Jan kyankyasai - maƙiyin kirji na matan gida, mai ƙazantar dare da girke-girke da bandaki. Wannan shine kwarin yarinta, mai masaukinmu mara izini, abokin tafiya, mai dakin otal da abokiyar zama a ofis. Sun yi ƙoƙari su yi masa lemun ƙarni, kuma shi ma kamar taurin kai yana juriya, yana canza dandano da sauƙin guba. Wannan sojan ƙasa ne na ɗabi'a, yana kiyaye ƙa'idodi na asali - rayuwa ta kowane hali.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Kyankyaso
Jan kyankyasai, wanda aka fi sani da Prusak (Blattella germanica), na dangin Ectobiidae ne. Karl Linnaeus ne ya bayyana shi a cikin "Tsarin Yanayi" a cikin 1767. Sunan jinsin ya fito ne daga kalmar Latin "blatta", wanda Romawa ke kira kwari masu tsoron haske.
Ectobiids, ko kyankyasai bishiyoyi, sune dangin kyankyasai mafi girma, wanda kusan rabin duka kyankyasai daga cikin umarnin Blattodea. Amma banda Prusak, a cikin su ba za a samu karin kwari 5 kamar sa da ya mamaye gidajen mutane ba. Mafi shahara a cikinsu baƙar fata ne kuma Ba'amurke. Sauran sun fi son rayuwa kyauta a cikin yanayi.
Bidiyo: Jan kyankyasai
A tsarin kyankyasai, alamun alamomin tsohuwar kwari za a iya gano su: cingam mai laushi, mummunan ciwan tsokoki. Lokacin bayyanar su, kuna yin hukunci da kwafin abin dogaro, ya samo asali ne daga farkon Carboniferous (kimanin shekaru miliyan 320 da suka gabata). Nazarin ilimin halittar jiki ya nuna cewa kyankyasai sun tashi a baya - aƙalla a cikin zamanin Jurassic.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masu nuna wariyar launin fata suna cikin shahararrun sunayen kwari mara daɗi. A Rasha, ana kiran wannan nau'in kyankyason "Prusak", tunda an yi imanin cewa an shigo da shi daga Prussia. Kuma a cikin Jamus da Jamhuriyar Czech, sau ɗaya ɓangare na Prussia, ana kiransa "Rashanci" don irin wannan dalili. Haƙiƙa ba a san inda ya bayyana a baya ba. Ba a bincika hanyoyin ƙaura na tarihi na jan dabba ba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya jan kyankyasai yake kama
Kyankyasai na kwari ne tare da rashin sauyawar canjin yanayi kuma ya shiga matakai uku yayin da suke bunkasa: kwai, tsutsa (nymph) da kuma babba (imago), kuma tsutsa ta bambanta kadan daga matakin ƙarshe. Tsutsa na kyankyasar kwan daga kwai bayan kwanaki 14 - 35 kuma ya wuce daga narkakkun 6 zuwa 7, kowane lokaci yana kara girma har sai ya kai girman kyankyaso na manya. Wannan aikin yana ɗaukar makonni 6 zuwa 31. Namiji baligi yakan yi kwana 100 zuwa 150. Yawan rayuwar mata kwanakin 190-200 ne. Kyankyasai yana da saurin motsa jiki, yana da hanzari, yana da wuyar fahimta, abin kyama ne, musamman a matakin karshe.
Manyan 'Yan Prussia suna da tsayin 12.7 - 15.88 cm kuma sunkai daga 0.1 zuwa 0.12 g. Babban launi launin ruwan kasa ne, ratsi biyu masu fadi masu duhu suna tafiya a gefen gefen prothorax. Kyakkyawan varnish na sihiri ne kuma jiki mai laushi ne, wanda ke ƙara ƙyamar wannan kwarin. Siffar jikin mutum ta daidaita, ta dace, ta daidaita kuma ta daidaita shi don zamewa cikin kowane ɓoye.
Theungiyoyin thoracic a hankali suna wucewa zuwa cikin ɓangaren da aka raba, wanda ke rufe da fikafikan taushi masu haɗi. Lokacin da firgita, kyankyasai ya buɗe fikafikansa, amma zai iya amfani da su kawai don tsarawa, misali, daga tebur zuwa ƙasa. Legsafafun da aka zana suna da tsayi da ƙarfi - ƙafafun mai gudu na gaske. An kawata kawataccen kawunan gashin bakin mai sassauƙa, wanda Prusak ke gadinsa cikin annashuwa, yana ƙoƙarin kama haɗari.
Maza sunada siriri kuma sun fi mata ƙanƙan, ƙuntataccen ƙarshen ciki yana fitowa daga ƙarƙashin fikafikan kuma an samar da saiti biyu masu zuwa - cerci. A cikin mata, ƙarshen ciki yana zagaye, yawanci yana ɗaukar ƙwai a cikin fakiti na musamman - ooteca. Larvae - nymphs sun fi ƙanana, amma suna da sifa iri ɗaya. Launin ya yi duhu, raunin daya ne kuma fikafikan ba su ci gaba ba. Qwai suna zagaye, launin ruwan kasa mai haske.
Ina jan kyankyaso yake rayuwa?
Photo: Cikin gida kyankyaso mai launin ja
Kudancin Asiya ita ce ƙasar da aka sani da Prussia. Rarraba yawansu ya fara ne a cikin karni na 18 - zamanin tafiye-tafiye a duk duniya, balaguron kimiyya da cinikin mulkin mallaka. Yanzu jan kyankyasai ya bazu ko'ina cikin duniya kuma ya zauna a duk wuraren da ya dace, ba ya jin kunyar kasancewar dangin yankin. Wasu, alal misali, baƙon kyankyaso na Turai, har ma sun sami nasarar fatattaka daga alkalumansu na yau da kullun.
A dabi'arta, kyankyaso mazaunin yankuna ne, mai son yanayi mai dumi kuma yana daskarewa lokacin da zafin jiki ya sauka ƙasa da -5 C °. A karkashin yanayin yanayi, ba ya rayuwa a wajen shiyyar tare da yanayi mara sanyi, a tsaunukan da ke sama da 2000 m, haka kuma a cikin yankuna masu bushewa, kamar hamada. Tsananin sanyi da fari ne kawai ke hana shi cinye duniya baki ɗaya, kodayake, ta amfani da jin daɗin gidajen ɗan adam, yana iya ci gaba har ma a cikin Arctic.
Saboda yanayin dandano da abinci mara izini, 'yan Prussia suna zaune a kowane yanki mai zafi a cikin birane da ƙauye, na masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. Musamman idan akwai wadataccen abinci da danshi, kamar a ɗakunan girki da bandaki. 'Yan Pruss a cikin asibitoci da wuraren cin abinci suna zama ainihin bala'i. Gidajen birni tare da dumama tsakiyar ruwa da ruwan sha shine mafi dacewa a gare su. A cikin gida, suna motsawa ta cikin tsarin iska da kuma magudanan shara, kuma don matsawa zuwa sababbin wurare galibi suna amfani da akwatuna ko kayan ɗaki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: ofayan ingantattun hanyoyi don kawar da brothersan uwansu masu son zuciya shine ƙuntata harabar. Don haka, kyankyasai ba sa zama a cikin gidajen rani.
Yanzu kun san cewa zaku iya haɗuwa da kyankyaso mai jan gida a cikin gidan ku. Bari mu duba abin da waɗannan kwari ke ci.
Menene jan kyankyasai yake ci?
Photo: Babban jan kyankyasai
Red karin kwari suna cin duk wani abu mara rai wanda ke dauke da kwayoyin halitta. Har ma sun tsunduma cikin cin naman mutane ta hanyar cin naman abokan zama. Sharan shara da sauran wuraren da sharar rayukan mutane suka taru, gonaki, wuraren shan iska, wuraren cin abinci, asibitoci, gidajen adana kayan tarihi da na herbaria, wuraren adana litattafai na dakunan karatu, wuraren adana kayan tarihi da wuraren adana kayan abinci a matsayin teburi da gida.
Suna da sha'awar musamman:
- sharar nama da gawar;
- abinci mai sitaci;
- duk abin da ya kunshi sikari;
- abinci mai mai;
- takarda, musamman na tsofaffin littattafai;
- yadudduka na halitta, musamman datti;
- fata;
- sabulu da man goge baki;
- manne na zahiri, kamar su man ƙashi, wanda a da ake amfani da shi wajen kera littattafai.
Ikon kyankyasai na iya hada cellulose, kamar na danginsu na kusa, saboda kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin hanjinsu kuma, ta hanyar narkar da zare, ya sa ya dace da jikin mai gidan.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yayinda suke kirkirar gubar duniya ga Prussia, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa sun kirkiro tseren da baya cin sukari da duk wani abu da yake dauke da sinadarin glucose. Gwajin kwari sun amsa ga glucose azaman wani abu mara daɗi da ɗaci. Irin wannan tseren martani ne na juyin halitta game da guba mai guba wacce ta addabi duk masoya masu daɗi. Wadancan kyankyasai ne kawai waɗanda suka yi watsi da irin wannan maganin suka rayu kuma suka yawaita.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Kyankyasai mai kyaro, wanda aka fi sani da Prusak
'Yan Pruss suna cikin abin da ake kira "ƙwayoyin halittar synanthropic", waɗanda ke rayuwa suna da alaƙa ta kut da kut da zamantakewar ɗan adam kuma suna rayuwa kusan a cikin yanayin anthropogenic, gidajen mutane. Sake tsugunar da su zuwa sabbin yankuna kuma ana yin su ne tare da taimakon mutane - kyankyasai suna tafiya tare da kayanmu da abinci a cikin jiragen ruwa, a cikin jiragen ƙasa, abubuwan hawa da jiragen sama.
Bayan sun gama zama a cikin gidan, manya da manyan mawaƙansu suna fita da daddare don yin fashi. Kodayake a cikin duhu haske ne ya mamaye su, amma kunna haske yana haifar da saurin Furoshaniya. Wannan nau'in kansa baya yin sautuka, amma halayyar fuka-fukai da ƙafafu, wanda garken garken ke fitarwa, sananne ne ga duk wanda ya sami bala'in zama tare dasu a cikin gida ɗaya.
Kyankyasai na aiki da jituwa, tunda akwai alaƙa tsakanin wasu membobin ƙungiyar kyankyaso da suka mamaye ɗaki ɗaya. Suna amfani da abubuwa masu kamshi da ake kira pheromones don alamar kasancewar mahalli, abinci ko haɗari, don watsa sigina na jima'i. Wadannan pheromones din suna cikin cikin najasar, kuma kwari masu gudu suna barin nan da can hanyoyin hanyoyin da 'yan uwansu suke taruwa don abinci, ruwa, ko neman abokin aure.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyya sun gudanar da gwaji don gano inda ake samar da sinadarin pheromones da ke ciki, wanda ke tara kyankyasai tare. Wani rukuni na Prusaks ya sami guba ta ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji kuma ya zama cewa zubar su ya daina jan hankalin wasu mutane. Bayan sunci abinci akan kwayoyin cuta wadanda suka ware daga najasar kyankyaso da ba a kula dasu ba, to sai tasu ta dawo da kyan su. Ya zama cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da alhakin hadawar ƙwayoyin mai guda 12, waɗanda suke yin kumburi a cikin iska kuma suna aiki a matsayin sigina don tarin jama'a.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: redananan jan kyankyasai
'Yan Prussia suna da ma'amala kuma, lokacin da suke zaune tare, ƙirƙirar haƙiƙar ƙungiyar dimokiradiyya ta daidaito, waɗanda ba kawai ta hanyar gidaje da ci gaban nymphs suka haɗu ba, har ma da abubuwan da suke so. Babban shine abinci, kuma kyankyasai suna sarrafa abin da za'a ci cikin aminci, cikin dabara ta sanar da theiran uwansu game da wurin har ma da lambar tare da taimakon pheromones. Thearin waƙoƙin kyankyasai yana haifar da tushen abinci, mafi jan hankalin shi ga wasu. Hakanan suna da 'yanci don zaɓar abokiyar jima'i.
Kyankyasai suna yin ƙwazo sosai. A lokacin rayuwarta, mace tana shimfida kunshin daga 4 zuwa 9 (ooteca) har zuwa tsawon 8 mm, kowannensu yana dauke da kwai 30 - 48. Samuwar kwanton jikinsa da narkar da kwan a ciki yana daukar kwana 28, kuma kusan duk wannan lokacin mace na dauke da shi a karshen ciki. Kodayake, a ƙarshe, yana iya sauke nauyin a cikin ɓoyayyen duhu.
Bayan 'yan makonni, sai ta fara samun sabon kumburi. Gabaɗaya, kowace mace tana samarwa har magada 500. Haihuwa a cikin garken yana faruwa koyaushe kuma duk tsararraki da matakan ci gaba na iya kasancewa a ciki lokaci guda. A wuri mai kyau, yawan kyankyasai yana girma kamar ƙwallon dusar ƙanƙara ko, a cikin yaren lissafi, ya yi yawa. Girmancin zai iya ragu ne kawai ta hanyar sanyaya cikin gida ko kuma tsabtar gida.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kyankyaso Nadezhda ya zama dabba ta farko da ta yi ciki a sararin samaniya. Hakan ya faru ne a ranar 14 zuwa 26 ga Satumbar, 2007 a kan tauraron dan adam mai suna Foton-M 3. Kyankyasai na tafiya a cikin akwati, kuma an dauki gaskiyar daukar ciki a bidiyo. Dawowa daga jirgin, Nadezhda ta haifa 'ya'ya 33. Abin sani kawai abin ban mamaki game da su shine sun girma da sauri fiye da takwarorinsu na duniya kuma a baya sun sami launi mai duhu. Jikokin Nadezhda ba su nuna wani bambanci ba.
Abokan gaba na jan kyankyasai
Photo: Yaya jan kyankyasai yake kama
Kyankyasai ba mai dafi ba ne kuma, bisa ƙa'ida, kowace dabba ce da ba ta ƙyamar ƙwari. Amma mazaunin ɗan adam yana ba shi amintaccen tsari daga tsuntsaye da sauran masu cin nama. Anan za a iya yi masa barazana da sauran dankalin shimfiɗa na synanthropic da bayi.
Wato:
- gizo-gizo;
- masu kafaɗɗu;
- tsuntsaye na cikin gida;
- kuliyoyi da karnuka na iya kama su don nishaɗi.
Babban makiyin jar Prusak shine duk wanda rufin asirin nan ya faɗi a ƙarƙashin rufinsa. Duk wani "koren" zai yarda da gaskiyar cewa kwaron yana haifar da mummunar illa. Ya isa ya ga teburin girkinsa bayan ziyarar su.
Me yasa Prusak yake cutarwa:
- yana ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da 40 na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta (gami da dysentery), wanda ke da mahimmanci a asibitoci;
- matsakaici mai daukar bakuncin nau'ikan helmins da protozoa guda uku;
- yana haifar da haifar da rashin lafiyan, yana kara cutar asma;
- ƙirƙirar ƙanshi a cikin ɗakin godiya ga pheromones;
- ganimar abinci;
- abubuwa masu banƙyama;
- yana shafar ƙwaƙwalwa kuma yana iya ma ciji.
An inganta matakan magance ƙwaro na ƙarni da yawa. Ware sharar abinci da ruwa, sanya tarkunan da ba zasu iya fita daga su ba, dakunan daskarewa, kuma a karshe, yakar sinadarai - duk hanyoyin an gwada su. Hanyoyin injuna ba su da tasiri sosai, kuma hanyoyin sunadarai ne kawai ke haifar da ci gaba ga kwari. 'Yan Prusiya na zamani ba su damu da pyrethroids ba - magungunan kwari na yau da kullun kuma masu saukin kamuwa da sauran tsoffin ajin maganin kwari. Magungunan zamani (hydroprene, methoprene) suna aiki azaman masu kula da ci gaban kuma sunada inganci. Suna jinkirta narkewar ciki da hana ci gaban kwari.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A baya, a cikin gidaje, musamman ma na ƙauyuka, an shayar da titmouses da shuɗi titin, musamman don yaƙi da kyankyasai. Tsuntsayen sun shakata a cikin dumi, sun tsabtace gidan daga kwari, kuma a cikin bazara, bisa ga al'ada a ranar Easter, an sake su.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Kyankyaso kyankyaso a cikin gidan
Babu wanda ya kirga yawan 'yan Prussia da yawa a duniya. Kowane mutum na da sha'awar rage ƙarancin su. Amma har yanzu ya kasance mafarki. Yayin da Prusak ke samun ci gaba cikin nasara tare da inganta hanyoyin gwagwarmaya kuma ana iya bayyana matsayinsa da "ƙara lamba".
Lambar a wani yanki na iya canzawa sosai. Ko dai kyankyaso kusan sun ɓace bayan sanitizing, to akwai su da yawa da zasu fara yawo da rana. Fashewar yawan jama'a na iya zama ba zato ba tsammani idan ba ku san cewa yawan 'yan Prussia na ƙaruwa ba bisa ƙa'idar dokar Malthus, ma'ana, a hankali a farkon, kuma yayin da lambar ta ƙaru da sauri da sauri. Don iyakance shi, kuma bisa ga Malthus, yunwa ne kawai, annoba da yaƙe-yaƙe zasu iya. Masanin Tattalin Arzikin Ingilishi ya cire dokarsa ga bil'adama, amma kyankyasai ya zama kyakkyawan tsari don nuna yadda yake aiki.
Ba a yi wa Prusak barazanar yunwa da annoba ba. 'Yan Adam suna yin yaƙe-yaƙe tare da su. Labaran ilimin kimiya suna tunatar da rahotanni kan tashin hankali, inda suke tattauna batun bunkasa dabaru, asarar abokan gaba, dalilan gazawa. A gefe guda kuma, bincike ya tabbatar da cewa mutane ne ke rarraba 'yan Prussia ta hanyar jigilar su a cikin ababen hawa da kuma kirkirar sabbin wuraren zama: wuraren shan iska, da gonaki masu dumi, wuraren ajiyar dumi. Don haka a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, 'yan Prussia sun zama kwari mai ban haushi a gonakin aladun Amurka. Binciken kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa ba a rarraba su a tsakiya - daga kamfanin gudanarwa, amma ma'aikata ne daga gonakin makwabta ke dauke da su. Prusak zai bunkasa muddin wannan muguwar da'irar ta wanzu.
Akwai dabbobi ƙalilan da suke son kusanci da mutane kuma jan kyankyasai daga cikinsu. Matsalar ita ce mutane ba sa buƙatar irin wannan abokin ko kaɗan. Shin za su sami damar kawar da shi, ko kuwa za su koya amfani da shi a cikin gida don jin daɗin juna? Wadannan tambayoyin har yanzu basu amsa ba.
Ranar bugawa: 01/22/2020
Ranar sabuntawa: 05.10.2019 a 0:54
