kusanci gabar Australia da New Caledonia.
Zakin teku na New Zealand
Na dangi ne na kunnen seals. Maman dabbobi masu launin ruwan kasa masu launin ruwan kasa sun kai tsayin m 2.6.Mata ba su kai na maza ba, suna yin tsayi har tsawon mita 2. Akwai alamar hatimi a cikin tsibirin subarctic: Auckland, Snares da sauransu. A Kudancin Kudancin da Arewacin, zakunan teku ba sa son rookeries, amma a waje da lokacin kiwo za a iya ganinsu a bakin manyan tsibiran New Zealand.
Jemagu na New Zealand
Dabbobin asalin ƙasar tsibiri ne jemage. A cikin waɗannan halittu masu ban mamaki, babban kuma mafi ban mamaki dukiya shine ikon haɓaka. Wato, ikon fitar da igiyar ruwa mai saurin-mita da sanin kasancewar cikas ko ganima ta siginar da take nunawa.
Jemagu na New Zealand sune:
- Jemagu masu dogon lokaci - dabbobi suna da nauyin 10-12 kawai .. Suna ciyar da ƙwari. A cikin dare suna tashi a kusa da yanki na 100 sq. km Gudun jirgin ya isa 60 km / h. Lonungiyoyin ɓeraye suna cikin rawanin bishiyoyi da kogwanni.
- Bananan jemagu masu gajeren gajere - sun bambanta da sauran jemagu ta yadda suke ciyarwa a ƙasa. Suna motsawa, suna jingina a kan fikafikan da aka ninka. Hakanan suna rake substrate don neman invertebrates. Nauyin waɗannan berayen sun kai 35 g.
- Bananan jemagu masu gajeren gajere - Mai yiwuwa wannan nau'in ɓerayen sun mutu.
An gabatar da dabbobi masu shayarwa
Sauka a cikin tsiburai, mutane sun zo da dabbobin noma da na gida, da ƙananan dabbobi, da kuma kwari. Tsibirin biocenosis bai kasance shiri don irin waɗannan baƙin ba. Duk dabbobi masu shayarwa, musamman beraye da masu farauta, sune suka fi yawa dabbobi masu haɗari na New Zealand.
